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Goswami A, Kaur N, Kaur M, Singh K, Sohal HS, Han H, Bhowmik PK. Facile One-Pot Synthesis and Anti-Microbial Activity of Novel 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives in Aqueous Micellar Solution under Microwave Irradiation. Molecules 2024; 29:1115. [PMID: 38474626 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study describes a novel and eco-conscious method to synthesize 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives utilizing an aqueous micellar solution containing aluminum dodecyl sulfate, Al(DS)3, using readily available starting material. The final products were synthesized with excellent yields within remarkably quick reaction durations, promoting remarkable atom economy and minimizing environmental impacts. The present protocol has several advantages over other methodologies in terms of high yield (up to 97%) with excellent purity. Further, the synthesized 1,4-DHPs exhibit favorable to excellent resistance against examined bacterial and fungal species. Intriguingly, polar groups on the phenyl ring (5b, 5c, 5i and 5j) make the 1,4-DHPs equally potent against the microbes as compared to the standard drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Goswami
- Medicinal and Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Medicinal and Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Manvinder Kaur
- Medicinal and Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Kishanpal Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Harvinder Singh Sohal
- Medicinal and Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Pradip K Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Evlyukhin E, Cifligu P, Pravica M, Bhowmik PK, Kim E, Popov D, Park C. Experimental demonstration of necessary conditions for X-ray induced synthesis of cesium superoxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1799-1807. [PMID: 36597992 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04767e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Absorption of sufficiently energetic X-ray photons by a molecular system results in a cascade of ultrafast electronic relaxation processes which leads to a distortion and dissociation of its molecular structure. Here, we demonstrate that only decomposition of powdered cesium oxalate monohydrate induced by monochromatic X-ray irradiation under high pressure leads to the formation of cesium superoxide. Whereas, for an unhydrated form of cesium oxalate subjected to the same extreme conditions, only degradation of the electron density distribution is observed. Moreover, the corresponding model of X-ray induced electronic relaxation cascades with an emphasis on water molecules' critical role is proposed. Our experimental results suggest that the presence of water molecules in initially solid-state systems (i.e. additional electronic relaxation channels) together with applied high pressure (reduced interatomic/intermolecular distance) could potentially be a universal criteria for chemical and structural synthesis of novel compounds via X-ray induced photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Evlyukhin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| | - Petrika Cifligu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| | - Michael Pravica
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| | - Pradip K Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Eunja Kim
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Dmitry Popov
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT), X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Changyong Park
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT), X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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Bhowmik PK, Koh JJ, King D, Han H, Heinrich B, Donnio B, Zaton D, Martinez-Felipe A. Dicationic stilbazolium salts: Structural, thermal, optical, and ionic conduction properties. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bhowmik PK. Special Issue Editorial: Current Advances in Liquid Crystals. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123713. [PMID: 34207013 PMCID: PMC8233989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
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Bhowmik PK, Noori O, Chen SL, Han H, Fisch MR, Robb CM, Variyam A, Martinez-Felipe A. Ionic liquid crystals: Synthesis and characterization via NMR, DSC, POM, X-ray diffraction and ionic conductivity of asymmetric viologen bistriflimide salts. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Jo TS, Koh JJ, Park J, Biswas B, Principe RCG, Han H, Wacha AF, Knaapila M. Poly(Pyridinium Salt)s Containing 2,7-Diamino-9,9'-Dioctylfluorene Moieties with Various Organic Counterions Exhibiting Both Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061560. [PMID: 33809075 PMCID: PMC7998704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of poly(pyridinium salt)s-fluorene main-chain ionic polymers with various organic counterions were synthesized by using ring-transmutation polymerization and metathesis reactions. Their chemical structures were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), proton (1H), and fluorine 19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. These polymers showed a number-average molecular weight (Mns) between 96.5 and 107.8 kg/mol and polydispersity index (PDI) in the range of 1.12–1.88. They exhibited fully-grown lyotropic phases in polar protic and aprotic solvents at different critical concentrations. Small-angle X-ray scattering for one polymer example indicates lyotropic structure formation for 60–80% solvent fraction. A lyotropic smectic phase contains 10 nm polymer platelets connected by tie molecules. The structure also incorporates a square packing motif within platelets. Thermal properties of polymers were affected by the size of counterions as determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measurements. Their ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra in different organic solvents were essentially identical, indicating that the closely spaced π-π* transitions occurred in their conjugated polymer structures. In contrast, the emission spectra of polymers exhibited a positive solvatochromism on changing the polarity of solvents. They emitted green lights in both polar and nonpolar organic solvents and showed blue light in the film-states, but their λem peaks were dependent on the size of the counterions. They formed aggregates in polar aprotic and protic solvents with the addition of water (v/v, 0–90%), and their λem peaks were blue shifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-702-895-0885 or +1-702-895-4072
| | - Tae S. Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Jung J. Koh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Jongwon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Bidyut Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Ronald Carlo G. Principe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (T.S.J.); (J.J.K.); (J.P.); (B.B.); (R.C.G.P.); (H.H.)
| | - András F. Wacha
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
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Bhowmik PK, Al-Karawi MKM, Killarney ST, Dizon EJ, Chang A, Kim J, Chen SL, Principe RCG, Ho A, Han H, Mandal HD, Cortez RG, Gutierrez B, Mendez K, Sharpnack L, Agra-Kooijman DM, Fisch MR, Kumar S. Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties of Bis(4-aalkoxyphenyl) Viologen Bis(triflimide) Salts. Molecules 2020; 25:E2435. [PMID: 32456122 PMCID: PMC7288076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of bis(4-alkoxyphenyl) viologen bis(triflimide) salts with alkoxy chains of different lengths were synthesized by the metathesis reaction of respective bis(4-alkoxyphenyl) viologen dichloride salts, which were in turn prepared from the reaction of Zincke salt with the corresponding 4-n-alkoxyanilines, with lithium triflimide in methanol. Their chemical structures were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and elemental analysis. Their thermotropic liquid-crystalline (LC) properties were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and variable temperature X-ray diffraction. Salts with short length alkoxy chains had crystal-to-liquid transitions. Salts of intermediate length alkoxy chains showed both crystal-to-smectic A (SmA) transitions, Tms, and SmA-to-isotropic transitions, Tis. Those with longer length of alkoxy chains had relatively low Tms at which they formed the SmA phases that persisted up to the decomposition at high temperatures. As expected, all of them had excellent thermal stabilities in the temperature range of 330-370 °C. Their light-emitting properties in methanol were also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Muhammed Kareem M. Al-Karawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Shane T. Killarney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Erenz J. Dizon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Jongin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Si L. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Ronald Carlo G. Principe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Andy Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Hari D. Mandal
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A & M International University, 5201 University Blvd., Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (H.D.M.); (R.G.C.); (B.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Raymond G. Cortez
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A & M International University, 5201 University Blvd., Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (H.D.M.); (R.G.C.); (B.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Bryan Gutierrez
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A & M International University, 5201 University Blvd., Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (H.D.M.); (R.G.C.); (B.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Klarissa Mendez
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A & M International University, 5201 University Blvd., Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (H.D.M.); (R.G.C.); (B.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Lewis Sharpnack
- Department of Earth Science, 1006 Webb Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA;
| | - Deña M. Agra-Kooijman
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA;
| | - Michael R. Fisch
- College of Aeronautics and Engineering, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA;
| | - Satyendra Kumar
- Division of Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA;
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Bhowmik PK, Nedeltchev AK, Han H, Jo TS, Koh JJ, Senthilkumar L, Umadevi P. Photoactive amorphous molecular materials based on bisquinoline diamines and their synthesis by Friedländer condensation reaction. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vo V, Tanthmanatham O, Han H, Bhowmik PK, Spangelo BL. Synthesis of [PtCl2(4,4'-dialkoxy-2,2'-bipyridine)] complexes and their in vitro anticancer properties. Metallomics 2014; 5:973-87. [PMID: 23817622 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00128h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of [Pt(II)Cl2(4,4'-dialkoxy-2,2'-bipyridine)] complexes of the general formula of [Pt(II)Cl2(4,4'-bis(RO)-2,2'-bipyridine)] (where R = -(CH2)n-1CH3, n = 2-6, 8) were synthesized and characterized using (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, mass spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The in vitro anti-proliferative activities of these compounds were evaluated against human cancer cell lines A549 (lung adenocarcinoma), DU145 (prostate carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), and MDA-MB-435 (melanoma) using the MTS cell proliferation assay. Several Pt(II) coordination compounds were found to have greatly enhanced activity compared to cisplatin after a one hour treatment in all cell lines tested. A structure-activity relationship was observed, that is, the activity increases as the carbon chain length of the alkyl group increases. The activity was maximum when the carbon chain length reached four or five carbons and decreased with the longer carbon chain length. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry data indicate that the main mode of cell death is through apoptosis with some necrotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Vo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
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Jo TS, McCurdy WL, Tanthmanatham O, Kim TK, Han H, Bhowmik PK, Heinrich B, Donnio B. Synthesis and characterization of luminescent tricationic salts of mesitylene and stilbazolium moieties. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jo TS, Han H, Bhowmik PK, Ma L. Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Poly(Pyridinium Salt)s Containing Various Rigid Aromatic Moieties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jo TS, Nedeltchev AK, Biswas B, Han H, Bhowmik PK. Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s derived from various aromatic diamines. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nedeltchev AK, Han H, Bhowmik PK. Solution, thermal and optical properties of novel poly(pyridinium salt)s derived from conjugated pyridine diamines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nedeltchev AK, Han H, Bhowmik PK. Solution, thermal and optical properties of new poly(pyridinium salt)s derived from bisquinoline diamines. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00037j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aremu MO, Basu SK, Gyar SD, Goyal A, Bhowmik PK, Datta Banik S. Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of Mushroom Flours from Ganoderma spp., Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Sing. and Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél. Used in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Malays J Nutr 2009; 15:233-241. [PMID: 22691821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The proximate composition and functional properties of three edible mushroom (Ganoderma spp., Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Sing. and Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél.) flours used in Nasarawa state, Nigaria were investigated using standard analytical techniques. The samples contained crude protein in the range of 18.5% in Omphalotus olearius to 21.5% in Ganoderma spp. Crude fat varied with values ranging from 6.9% in Ganoderma spp. to 8.7% in Omphalotus olearius. Other proximate composition values were in the following ranges: moisture content 10.0 - 11.1%, ash 7.3 - 8.3%, crude fibre 2.8 - 3.5% and carbohydrate (by difference) 50.3 - 50.9%. The range values of functional properties were: foaming capacity 101.8 - 131.5%, foaming stability 51.0 - 54.0%, water absorption capacity 260.0 - 390.0%, oil absorption capacity 450 - 480%, oil emulsion capacity 57.3 - 61.0mLg- 1, least gelation concentration 12.0 - 14.0% and bulk density 230.0 - 410.0gmL-1. The results showed that these nutrient rich mushroom flours under investigation may prove useful in the formulation of different food products where foaming, emulsification, retention of flavour and palatability as well as gel formation are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Aremu
- Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, PMB 1022 Keffi, Nigeria
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Bhowmik PK, Han H, Nedeltchev AK, Mandal HD, Jimenez-Hernandez JA, McGannon PM. Poly(pyridinium salt)s with organic counterions derived from an aromatic diamine containing oxyethylene unit exhibiting amphotropic liquid-crystalline and photoluminescence properties. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Cheney MA, Jose R, Han H, Banerjee A, Ma L, Hansen LD. Isothermal titration calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy of a main-chain viologen polymer containing bromide as counterions. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Han H, Nedeltchev AK, Mandal HD, Jimenez-Hernandez JA, Mcgannon PM. Poly(pyridinium salt)s with organic counterions derived from an aromatic diamine containing tetraoxyethylene units exhibiting amphotropic liquid-crystalline and photoluminescence properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Alam MM, Mushfiq M, Han H, Bhowmik PK, Goswami K. Design and Synthesis of n-Type Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Material Incorporating CdSe Quantum Dots Nanocrystal Core and Diphenylquinoline Peripheral Group. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801416x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksudul M. Alam
- Innosense LLC, 2531 West 237th Street, Torrance, California 90505, and Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003
| | - Mohammad Mushfiq
- Innosense LLC, 2531 West 237th Street, Torrance, California 90505, and Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003
| | - Haesook Han
- Innosense LLC, 2531 West 237th Street, Torrance, California 90505, and Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003
| | - Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Innosense LLC, 2531 West 237th Street, Torrance, California 90505, and Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003
| | - Kisholoy Goswami
- Innosense LLC, 2531 West 237th Street, Torrance, California 90505, and Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003
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Bhowmik PK, Kamatam S, Han H, Nedeltchev AK. Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s with oxyalkylene units exhibiting amphotropic liquid–crystalline and photoluminescence properties. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Cheney MA, Bhowmik PK, Moriuchi S, Birkner NR, Hodge VF, Elkouz SE. Synthesis and characterization of two phases of manganese oxide from decomposition of permanganate in concentrated sulfuric acid at ambient temperature. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Nedeltchev AK, Han H. Synthesis, optical, and thermal properties of conjugated, bispyridyl and tetrapyridyl compounds by Knoevenagel reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bhowmik PK. Light-Associated Reactions of Synthetic Polymers By A. Ravve (Consultant, Niles, IL). Springer Science + Business Media, LLC: New York. 2006. x + 370 pp. $99.00. ISBN 0-387-31803-8. J Am Chem Soc 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ja069776b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cheney MA, Birkner NR, Ma L, Hartmann T, Bhowmik PK, Hodge VF, Steinberg SM. Synthesis and characterization of inorganic double helices of cryptomelane nanomaterials. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Han H, Nedeltchev AK. Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s with organic counterions exhibiting both thermotropic liquid-crystalline and light-emitting properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Bhowmik PK, Han H, Cebe JJ, Nedeltchev IK, Kang SW, Kumar S. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(pyridinium salt)s with Organic Counterions Exhibiting Both Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma030460n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Bhowmik PK, Wang X, Han H. Main-chain, thermotropic, liquid-crystalline, hydrogen-bonded polymers of 4,4?-bipyridyl with aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Basu K, Das PK, Bhattacharya R, Bhowmik PK. A new look on neonatal jaundice. J Indian Med Assoc 2002; 100:556-60, 574. [PMID: 12455386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Out of 6586 live born babies, 736 babies with jaundice were studied from 1st July 1996 to 30th June, 1997, in a city based medical college nursery. Physiological jaundice was present in 8.92% of all live born babies and accounted for 79.89% of babies with jaundice. Breast milk jaundice and prematurity were next common causes responsible for 5.29% each of all cases with neonatal jaundice. Septicaemia caused jaundice in 4.75% cases. Among the babies with jaundice appearing between day 4 and day 7 of life, breast milk jaundice was the commonest cause occurring in 49.25% cases. The last entity surfaced probably due to exclusive breastfeeding recently initiated in the baby friendly hospital nursery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaberi Basu
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical College, Calcutta 700073
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Bhowmik PK, Han H, Nedeltchev IK. Main-chain viologen polymers with triflimide counterion exhibiting lyotropic liquid-crystalline properties in polar organic solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Boerth DW, Bhowmik PK. Purine nucleotide cations. 2. Energetics and conformational effects on protonation-deprotonation of purine nucleoside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100345a088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Han H. Fully aromatic liquid-crystalline polyesters of phenyl-substituted 4,4'-biphenols and 1,1'-binaphthyl-4,4'-diol with either 2-bromoterephthalic acid or 2-phenylterephthalic acid. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00072a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Han H, Cebe JJ, Burchett RA, Sarker AM. Main-chain viologen polymers with organic counterions exhibiting thermotropic liquid-crystalline and fluorescent properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Bhowmik PK, Han H, Cebe JJ, Burchett RA. Thermotropic liquid-crystalline polyesters of 4,4?-biphenol and phenyl-substituted 4,4?-biphenols with 4,4?-oxybisbenzoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Burchett RA, Han H, Cebe JJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(pyridinium salt)s with Organic Counterion Exhibiting Both Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010904k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154
| | - Ronald A. Burchett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154
| | - James J. Cebe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154
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Bhowmik PK, Burchett RA, Han H, Cebe JJ. Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s with organic counterion exhibiting both lyotropic liquid-crystalline and light-emitting properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Das PK, Basu K, Chakraborty P, Bhowmik PK. Clinical and bacteriological profile of neonatal infections in metropolitan city based medical college nursery. J Indian Med Assoc 1999; 97:3-5. [PMID: 10549176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Out of 6319 live born babies, 310 (4.9%) with high risk factors and with clinical suspicion of sepsis were studied for incidence pattern of neonatal infections. Incidence of neonatal infection was 2.56% in normal weight babies and 8.42% in low birth weight babies. Total culture positivity was 48.38%. Klebsiella was the most frequent offender, followed by Staph aureus and Staph epidermidis. Majority of klebsiella species were sensitive to ceftriaxone (86%), amikacin (84%) and ceftazidime (80%). Ceftriaxone was effective against Staph aureus (95%) and Staph epidermidis (95%). Overall fatality was 17.1%, distinctly higher in low birth weight group (22.06%) than normal weight group (6.18%).
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Das
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical College, Calcutta
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Bhowmik PK, Molla AH, Han H, Gangoda ME, Bose RN. Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers: Homopolymer of 4,4‘-Bipyridyl with the Ditosylate of trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol and Its Copolymers with the Ditosylate of 1,8-Octanediol. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971115z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
| | - Abul H. Molla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
| | - Mahinda E. Gangoda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
| | - Rathindra N. Bose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
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Das PK, Basu K, Chakraborty S, Basak M, Bhowmik PK. Early neonatal morbidity and mortality in a city based medical college nursery. Indian J Public Health 1998; 42:9-14. [PMID: 10389499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Early neonatal morbidity & mortality were studied in 7972 viable live born babies over one year period in Medical College, Calcutta. Early neonatal morbidity and mortality rate were 66.85 & 32.86 respectively. About 48% of Early neonatal deaths occurred in 1st 48 hours & 80% within first 72 hours of life. Early neonatal mortality rate per 1000 was maximum in babies born of a primi (43.03) and grand multiparous mother (103.89); maternal age less than 20 yrs. (44.15), and more than 30 yrs. (46.04) & in multiple pregnancy (142.85). It was highest in breech delivery (114.28) & with maternal disease like dribling (179), hypertension (146) & APH (116). Birth asphyxia contributed 65.26% of early neonatal deaths, followed by septicaemia (10.3%). Klebsiella was the most common (55%) organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Das
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical College, Calcutta
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Bhowmik PK. Advances in Polymer Science 126: Biopolymers Liquid Crystalline Polymers Phase Emulsion Edited by Akihiro Abe (Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics). Springer: New York. 1996. 226 pp. $149.00. ISBN 3-540-60484-7. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja965723q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Atkins EDT, Lenz RW, Han H. Crystalline and Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of Phenyl-Substituted 4,4‘-Biphenols. 5. Copolymers with 4,4‘-Oxybis(benzoic acid). Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma951809c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K., and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Edward D. T. Atkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K., and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Robert W. Lenz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K., and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K., and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Bhowmik PK, Atkins EDT, Lenz RW, Han H. Crystalline and Liquid Crystalline Polyesters of Phenyl-Substituted 4,4‘-Biphenols and 1,1‘-Binaphthyl-4,4‘-diol. 3. Copolymers with 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic Acid. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma951330k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K., and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Edward D. T. Atkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K., and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Robert W. Lenz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K., and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K., and Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Han H, Bhowmik PK. Wholly aromatic thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesters of 4,4′-biphenol, substituted biphenols, and 1,1′-binaphthyl-4,4′-diol with 3,4′-benzophenone dicarboxylic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.1995.080330204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bhowmik PK, Xu W, Han H. Thermotropic liquid crystalline main-chain viologen polymers: Homopolymer-of 4,4′-bipyridyl with ditosylate of trans-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and its copolymers with ditosylate of 1,8-octanediol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.1994.080321624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Garay RO, Bhowmik PK, Lenz RW. Thermotropic copolyesters of a series of aromatic diols with phenylterephthalic acid and 4,4′-oxybisbenzoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.1993.080310421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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