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Patil G, Agarwala P, Das P, Pathak S. Rise in the Pathogenic Status of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Causing Bloodstream Infection. Cureus 2024; 16:e57250. [PMID: 38686262 PMCID: PMC11056806 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are one of the frequently isolated bacteria from blood cultures. Since they are part of the normal skin flora, they were previously considered contaminants. But now, they can be considered as established pathogens causing bloodstream infection (BSI). This study aims to estimate the prevalence of CoNS in BSI cases. METHODS This study was conducted at the Microbiology Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, India, for eight months (January 2022 to August 2022). Data were collected retrospectively from medical and laboratory records. Paired blood cultures from 5085 clinically suspected sepsis cases were subjected to aerobic culture for five days in the BacT ALERT 3D system. Pathogenicity was established after recovery of CoNS from paired blood cultures of symptomatic patients. RESULTS CoNS were isolated from 2.35% of patients, the most common species being Staphylococcus haemolyticus (51.67%). About 90% of isolates were methicillin-resistant. All the isolates were susceptible to linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin, except one isolate of S. haemolyticus which was intermediate to vancomycin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 50 and MIC 90 for vancomycin were 1 ug/ml and 2 ug/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Paired blood cultures are necessary to determine the pathogenicity of CoNS in BSI cases. A high prevalence of methicillin resistance, accompanied by high resistance rates to other non-beta lactam antibiotics, warrants the strict implementation of antimicrobial stewardship practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Patil
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Pragya Agarwala
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Padma Das
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Swati Pathak
- Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
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Garg R, Das P, Wankhade AB, Agarwala P, Behera S. P195 Factors related to outcome of bloodstream infections due to Candida parapsilosis complex: A single center observation study from Central India. Med Mycol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9516267 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac072.p195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poster session 2, September 22, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Objectives Candida parapsilosis infection has recently emerged as an important antifungal-resistant nosocomial pathogen having the unique ability to grow on inanimate objects and surfaces. Very limited studies from low and middle-income countries are available on the association of risk factors and antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) of this species. The aim of this study was to analyze the predisposing conditions, outcome, and antifungal susceptibility pattern of candidemia due to C. parapsilsosis complex. Methods A single-center retrospective observational study from January 2019 to December 2021 of all cases of candidemia was carried out at an 890-bedded University Hospital in central India. Data regarding demographic characteristics and clinical risk factors were collected from the patient's medical records. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed; MIC results were interpreted according to CLSI breakpoints (M27-A3). Risk factors and outcome association at the species level were analyzed by using Fisher's exact test. Variables with a P ≤ .05 at the descriptive analysis were analyzed by Cox regression. A P-value of ≤ .05 was considered to represent the statistical significance and all statistical tests were two-tailed. Results Of 211 patients diagnosed with Candidemia during the study period, 53 (25.1%) were infected with C. parapsilosis which represented the second most frequently isolated yeast after C. albicans (n = 98; 46.4%). A total of 26 (49%) C. parapsilosis isolates were non-susceptible to fluconazole (NSF), which included resistant (n = 20) and susceptible dose-dependent (n = 06) isolates. The median patient age was 63 years.15.3% were neonates. The majority of patients (90%) suffered from multiple comorbidities, diabetes mellitus (43%) being the commonest. A total of 55% of patients underwent surgical intervention within 30 days from the onset of candidemia. Univariate logistic regression revealed that ICU admission [odds ratio (OR) 2.45], central venous catheter use (OR 2.46), renal impairment (OR 1.687) were more common among NSF isolates than fluconazole-susceptible (FS) isolates (all P <.05). The overall crude mortality at 30 days was 36%; higher in patients infected with FNS isolates than FS isolates. Conclusion There is an increase in the absolute number of invasive infections by C.parapsilosis observed over the past 2 years. At this moment, the percentage of fluconazole non-susceptible C. parapsilosis is very high and poses a threat to infected patients and has a clinical impact in our hospital. Being able to identify and treat infections caused by this pathogen is important to prevent clinical outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Garg
- Department of Microbiology , AIIMS RAIPUR, Raipur , India
| | - Padma Das
- Department of Microbiology , AIIMS RAIPUR, Raipur , India
| | | | | | - Sibani Behera
- Department of Microbiology , AIIMS RAIPUR, Raipur , India
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Agarwala P, Bhargava A, Gahwai DK, Negi SS, Shukla P, Dayama S. Epidemiological Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic During the First and Second Waves in Chhattisgarh, Central India: A Comparative Analysis. Cureus 2022; 14:e24131. [PMID: 35573570 PMCID: PMC9106595 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a scarcity of reports of comparative analysis between the first and second waves of the pandemic from any part of India. This article aims to comprehensively investigate the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the course of the pandemic in the state of Chhattisgarh, central India. Methodology A comparative epidemiological analysis of the first and second waves of COVID-19 across Chhattisgarh was conducted on the vital parameters of total tests performed, cases diagnosed, age and gender distribution, case fatality ratio (CFR), and mitigation strategy reported by the state and central government health agencies using the data from Indian Council of Medical Research and National Informatics Centre portals. Results The second wave was shorter than the first wave but the absolute number of cases increased by 2.4 times and deaths by 2.7 times. There was a significant increase in cases per million, deaths per million, and test positivity rate. The hospitalization rate and test per case ratio dropped in the second wave from 33 to 20 and from 12.6 to 7.2, respectively. Both infection and deaths were higher among males in both the waves (p < 0.001). CFR increased from 1.2% in the first wave to 1.4% in the second wave (p < 0.001; odds ratio = 1.14 (1.1-1.19)). Increased mortality was seen in all ages except the young (≤20 years) and the old (>60 years). Conclusions The significantly high number of cases and deaths during the second wave provides evidence to undertake preparedness measures for mitigating any future waves. Regular surveillance, monitoring, and analysis of epidemiological data are pertinent for continued situational awareness.
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Negi SS, Sharma K, Sharma D, Singh P, Agarwala P, Hussain N, Bhargava A, Das P, Agarwal S. Genetic analysis of human papilloma virus 16 E6/E7 variants obtained from cervical cancer cases in Chhattisgarh, a central state of India. Virusdisease 2021; 32:492-503. [PMID: 34631976 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus genotype 16 (HPV-16), a predominant etiological cause of cervical cancer (CC) vary in inflicting oncogenicity according to their geographical distribution and mutational changes. With no published data from central India, the present study aimed to genetically analyze HPV-16 E6/E7 variant obtained from CC women of Chhattisgarh. In twenty one CC patients, PCR amplified E6/E7 genes were decoded by DNA sequencing to study phylogenetic relatedness, mutational changes and their in-silico effect on protein structure. E6 analysis revealed nineteen sequences exhibited intratypic variation. L83V mutation was observed in 76.2% sequences followed by S71C seen in 28.6% sequences. Mutations of E41G, A46G, F47V, R77S, L99V and Q107K were observed in three sequences each. C140 Stop codon mutation has caused early truncation of E6 in three sequences to produce the conformational structural change. In contrast, E7 was relatively more conserved showing D4E (4.7%), G88R (23.8%), I93T (9.5%) and C94S (9.5%) mutations. Other than L83V and S71C, E6 and E7 mutations were reported for the first time from India. E6/E7 nonsynonmous mutations have a spectrum of biological effect in progression of CC. Phylogenetic analysis revealed ten sequence belonged to Asian while eleven to European sublineage to show CC cases in Chhattisgarh are a mix of Asian and European lineage. Asian sequences showing higher frequency of L83V mutations and exclusive presence of S71C and C140 Stop codon mutations may be linked with higher oncogenicity. Various E6/E7 mutational data may prove useful for development of better diagnostic and vaccine for the region of Chhattisgarh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh Negi
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492099 India
| | - Kuldeep Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492099 India
| | - Divakar Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002 India
| | - Pushpendra Singh
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492099 India
| | - Pragya Agarwala
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492099 India
| | - Nighat Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492099 India
| | - Anudita Bhargava
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492099 India
| | - Padma Das
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492099 India
| | - Sarita Agarwal
- Department of Gynecology, AIIMS Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492099 India
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Sharma K, Agarwala P, Gandhi D, Mathias A, Singh P, Sharma S, Negi SS, Bhargava A, Das P, Gaikwad U, Wankhede A, Behra A, Nagarkar NM. Correction: Comparative analysis of various clinical specimens in detection of SARS-CoV-2 using rRT-PCR in new and follow up cases of COVID-19 infection: Quest for the best choice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253355. [PMID: 34111217 PMCID: PMC8191879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Bhargava A, Trakroo A, Dash D, Pandey R, Singh J, Singh Thakur A, Agarwala P. First comprehensive study on neonatal septicaemia at secondary-level public health-care facilities in Central India: An eye opener. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Lall S, Agarwala P, Kumar G, Sharma MK, Gupta E. The dilemma of differentiating between acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis B with acute exacerbation: Is quantitative serology the answer? Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:187-195. [PMID: 32272817 PMCID: PMC7160339 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2019.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis B (CHB-AEs) are common in endemic areas and are often presumed to be acute hepatitis B (AHB) due to their similarities in clinical and serological pictures, presenting a major diagnostic dilemma. This study aimed to identify laboratory markers for differentiating between the two groups, and to establish the cut-off value for significant markers. Methods A retrospective analysis of records was conducted for patients who presented with clinical features of acute hepatitis along with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc) positivity from May 2015 to May 2017. A total of 172 patients were enrolled and grouped as AHB (n=89) and CHB-AE (n=83) based on their history of hepatitis B virus infection and duration of HBsAg persistence. Virological and biochemical parameters were analyzed and compared. Cut-off values, sensitivity, and specificity of the variables were calculated. Results The median value of signal by cut-off (S/Co) ratio for IgM anti-HBc was significantly higher in AHB group (30.44) compared to CHB-AE group (8.63) with a sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 84%, respectively, at a cut-off of 20.5 (P<0.01). The mean international normalized ratio (INR) was significantly greater in CHB-AE (1.88±1.24) group compared to AHB group (1.62±0.17) with a sensitivity and specificity of 57.9% and 45.1%, respectively, at a cut-off value of 1.27. Conclusions A value of 20.5 S/Co of IgM anti-HBc and 1.27 INR could be helpful in differentiating between AHB and CHB-AE. (Clin Mol Hepatol 2020;26:187-195)
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Lall
- Department of Clinical Virology, Institute of liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi 110070, India
| | - Pragya Agarwala
- Department of Clinical Virology, Institute of liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi 110070, India
| | - Guresh Kumar
- Department of Clinical Research, Institute of liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi 110070, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi 110070, India
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Department of Clinical Virology, Institute of liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi 110070, India
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Vikram K, Agarwala P, Bhargava A, Jain Y, Jagzape T, Wasnik P. Scrub typhus and leptospirosis in rural and urban settings of central India: a preliminary evaluation. Trop Doct 2019; 50:111-115. [PMID: 31779530 DOI: 10.1177/0049475519889712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Scrub typhus and leptospirosis are bacterial zoonotic diseases reported from different parts of India, whose prevalence in Chhattisgarh is unknown. Our study was carried out to delineate the prevalence of these illnesses there and to assess the clinical profiles of rural and urban patients. A total of 169 patients with acute febrile illnesses (AFI) was enrolled in our study from May to December 2018, of whom 35 (20.7%) tested positive for scrub typhus and only one tested positive for leptospirosis by respective IgM ELISA. Scrub typhus seropositivity was higher in rural patients (25.0%) than in urban (18.1%). Patients in the age group 16-30 years were the most commonly affected. The commonest presenting symptoms were fever with headache (68.57%), extreme weakness (57.14%), myalgia/arthralgia (54.29%) and abdominal pain (51.43%). The preliminary evidence for the presence of scrub typhus in Chhattisgarh necessitates its inclusion in the panel of tests for AFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Vikram
- Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Pragya Agarwala
- Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Anudita Bhargava
- Additional Professor, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Yogesh Jain
- Consultant Paediatrician, Jan Swasthya Sahyog (A hospital in rural settings), Ganiyari, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Tushar Jagzape
- Additional Professor, Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Pritam Wasnik
- Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Gupta E, Agarwala P. Reply to the query "Chronic hepatitis E virus infection by genotype 1". Indian J Gastroenterol 2018; 37:466. [PMID: 30328090 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-018-0899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Gupta
- Department of Clinical Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Sector D1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110 070, India.
| | - Pragya Agarwala
- Department of Clinical Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Sector D1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110 070, India
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Choudhary MC, Gupta E, Sharma S, Hasnain N, Agarwala P. Genetic signatures coupled with lineage shift characterise endemic evolution of Dengue virus serotype 2 during 2015 outbreak in Delhi, India. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:871-880. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Department of Virology; Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Shvetank Sharma
- Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department; Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Nadeem Hasnain
- Department of Virology; Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Pragya Agarwala
- Department of Virology; Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences; New Delhi India
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Gupta E, Agarwala P, Kumar G, Maiwall R, Sarin SK. Point -of -care testing (POCT) in molecular diagnostics: Performance evaluation of GeneXpert HCV RNA test in diagnosing and monitoring of HCV infection. J Clin Virol 2017; 88:46-51. [PMID: 28160728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular testing at the point-of-care may turn out to be game changer for HCV diagnosis and treatment monitoring, through increased sensitivity, reduced turnaround time, and ease of performance. One such assay GeneXpert® has recently been released. OBJECTIVES Comparative analysis between performances of GeneXpert® and Abbott HCV-RNA was done. STUDY DESIGN 174 HCV infected patients were recruited and, one time plasma samples from 154 patients and repeated samples from 20 patients, obtained at specific treatment time-points (0, 4, 12 and 24) weeks were serially re-tested on Xpert®. RESULTS Genotype 3 was the commonest, seen in 80 (66%) of the cases, genotype 1 in 34 (28.3%), genotype 4 in 4 (3.3%) and genotypes 2 and 5 in 1 (0.8%) each. Median HCV RNA load was 4.69 log10 (range: 0-6.98log10) IU/ml. Overall a very good correlation was seen between the two assays (R2=0.985), concordance of the results between the assays was seen in 138 samples (89.6%). High and low positive standards were tested ten times on Xpert® to evaluate the precision and the coefficient of variation was 0.01 for HPC and 0.07 for the LPC. Monitoring of patients on two different regimes of treatment, pegylated interferon plus ribavirin and sofosbuvir plus ribavirin was done by both the systems at baseline, 4, 12 and 24 weeks. Perfect correlation between the assays in the course of therapy at different treatment time- point in genotypes 3 and 1 was seen. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates excellent performance of the Xpert® HCV assay in viral load assessment and in treatment course monitoring consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Gupta
- Department of Clinical Virology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences (ILBS), Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India.
| | - Pragya Agarwala
- Department of Clinical Virology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences (ILBS), Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Guresh Kumar
- Department of Clinical Virology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences (ILBS), Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Clinical Virology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences (ILBS), Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Clinical Virology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences (ILBS), Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India
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