BRG1 programs PRC2-complex repression and controls oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination

Chromatin-remodeling protein BRG1/SMARCA4 is pivotal for establishing oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage identity. However, its functions for oligodendrocyte-precursor cell (OPC) differentiation within the postnatal brain and during remyelination remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that Brg1 loss profoundly impairs OPC differentiation in the brain with a comparatively lesser effect in the spinal cord. Moreover, BRG1 is critical for OPC remyelination after injury. Integrative transcriptomic/genomic profiling reveals that BRG1 exhibits a dual role by promoting OPC differentiation networks while repressing OL-inhibitory cues and proneuronal programs. Furthermore, we find that BRG1 interacts with EED/PRC2 polycomb-repressive-complexes to enhance H3K27me3-mediated repression at gene loci associated with OL-differentiation inhibition and neurogenesis. Notably, BRG1 depletion decreases H3K27me3 deposition, leading to the upregulation of BMP/WNT signaling and proneurogenic genes, which suppresses OL programs. Thus, our findings reveal a hitherto unexplored spatiotemporal-specific role of BRG1 for OPC differentiation in the developing CNS and underscore a new insight into BRG1/PRC2-mediated epigenetic regulation that promotes and safeguards OL lineage commitment and differentiation.

Discovery of Novel Azaindoles as Potent and Selective PI3Kδ Inhibitors for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system and the unmet need for MS treatment demands new therapeutic development. Particularly, PI3Kδ is a high-value target for autoimmune disease, while the investigation of PI3Kδ inhibitors for MS therapy is relatively scarce. Herein, we report a novel class of azaindoles as PI3Kδ inhibitors for MS treatment. Compound 31, designed via nitrogen bioisosterism, displayed excellent PI3Kδ inhibitory activity and selectivity. In vitro assay showed that 31 exhibited superior activity on T lymphocytes to inhibit the proliferation of CD4+, CD8+, and CD3+ T cells. In the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, 31 showed a comparable therapeutical efficacy with Dexamethasone to significantly ameliorate EAE symptoms. Mechanistic studies showed that compound 31 could significantly inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibited T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Overall, this work provides a new structural PI3Kδ inhibitor and a new vision for MS therapy.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals cell-cell communication and potential biomarker in sepsis and septic shock patients

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is a disease characterized by infection-induced multiorgan dysfunction, which can progress to septic shock if not promptly treated. Early identification of sepsis is crucial for its treatment. However, there are currently limited specific biomarkers for sepsis or septic shock. This study aims to identify potential biomarkers for sepsis and septic shock.

METHODS

We analyzed single-cell transcriptomic data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy individuals, sepsis and septic shock patients, identified differences in gene expression and cell-cell communication between different cell types during disease progression. Moreover, our analyses were further validated with flow cytometry and bulk RNA-seq data.

RESULTS

Our study elucidates the alterations in cellular proportions and cell-cell communication among healthy controls, sepsis, and septic shock patients. We identified a specific augmentation in the Resistin signaling within sepsis monocytes, mediated via RETN-CAP1 ligand-receptor pairs. Additionally, we observed enhanced IL16 signaling within monocytes from septic shock patients, mediated through IL16-CD4 ligand-receptor pairs. Subsequently, we confirmed our findings by validating the increase in CAP-1+ monocytes in sepsis and IL16+ monocytes in septic shock in mouse models. And a significant upregulation of CAP-1 and IL16 was also observed in the bulk RNA-seq data from patients with sepsis and septic shock. Furthermore, we identified four distinct clusters of CD14+ monocytes, highlighting the heterogeneity of monocytes in the progress of sepsis.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, our work demonstrates changes in cell-cell communication of healthy controls, sepsis and septic shock, confirming that the molecules CAP-1 and IL16 on monocytes may serve as potential diagnostic markers for sepsis and septic shock, respectively. These findings provide new insights for early diagnosis and stratified treatment of the disease.

Combined Serologic and Genetic Risk Score and Prognostication of Phospholipase A2 receptor-Associated Membranous Nephropathy

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to test whether a combined risk score on the basis of genetic risk and serology can improve the prediction of kidney failure in phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R)-associated primary membranous nephropathy.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis of 519 biopsy-proven PLA2R-associated primary membranous nephropathy patients with baseline eGFR ≥25 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 . The combined risk score was calculated by combining the genetic risk score with PLA2R ELISA antibody titers. The primary end point was kidney disease progression defined as a 50% reduction in eGFR or kidney failure. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis and C-statistics were applied to compare the performance of PLA2R antibody, genetic risk score, and combined risk score, as compared with clinical factors alone, in predicting primary outcomes.

RESULTS

The median age was 56 years (range, 15-82 years); the male-to-female ratio was 1:0.6, the median eGFR at biopsy was 99 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 (range: 26-167 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ), and the median proteinuria was 5.3 g/24 hours (range: 1.5-25.8 g/24 hours). During a median follow-up of 67 (5-200) months, 66 (13%) had kidney disease progression. In Cox proportional hazard regression models, PLA2R antibody titers, genetic risk score, and combined risk score were all individually associated with kidney disease progression with and without adjustments for age, sex, proteinuria, eGFR, and tubulointerstitial lesions. The best-performing clinical model to predict kidney disease progression included age, eGFR, proteinuria, serum albumin, diabetes, and tubulointerstitial lesions (C-statistic 0.76 [0.69-0.82], adjusted R 2 0.51). Although the addition of PLA2R antibody titer improved the performance of this model (C-statistic: 0.78 [0.72-0.84], adjusted R 2 0.61), replacing PLA2R antibody with the combined risk score improved the model further (C-statistic: 0.82 [0.77-0.87], adjusted R 2 0.69, difference of C-statistics with clinical model=0.06 [0.03-0.10], P < 0.001; difference of C-statistics with clinical-serologic model=0.04 [0.01-0.06], P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with PLA2R-associated membranous nephropathy, the combined risk score incorporating inherited risk alleles and PLA2R antibody enhanced the prediction of kidney disease progression compared with PLA2R serology and clinical factors alone.

Macrophage senescence in health and diseases

Macrophage senescence, manifested by the special form of durable cell cycle arrest and chronic low-grade inflammation like senescence-associated secretory phenotype, has long been considered harmful. Persistent senescence of macrophages may lead to maladaptation, immune dysfunction, and finally the development of age-related diseases, infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies. However, it is a ubiquitous, multi-factorial, and dynamic complex phenomenon that also plays roles in remodeled processes, including wound repair and embryogenesis. In this review, we summarize some general molecular changes and several specific biomarkers during macrophage senescence, which may bring new sight to recognize senescent macrophages in different conditions. Also, we take an in-depth look at the functional changes in senescent macrophages, including metabolism, autophagy, polarization, phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and infiltration or recruitment. Furthermore, some degenerations and diseases associated with senescent macrophages as well as the mechanisms or relevant genetic regulations of senescent macrophages are integrated, not only emphasizing the possibility of regulating macrophage senescence to benefit age-associated diseases but also has an implication on the finding of potential targets or drugs clinically.

Isorhamnetin alleviates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via enhancing fatty acid oxidation

Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapy drug widely used in the treatment of various solid tumors. However, the clinical usage of cisplatin is limited by its nephrotoxicity. Isorhamnetin, a natural flavanol compound, displays remarkable pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of isorhamnetin in alleviating acute kidney injury induced by cisplatin. In vitro study showed that isorhamnetin significantly suppressed the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin on human tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, isorhamnetin exerted significantly inhibitory effects on cisplatin-induced apoptosis and inflammatory response. In acute kidney injury mice induced by a single intraperitoneal injection with 20 mg/kg cisplatin, oral administration of isorhamnetin two days before or 2 h after cisplatin injection effectively ameliorated renal function and renal tubule injury. Transcriptomics RNA-seq analysis of the mice kidney tissues suggested that isorhamnetin treatment may protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via PGC-1α mediated fatty acid oxidation. Isorhamnetin achieved significant enhancements in the lipid clearance, ATP level, as well as the expression of PGC-1α and its downstream target genes PPARα and CPT1A, which were otherwise impaired by cisplatin. In addition, the protection effects of isorhamnetin against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity were abolished by a PGC-1α inhibitor, SR-18292. In conclusion, our findings indicate that isorhamnetin could protect against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by inducing PGC-1α-dependent reprogramming of fatty acid oxidation, which highlights the clinical potential of isorhamnetin as a therapeutic approach for the management of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Initial IL-10 production dominates the therapy of mesenchymal stem cell scaffold in spinal cord injury

Rationale: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an acute damage to the central nervous system that results in severe morbidity and permanent disability. Locally implanted scaffold systems with immobilized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely proven to promote locomotor function recovery in SCI rats; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Methods and Results: In this study, we constructed a hyaluronic acid scaffold system (HA-MSC) to accelerate the adhesive growth of human MSCs and prolong their survival time in SCI rat lesions. MSCs regulate local immune responses by upregulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, the dramatically increased, but transient expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) is found to be secreted by MSCs in the first week. Blocking the function of the initially produced IL-10 by the antibody completely abolished the neurological and behavioral recovery of SCI rats, indicating a core role of IL-10 in SCI therapy with HA-MSC implantation. Transcriptome analyses indicated that IL-10 selectively promotes the migration and cytokine secretion-associated programs of MSCs, which in turn helps MSCs exert their anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects. Conclusion: Our findings highlight a novel role of IL-10 in regulating MSC migration and cytokine secretion-associated programs, and determine the vital role of IL-10 in the domination of MSC treatment for spinal cord repair.

KLF12 transcriptionally regulates PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer

Recent studies have pointed to the role of Krüpple-like factor 12 (KLF12) in cancer-associated processes, including cancer proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. However, the role of KLF12 in tumor immunity remains obscure. Here, we found that KLF12 expression was significantly higher in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with higher programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Additionally, a positive correlation between KLF12 and PD-L1 was observed in clinical patient tumor tissues. By chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, KLF12 was identified to bind to the CACCC motif of the PD-L1 promoter. Overexpression of KLF12 promoted PD-L1 transcription, whereas silencing of KLF12 inhibited PD-L1 transcription. Furthermore, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)- and STAT3-triggered PD-L1 transcription was abolished in the absence of KLF12, and KLF12 knockdown weakened the binding of STAT1 and STAT3 to the PD-L1 promoter. Mechanistically, KLF12 physically interacted with P300, a histone acetyltransferase. In addition, KLF12 silencing reduced P300 binding to the PD-L1 promoter, which subsequently caused decreased acetylation of histone H3. PD-L1 transcription driven by KLF12 overexpression was eliminated by EP300 silencing. In immunocompetent mice, KLF12 knockout inhibited tumor growth and promoted infiltration of CD8+ T cells. However, this phenomenon was not observed in immunodeficient mice. Overall, this study reveals KLF12-mediated transcriptional regulation of PD-L1 in NSCLC; targeting KLF12 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.

Oral glucocorticoids with intravenous cyclophosphamide or oral glucocorticoids alone in the treatment of IgA nephropathy present with nephrotic syndrome and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis

Background

Few studies have evaluated the treatment of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects of oral glucocorticoids (GCS) combined with intravenous cyclophosphamide (CTX) and oral GCS alone in the treatment of the MPGN-IgAN patients with NS.

Methods

Biopsy-proven primary IgAN patients who were aged ≥14 years at diagnosis, had coexistent NS and MPGN and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥15 mL/min/1.73 m2, and were treated by oral GCS combined with intravenous CTX or oral GCS alone for 6-12 months were retrospectively included. The patients in the GCS + CTX (prednisone 0.6-0.8 mg/kg/day and intravenous CTX 0.6-1.0 g monthly) or GCS (prednisone 0.8-1 mg/kg/day) group were rather matched at a 1:1 ratio on key characteristics by propensity score matching. The primary outcome was defined as either complete remission or partial remission at Month 24. The secondary outcome was a composite renal endpoint defined as a 50% decline in eGFR, doubling of serum creatinine or progression to end-stage kidney disease.

Results

Among the 146 IgAN patients who met the inclusion criteria, 42 patients were enrolled in the GCS + CTX group, and 42 patients were enrolled in the GCS group after propensity score matching. The clinical and histological parameters were similar between the two groups. Remission occurred more frequently in the GCS + CTX group at Month 6 (88.1% vs 52.4%, P < 0.001), Month 12 (88.1% vs 56.1%, P = 0.001) and Month 24 (85.0% vs 47.5%, P < 0.001) than in the GCS group. Moreover, subgroup analysis revealed that the higher response rate at Month 24 in the GCS + CTX group than in the GCS group was also present in different subgroups defined by sex, age, eGFR or Oxford MEST-C. Notably, we found that eGFR decreased at a lower rate in patients from the GCS + CTX group than in patients from the GCS group [eGFR slope: 0.05(-3.09, 3.67) vs -2.56 (-11.30, 0.86) mL/min/1.73 m2/year, P = 0.03]. Based on multivariate Cox regression analysis, GCS + CTX treatment was found to be independently associated with a decrease in risk for the composite endpoint after adjusted by the International Risk Prediction Score with race (hazard ratio = 0.17, 95% confidence interval 0.04-0.83, P = .03). There was no significant difference in adverse events (50.0% vs 42.9%, P = 0.51) or serious adverse events (7.1% vs 11.9%, P = .71) between the two groups.

Conclusions

Oral GCS combined with intravenous CTX is superior to GCS alone in treating MPGN-IgAN patients combined with NS. As the retrospective design and small sample size, our findings need to be validated by a prospective study.

First case report of PLA2R-related monotypic (IgG-κ positive) membranous nephropathy concurrent with leukocyte chemotactic factor 2 amyloidosis

BACKGROUND

Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a major pattern of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in adults. Some MN have secondary causes and some may be accompanied with other glomerular diseases. MN patients coexisting with amyloidosis are very rare, and mostly was polytypic MN. Herein, we describe the first report which identifying monotype PLA2R-MN (κ light chain) concurrent with leukocyte chemotactic factor 2 amyloidosis (ALECT2). This rare case highlights the importance of renal pathology for diagnosis.

CASE PRESENTATION

We describe a case of a 60-year-old male patient with persistent proteinuria and low serum albumin for nine months. No monoclonal component was revealed by serum and urine immunofixation electrophoresis but serum PLA2R antibody was positive. The patient was empirically treated with Leflunomide and Losartan, but edema was not improved. The diagnosis of renal pathology is PLA2R-related monotypic (IgG-κ positive) MN concurrent with ALECT2. Methylprednisolone, cyclosporine A and anticoagulant (rivaroxaban) were prescribed resulting in a complete remission of NS.

CONCLUSIONS

MN patients concurrent with ALECT2 presented massive proteinuria or NS. When nephrotic range proteinuria is present in ALECT2, it is important to consider that it may be due to a concomitant underlying nephropathy especially MN and treated according to MN will get good therapeutic effect.

COL4A3 Mutation Induced Podocyte Apoptosis by Dysregulation of NADPH Oxidase 4 and MMP-2

Introduction

Podocyte apoptosis is a common mechanism driving progression in Alport syndrome (AS). This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of podocyte apoptosis caused by COL4A3 mutations.

Methods

We recruited patients with autosomal dominant AS (ADAS). Patients with minimal change disease (MCD) were recruited as controls. Microarray analysis was carried out on isolated glomeruli from the patients and validated. Then, corresponding mutant human podocytes (p.C1616Y) and 129 mice (p.C1615Y, the murine homolog to the human p.C1616Y) were constructed. The highest differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from microarray analysis were validated in transgenic mice and podocytes before and after administration of MMP-2 inhibitor (SB-3CT) and NOX4 inhibitor (GKT137831). We further validated NOX4/MMP-2/apoptosis pathway by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, and western blot in renal tissues from the ADAS patients.

Results

Using microarray analysis, we observed that DEGs, including NOX4/H2O2, MMP-2, and podocyte apoptosis-related genes were significantly upregulated. These genes were validated by real-time PCR, histologic analysis, and western blot in corresponding mutant human podocyte (p.C1616Y) and/or mice models (p.C1615Y). Moreover, we found podocyte apoptosis was abrogated and MMP-2 expression was down-regulated both in vivo and in vitro by NOX4 inhibition, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, 24-hour proteinuria; and renal pathologic lesion was attenuated by NOX4 inhibition in vivo. Furthermore, podocyte apoptosis was attenuated whereas NOX4 expression remained the same by inhibition of MMP-2 both in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusion

These results indicated that NOX4 might induce podocyte apoptosis through the regulation of MMP-2 in patients with COL4A3 mutations. Our findings provided new insights into the mechanism of ADAS.

Adult-Onset Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis With Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome Caused by a Novel TBC1D8B Variant: A Case Report and Literature Review

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histological lesion with a variety of potential causes, including rare variants of podocyte-related genes. Recently, it has been found that variants in the TBC1D8B gene on the X chromosome can lead to early-onset focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome by affecting endocytosis and recycling of nephrin. Here, we report a 19-year-old Chinese patient with nephrotic syndrome and normal kidney function. He had a complete remission of nephrotic syndrome after full-dose prednisone and cyclosporine treatment. Unfortunately, a relapse of nephrotic syndrome occurred during prednisone tapering. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was proven by a kidney biopsy, and a hemizygous pathogenic variant located in the TBC (Tre-2-Bub2-Cdc16) domain of TBC1D8B was detected by whole-exome sequencing. By comparing our case with reports of other patients with TBC1D8B variants, we suggest possible genotype-phenotype correlations. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying a pathogenetic variant in the TBC domain of TBC1D8B in an adult-onset focal segmental glomerulosclerosis patient with steroid-dependent NS. With this report, we broaden the clinical and genetic spectrum of X-linked genetic FSGS.

Safety Evaluation of Curcumol by a Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Exposure Toxicity Study in Rats

Curcumol, a natural product isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Rhizoma curcumae, possesses various potential therapeutic values in many diseases. However, evidence of its toxicological profile is currently lacking. In this study, a repeated toxicity study of curcumol was conducted for the first time. SD rats were exposed to doses of 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg in a selected dose formulation for 28 days through oral administration. The potential toxic effects of curcumol on the blood system were observed and further validated in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, other hematology and biochemistry parameters as well as the weight of organs were altered, but no related histopathological signs were observed, indicating these changes were not regarded as toxicologically relevant. Our current findings provide a complete understanding of the safety profile of curcumol, which may contribute to its further study of investigational new drug application.

Butein suppresses PD-L1 expression via downregulating STAT1 in non-small cell lung cancer

PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1) is frequently up-regulated in tumors and is critical in tumor immune escape. In addition to antibodies that block the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), small-molecule compounds that suppress PD-L1 expression also exhibit significant anti-tumor effects, emerging as a new strategy targeting PD-L1. By using a cell-based screening model, we found that butein, a natural chalcone compound, significantly reduced the cytoplasm and cell surface expression of PD-L1. This effect was further validated in various non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and primary cells derived from clinical NSCLC tissues. Butein inhibited PD-L1 transcription, but not the half-life of PD-L1 protein. Butein reduced STAT1 level and butein-induced PD-L1 suppression was eliminated by the absence of STAT1. By co-culture system, butein improved tumor elimination by increasing the killing ability of CD8⁺ T cells. By in vivo study, we further confirmed that butein downregulated PD-L1 expression and improved infiltration of CD8⁺ T cells in tumor tissues. Taken together, our study suggested that butein could suppress the transcription of PD-L1 via downregulating STAT1, providing a theoretical basis for the application of butein in anti-tumor therapy.

Discovery and Optimization of N-Acyl-6-sulfonamide-tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives as Novel Non-Steroidal Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators

Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SGRMs), which can dissociate the transactivation from the transrepression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), are regarded as very promising therapeutics for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We previously discovered a SGRM HP-19 based on the passive antagonistic conformation of GR and bioassays. In this study, we further analyzed the dynamic changes of the passive antagonistic state upon the binding of HP-19 and designed and synthesized 62 N-acyl-6-sulfonamide-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives by structural optimization of HP-19. Therein, compound B53 exhibits the best transrepression activity (IC_{50 NF-κB} = 0.009 ± 0.001 μM) comparable with dexamethasone (IC_{50 NF-κB} = 0.005 ± 0.001 μM) and no transactivation activity. B53 can efficiently reduce the expression of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and so on and makes a milder adverse effect and is highly specific to GR. Furthermore, B53 is able to significantly relieve dermatitis on a mouse model via oral drug intervention.

Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding rate of curcumol in rats using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Objective: Curcumol is one of the major active ingredients isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Curcumae Rhizoma and is reported to exhibit various bioactivities, such as anti-tumor and anti-liver fibrosis effects. However, studies of curcumol pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution are currently lacking. This study aims to characterize the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and protein binding rate of curcumol.

Methods: Pharmacokinetics properties of curcumol were investigated afte doses of 10, 40, and 80 mg/kg of curcumol for rats and a single dose of 2.0 mg/kg curcumol was given to rats via intravenous administration to investigate bioavailability. Tissue distribution was investigated after a single dose of 40 mg/kg of orally administered curcumol. Plasma protein binding of curcumol was studied in vitro via the rapid equilibrium dialysis system. Bound and unbound curcumol in rat plasma were analyzed to calculate the plasma protein binding rate. A UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to determine curcumol in rat plasma and tissues and applied to study the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding in rats.

Results: After oral administration of 10, 40, and 80 mg/kg curcumol, results indicated a rapid absorption and quick elimination of curcumol in rats. The bioavailability ranging from 9.2% to 13.1% was calculated based on the area under the curves (AUC) of oral and intravenous administration of curcumol. During tissue distribution, most organs observed a maximum concentration of curcumol within 0.5–1.0 h. A high accumulation of curcumol was found in the small intestine, colon, liver, and kidney. Moreover, high protein binding rates ranging from 85.6% to 93.4% of curcumol were observed in rat plasma.

Conclusion: This study characterized the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and protein binding rates of curcumol in rats for the first time, which can provide a solid foundation for research into the mechanisms of curcumol’s biological function and clinical application.

An Efficient UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone in Rat Plasma and Its Application to a Toxicokinetic Study

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a powerful antioxidant coenzyme existing in diet, benefiting growth, development, cognition function, and the repair of damaged organs. However, a method for detecting PQQ in vivo was rarely described, limiting the research on the bioanalysis and metabolic properties of PQQ. In this study, a novel, simple, and efficient ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to quantify the concentration of PQQ in rat plasma. Detection through mass spectrometry was operated by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in negative electrospray ionization mode with ion transitions m/z 328.99→197.05 for PQQ and m/z 280.04→195.04 for the internal standard. The calibration curves were linear up to 10,000 ng/mL, with a lower limit of quantitation of 10 ng/mL. Inter-run and intra-run precision ranged from 1.79% to 10.73% and accuracy ranged from -7.73% to 7.30%. The method was successfully applied to a toxicokinetic study in Sprague-Dawley rats after the oral administration of PQQ disodium salt at doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg. The toxicokinetic parameters were subsequently analyzed, which may provide valuable references for the toxicokinetic properties and safety evaluation of PQQ.

Genetic dominance of transforming growth factor-β1 polymorphisms in chronic liver disease

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is an extremely common clinical condition accompanied by sustained inflammatory response leading to tissue damage. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is known as a master immune regulator in CLDs, but the association between TGF-β1 polymorphisms and CLD risk is controversial and inconclusive, and the genetic dominance of CLDs remains unknown. In this study, the relationship between TGF-β1 polymorphisms and CLD susceptibility is systematically analyzed based on 35 eligible studies. Individuals with the TGF-β1-509 allele (TT or CT) or codon 10 allele (Pro/Pro) show an increased risk of CLDs. Subgroup analyses indicate TGF-β1-509C/T has a significant correlation with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis C, codon 10 is associated with chronic hepatitis B occurrence, and codon 25 exhibits a relationship with autoimmune hepatitis risk. Missense mutations in G29E, A105S, D191N, and F321L of TGF-β1 are the genetic factors of HCC susceptibility. Furthermore, the TGF-β1 gene expression is significantly elevated in CLD patients, and the TGF-β1 codon 263 is located close to the region where the TGF-β1 dimerization interacts, indicating the TGF-β1 codon 263 variant may affect the secretion of TGF-β1 by altering its dimerization. Together, our findings provide new insights into the immune regulator gene TGF-β1 polymorphisms as susceptibility factors for CLD occurrence and regulators for TGF-β1 expression, which have implications for the regulation of immune factors during CLD development.

Association Between NPHS2 p.R229Q and Focal Segmental Glomerular Sclerosis/Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome

Aim

NPHS2 is the coding gene of podocin. This study aims to investigate the association between NPHS2 p.R229Q (rs61747728), the most frequently reported missense variant of NPHS2, and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) or steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) based on typing the variant in a Chinese FSGS/SRNS cohort and conducting a meta-analysis.

Method

We recruited patients with FSGS or SRNS and healthy individuals. To conduct a meta-analysis, all studies on p.R229Q and FSGS/SRNS were searched from public databases.

Results

In total, we enrolled 204 patients with FSGS, 61 patients with SRNS [46 with FSGS, 9 with minimal change disease (MCD), and six patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN)], and 100 healthy controls. Unexpectedly, p.R229Q was absent in the patients from our cohort. By meta-analysis of 21 studies including 2,489 patients with FSGS/SRNS and 6,004 healthy controls, we confirmed that the A allele of p.R229Q was significantly associated with increased risk of FSGS/SRNS (allelic OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.44-2.52, P < 0.001). However, the subgroup analysis showed that the association between p.R229Q and FSGS/SRNS was true only in Caucasians (allelic OR = 2.14, 95%CI = 1.54-2.98, P < 0.001) and in early-onset patients (allelic OR: 2.13, 95% CI = 1.21-3.76, P = 0.009).

Conclusion

NPHS2 p.R229Q may play an important role in enhancing the susceptibility of FSGS/SRNS, especially in ethnicity of Caucasian and age of early-onset patients.

Targeting innate immune responses to attenuate acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity

Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is an important cause of acute liver failure, resulting in massive deaths in many developed countries. Currently, the metabolic process of APAP in the body has been well studied. However, the underlying mechanism of APAP-induced liver injury remains elusive. Increasing clinical and experimental evidences indicate that the innate immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis of APAP-induced acute liver injury (AILI), in which immune cells have dual roles of inducing inflammation to exacerbate hepatotoxicity and removing dead cells and debris to help liver regeneration. In this review, we summarize the latest findings of innate immune cells involved in AILI, particularly emphasizing the activation of innate immune cells and their different roles during the injury and repair phases. Moreover, current available treatments are discussed according to the different roles of innate immune cells in the development of AILI. This review aims to update the knowledge about innate immune responses in the pathogenesis of AILI, and provide potential therapeutic interventions for AILI.

New Insights of CCR7 Signaling in Dendritic Cell Migration and Inflammatory Diseases

CCR7, collaborated with its ligands CCL19 and CCL21, controls extensive migratory events in the immune system. CCR7-bearing dendritic cells can swarm into T-cell zones in lymph nodes, initiating the antigen presentation and T-cell response. Abnormal expression of CCR7 in dendritic cells will cause a series of inflammatory diseases due to the chaotic dendritic cell trafficking. In this review, we take an in-depth look at the structural–functional domains of CCR7 and CCR7-bearing dendritic cell trajectory to lymph nodes. Then, we summarize the regulatory network of CCR7, including transcriptional regulation, translational and posttranslational regulation, internalization, desensitization, and recycling. Furthermore, the potential strategies of targeting the CCR7 network to regulate dendritic cell migration and to deal with inflammatory diseases are integrated, which not only emphasizes the possibility of CCR7 to be a potential target of immunotherapy but also has an implication on the homing of dendritic cells to benefit inflammatory diseases.

In vivo targeted delivery of antibodies into cancer cells with pH-responsive cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s

Cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s (CPDs) are promising vehicles for cytosolic delivery of proteins. However, currently available arginine-rich CPD has rarely been reported for systemic delivery due to its "always" positive charge. Herein, we developed pH-responsive CPDIMD that executes tumor targeting delivery via protonation of imidazole groups within the acidic tumor microenvironment.

Targeting PI3K/AKT signaling for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibrotic interstitial pneumonia with unknown causes. The incidence rate increases year by year and the prognosis is poor without cure. Recently, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) signaling pathway can be considered as a master regulator for IPF. The contribution of the PI3K/AKT in fibrotic processes is increasingly prominent, with PI3K/AKT inhibitors currently under clinical evaluation in IPF. Therefore, PI3K/AKT represents a critical signaling node during fibrogenesis with potential implications for the development of novel anti-fibrotic strategies. This review epitomizes the progress that is being made in understanding the complex interpretation of the cause of IPF, and demonstrates that PI3K/AKT can directly participate to the greatest extent in the formation of IPF or cooperate with other pathways to promote the development of fibrosis. We further summarize promising PI3K/AKT inhibitors with IPF treatment benefits, including inhibitors in clinical trials and pre-clinical studies and natural products, and discuss how these inhibitors mitigate fibrotic progression to explore possible potential agents, which will help to develop effective treatment strategies for IPF in the near future.

Challenges and Improvements of Novel Therapies for Ischemic Stroke

Stroke is the third most common disease all over the world, which is regarded as a hotspot in medical research because of its high mortality and morbidity. Stroke, especially ischemic stroke, causes severe neural cell death, and no effective therapy is currently available for neuroregeneration after stroke. Although many therapies have been shown to be effective in preclinical studies of ischemic stroke, almost none of them passed clinical trials, and the reasons for most failures have not been well identified. In this review, we focus on several novel methods, such as traditional Chinese medicine, stem cell therapy, and exosomes that have not been used for ischemic stroke till recent decades. We summarize the proposed basic mechanisms underlying these therapies and related clinical results, discussing advantages and current limitations for each therapy emphatically. Based on the limitations such as side effects, narrow therapeutic window, and less accumulation at the injury region, structure transformation and drug combination are subsequently applied, providing a deep understanding to develop effective treatment strategies for ischemic stroke in the near future.

The calcimimetic agent cinacalcet inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma via YAP/TAZ suppression

The lack of effective strategies remains a pivotal challenge for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. YAP/ TAZ is a promising target for effective drugs against HCC. In this study, we profiled the regulatory effect of 98 drugs on transcriptional activity of YAP/TAZ and identified the calcimimetic agent cinacalcet as a potent YAP inhibitor. Cinacalcet inhibited YAP expression in HCC models at both transcriptional and protein levels, and ultimately arrested cell proliferation of HCC. Overexpression of YAP weakened the anticancer efficacy of cinacalcet, indicating that YAP was responsible for the antineoplastic activity of cinacalcet. Collectively, this study suggested cinacalcet as a feasible anticancer drug for HCC via its inhibition on YAP/TAZ.

Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection

BACKGROUND

This study sought to investigate incidence and risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized COVID-19.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, we enrolled 823 COVID-19 patients with at least two evaluations of renal function during hospitalization from four hospitals in Wuhan, China between February 2020 and April 2020. Clinical and laboratory parameters at the time of admission and follow-up data were recorded. Systemic renal tubular dysfunction was evaluated via 24-h urine collections in a subgroup of 55 patients.

RESULTS

In total, 823 patients were enrolled (50.5% male) with a mean age of 60.9 ± 14.9 years. AKI occurred in 38 (40.9%) ICU cases but only 6 (0.8%) non-ICU cases. Using forward stepwise Cox regression analysis, we found eight independent risk factors for AKI including decreased platelet level, lower albumin level, lower phosphorus level, higher level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), procalcitonin, C-reactive protein (CRP), urea, and prothrombin time (PT) on admission. For every 0.1 mmol/L decreases in serum phosphorus level, patients had a 1.34-fold (95% CI 1.14-1.58) increased risk of AKI. Patients with hypophosphatemia were likely to be older and with lower lymphocyte count, lower serum albumin level, lower uric acid, higher LDH, and higher CRP. Furthermore, serum phosphorus level was positively correlated with phosphate tubular maximum per volume of filtrate (TmP/GFR) (Pearson r = 0.66, p < .001) in subgroup analysis, indicating renal phosphate loss via proximal renal tubular dysfunction.

CONCLUSION

The AKI incidence was very low in non-ICU patients as compared to ICU patients. Hypophosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AKI in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection.

Discovery of N-((3S,4S)-4-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)piperidin-3-yl)-2-fluoro-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (Hu7691), a Potent and Selective Akt Inhibitor That Enables Decrease of Cutaneous Toxicity

Rash is one of the primary dose-limiting toxicities of Akt (protein kinase B) inhibitors in clinical trials. Here, we demonstrate the inhibition of Akt2 isozyme may be a driver for keratinocyte apoptosis, which promotes us to search for new selective Akt inhibitors with an improved cutaneous safety property. According to our previous research, compound 2 is selected for further optimization for overcoming the disadvantages of compound 1, including high Akt2 inhibition and high toxicity against HaCaT keratinocytes. The dihedral angle-based design and molecular dynamics simulation lead to the identification of Hu7691 (B5) that achieves a 24-fold selectivity between Akt1 and Akt2. Hu7691 exhibits low activity in inducing HaCaT apoptosis, promising kinase selectivity, and excellent anticancer cell proliferation potencies. Based on the superior results of safety property, pharmacokinetic profile, and in vivo efficacy, the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) approved the investigational new drug (IND) application of Hu7691.

A validation study of UCSD-Mayo risk score in predicting hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is associated with poor prognosis. Early prediction and intervention of AKI are vital for improving clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients. As lack of tools for early AKI detection in COVID-19 patients, this study aimed to validate the USCD-Mayo risk score in predicting hospital-acquired AKI in an extended multi-center COVID-19 cohort.

Methods

Five hundred seventy-two COVID-19 patients from Wuhan Tongji Hospital Guanggu Branch, Wuhan Leishenshan Hospital, and Wuhan No. Ninth Hospital was enrolled for this study. Patients who developed AKI or reached an outcome of recovery or death during the study period were included. Predictors were evaluated according to data extracted from medical records.

Results

Of all patients, a total of 44 (8%) developed AKI. The UCSD-Mayo risk score achieved excellent discrimination in predicting AKI with the C-statistic of 0.88 (95%CI: 0.84–0.91). Next, we determined the UCSD-Mayo risk score had good overall performance (Nagelkerke R² = 0.32) and calibration in our cohort. Further analysis showed that the UCSD-Mayo risk score performed well in subgroups defined by gender, age, and several chronic comorbidities. However, the discrimination of the UCSD-Mayo risk score in ICU patients and patients with mechanical ventilation was not good which might be resulted from different risk factors of these patients.

Conclusions

We validated the performance of UCSD-Mayo risk score in predicting hospital-acquired AKI in COVID-19 patients was excellent except for patients from ICU or patients with mechanical ventilation.

Fulminant type I cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis with unique ultrastructural plugs: a case report

INTRODUCTION

 Type I cryoglobulinemia is a rare disease which affects the skin, central nervous system and kidneys. It is usually associated with lymphoproliferative disorders such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma and monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance. Proteinuria and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis are the most common renal manifestations; Case presentation: Here we report the case of a female patient in her late 40 s who had proteinuria accompanied by Raynaud's phenomenon, high blood and plasma viscosity, hearing loss, and cardiac and central nervous system involvement. Monoclonal immunoglobulin G-λ protein was detected and serum was positive for cryoglobulin. Renal biopsy revealed massive cryo-plugs with unique ultrastructural appearance in the glomerular and peritubular capillary lumina. Immunofluorescence showed predominant IgG3/λ deposition in cryo-plugs. As reported, the clinical manifestations of this patient resulted from cryoprecipitate and hyperviscosity syndrome; Conclusion: Cryoglobulinemia should be considered as a possible diagnosis in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, hyperviscosity syndrome and monoclonal immunoglobulin.

Emerging views of OPTN (optineurin) function in the autophagic process associated with disease

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved process in eukaryotic cells. It plays a critical role in cellular homeostasis by delivering cytoplasmic cargos to lysosomes for selective degradation. OPTN (optineurin), a well-recognized autophagy receptor, has received considerable attention due to its multiple roles in the autophagic process. OPTN is associated with many human disorders that are closely related to autophagy, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and nephropathy. Here, we review the function of OPTN as an autophagy receptor at different stages of autophagy, focusing on cargo recognition, autophagosome formation, autophagosome maturation, and lysosomal quality control. OPTN tends to be protective in most autophagy associated diseases, though the molecular mechanism of OPTN regulation in these diseases is not well understood. A comprehensive review of the function of OPTN in autophagy provides valuable insight into the pathogenesis of human diseases related to OPTN and facilitates the discovery of potential key regulators and novel therapeutic targets for disease intervention in patients with autophagic diseases.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related; APAP: acetaminophen; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CC: coiled-coil; HACE1: HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; MYO6: myosin VI; IKBKG/NEMO: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase regulatory subunit gamma; IKK: IκB kinase; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LZ: leucine zipper; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B subunit; OPTN: optineurin; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RTECs: renal tubular epithelial cells; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TOM1: target of myb1 membrane trafficking protein; UBD: ubiquitin-binding domain; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2; ZF: zinc finger.

Catalytic activity tunable ceria nanoparticles prevent chemotherapy-induced acute kidney injury without interference with chemotherapeutics

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a prevalent and lethal adverse event that severely affects cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. It is correlated with the collateral damage to renal cells caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Currently, ROS management is a practical strategy that can reduce the risk of chemotherapy-related AKI, but at the cost of chemotherapeutic efficacy. Herein, we report catalytic activity tunable ceria nanoparticles (CNPs) that can prevent chemotherapy-induced AKI without interference with chemotherapeutic agents. Specifically, in the renal cortex, CNPs exhibit catalytic activity that decomposes hydrogen peroxide, and subsequently regulate the ROS-involved genes by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. These restore the redox homeostasis for the protection of kidney tubules. Under an acidic tumor microenvironment, CNPs become inert due to the excessive H+ that disrupts the re-exposure of active catalytic sites, allowing a buildup of chemotherapy-mediated ROS generation to kill cancer cells. As ROS-modulating agents, CNPs incorporated with context-dependent catalytic activity, hold a great potential for clinical prevention and treatment of AKI in cancer patients.

Pluripotent stem cell-derived CAR-macrophage cells with antigen-dependent anti-cancer cell functions

The Chimera antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has gained great success in the clinic. However, there are still major challenges for its wider applications in a variety of cancer types including lack of effectiveness due to the highly complex tumor microenvironment, and the forbiddingly high cost due to the personalized manufacturing procedures. In order to overcome these hurdles, numerous efforts have been spent focusing on optimizing Chimera antigen receptors, engineering and improving T cell capacity, exploiting features of subsets of T cell or NK cells, or making off-the-shelf universal cells. Here, we developed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived, CAR-expressing macrophage cells (CAR-iMac). CAR expression confers antigen-dependent macrophage functions such as expression and secretion of cytokines, polarization toward the pro-inflammatory/anti-tumor state, enhanced phagocytosis of tumor cells, and in vivo anticancer cell activity. This technology platform for the first time provides an unlimited source of iPSC-derived engineered CAR-macrophage cells which could be utilized to eliminate cancer cells.

Increased Lifetime Risk of ESRD in Familial IgA Nephropathy

Introduction

Familial IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has been widely reported. However, its clinicohistologic characteristics and long-term prognosis are not clear.

Methods

A total of 348 familial IgAN cases from 167 independent families were recruited and their clinicohistologic characteristics as well as lifetime risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were compared to 1116 sporadic IgAN patients from the same geographic region.

Results

Of all familial IgAN patients, 60 (17%) came from 32 single-generation (SG; all affected individuals are siblings) families, whereas 286 (82%) came from 134 multiple-generation (MG; affected individuals were present in at least 2 consecutive generations) families. The lifetime ESRD risk was significantly higher in familial patients than sporadic ones after adjusting by gender (hazard ratio [HR]=1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–1.74, P = 0.004), with 5 years younger in median ESRD age (60 years vs. 65 years in familial and sporadic cases separately). Interestingly, among familial patients, we found cases from SG families (vs. MG families: HR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.59–4.31, P < 0.001) or with early onset (onset age <30 years) (vs. late onset: HR = 4.79, 95% CI: 3.16–7.26, P < 0.001) had higher lifetime ESRD risk. Furthermore, among sporadic patients, men had lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), higher urine protein, higher Oxford T score, and higher risk for life span ESRD compared with women (male vs. female, 25% vs. 17%, P = 0.003) whereas these gender differences were not seen in familial patients.

Conclusion

Familial IgAN cases had poorer renal outcomes and less gender differences compared with sporadic cases. These findings provide evidence that familial disease represent a distinct subtype of more progressive IgAN. Early diagnosis could improve the prognosis of cases with familial IgAN.

Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence in Participating Structure-Based Virtual Screening for Identifying Novel Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase-1 Inhibitors

Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-1 (IRAK1) exhibits important roles in inflammation, infection, and autoimmune diseases; however, only a few inhibitors have been discovered. In this study, at first, a discriminatory structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) was employed, but only one active compound (compound 1, IC₅₀ = 2.25 μM) was identified. The low hit rate (2.63%) which derives from the weak discriminatory power of docking among high-scored molecules was observed in our virtual screening (VS) process for IRAK1 inhibitor. Furthermore, an artificial intelligence (AI) method, which employed a support vector machine (SVM) model, integrated information of molecular docking, pharmacophore scoring and molecular descriptors was constructed to enhance the traditional IRAK1-VS protocol. Using AI, it was found that VS of IRAK1 inhibitors excluded by over 50% of the inactive compounds, which could significantly improve the prediction accuracy of the SBVS model. Moreover, four active molecules (two of which exhibited comparative IC₅₀ with compound 1) were accurately identified from a set of highly similar candidates. Amongst, compounds with better activity exhibited good selectivity against IRAK4. The AI assisted workflow could serve as an effective tool for enhancement of SBVS.

Effects of prepubertal exposure to forchlorfenuron through prenatal and postnatal gavage administration in developing Sprague-Dawley rats

Forchlorfenuron (CPPU), a plant growth regulator, is widely used in agriculture. However, its long-term exposure effects on humans, especially neonates, remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the developmental toxicity of prenatal and postnatal gavage administration of CPPU in rats. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 300 mg/kg/day CPPU by gavage from day 6 of gestation to the cessation of nursing. During weaning, rat offspring were administered 0, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day CPPU for 4 weeks, followed by a 4-week CPPU-free recovery period. There were no significant differences in clinical symptoms, body weight, development indicators, serum biochemical parameters, sex hormone levels, sperm motility, relative organ weights, and histopathological changes among the 0-100 mg/kg/day CPPU groups. In the 300 mg/kg/day CPPU group, female rats exhibited decreased body weight, earlier time of vaginal opening (VO) and first estrus time (FE), elevated estradiol and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and upregulation of estrogen receptor 1 gene expression, whereas male rats only exhibited increases in serum BUN, creatinine, and glucose levels. Most changes were reversed after the recovery period. Furthermore, the endometrial epithelial height was significantly increased in female rats despite the absence of significant changes in uterine wall thickness and endometrial glands. Thus, CPPU may promote estradiol secretion, resulting in altered VO and FE and adverse effects in prepubertal female rats. These findings may be applied for risk assessment following CPPU exposure in humans.

Simultaneous Quantification and Pharmacokinetic Study of Five Homologs of Dalbavancin in Rat Plasma Using UHPLC-MS/MS

Dalbavancin is a novel semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotic that comprises multiple homologs and isomers of similar polarities. However, pharmacokinetic studies have only analyzed the primary components of dalbavancin, namely B₀ and B₁. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously determinate and investigate the five homologous components of dalbavancin, namely, A₀, A₁, B₀, B₁, and B₂, in rat plasma. In this method, methanol was used to precipitate plasma, and a triple-bonded alkyl chromatographic column was used for molecule separation, using 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile as the mobile phase for gradient elution. Targeted homologs were analyzed by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer using positive electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The linearity range was 50–2500 ng/mL with a high correlation coefficient (r² > 0.998). This method was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic analysis of dalbavancin hydrochloride to investigate dalbavancin components in rats.

CTCF-mediated chromatin looping in EGR2 regulation and SUZ12 recruitment critical for peripheral myelination and repair

Chromatin organization is critical for cell growth, differentiation, and disease development, however, its functions in peripheral myelination and myelin repair remain elusive. In this report, we demonstrate that the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), a crucial chromatin organizer, is essential for Schwann cell myelination and myelin regeneration after nerve injury. Inhibition of CTCF or its deletion blocks Schwann cell differentiation at the pro-myelinating stage, whereas overexpression of CTCF promotes the myelination program. We find that CTCF establishes chromatin interaction loops between enhancer and promoter regulatory elements and promotes expression of a key pro-myelinogenic factor EGR2. In addition, CTCF interacts with SUZ12, a component of polycomb-repressive-complex 2 (PRC2), to repress the transcriptional program associated with negative regulation of Schwann cell maturation. Together, our findings reveal a dual role of CTCF-dependent chromatin organization in promoting myelinogenic programs and recruiting chromatin-repressive complexes to block Schwann cell differentiation inhibitors to control peripheral myelination and repair.

Myelination by Schwann cells (SC) in the peripheral nervous system is essential for motor function, and dysregulation of SC myelination can lead to various neuropathies. Here the authors describe a critical role of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)-dependent chromatin reorganization in peripheral myelination and myelin regeneration after injury.

EED-mediated histone methylation is critical for CNS myelination and remyelination by inhibiting WNT, BMP, and senescence pathways

Mutations in the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) can cause Weaver-like syndrome, wherein a patient cohort exhibits abnormal white matter; however, PRC2 functions in CNS myelination and regeneration remain elusive. We show here that H3K27me3, the PRC2 catalytic product, increases during oligodendrocyte maturation. Depletion of embryonic ectoderm development (EED), a core PRC2 subunit, reduces differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs), and causes an OPC-to-astrocyte fate switch in a region-specific manner. Although dispensable for myelin maintenance, EED is critical for oligodendrocyte remyelination. Genomic occupancy and transcriptomic analyses indicate that EED establishes a chromatin landscape that selectively represses inhibitory WNT and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, and senescence-associated programs. Blocking WNT or BMP pathways partially restores differentiation defects in EED-deficient OPCs. Thus, our findings reveal that EED/PRC2 is a crucial epigenetic programmer of CNS myelination and repair, while demonstrating a spatiotemporal-specific role of PRC2-mediated chromatin silencing in shaping oligodendrocyte identity and lineage plasticity.

Global PROTAC Toolbox for Degrading BCR-ABL Overcomes Drug-Resistant Mutants and Adverse Effects

The BCR-ABL fusion oncoprotein causes chronic myeloid leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Ph⁺ patients because the ABL kinase is constitutively activated. However, current clinical treatment with ABL inhibitors is seriously limited by drug resistance and adverse effects. Although the emerging proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have been introduced to degrade BCR-ABL, most of them showed limited activity and could not overcome the common drug-resistant mutants, especially for T315I mutant. Herein, we systematically designed a set of unique PROTACs by globally targeting all the three binding sites of BCR-ABL, including dasatinib-, ponatinib-, and asciminib-based PROTACs. Our ponatinib-based PROTACs showed practical activity as dasatinib-based PROTACs, while no reported ponatinib-based PROTACs could degrade BCR-ABL before. As a proof of concept, some additional dasatinib-based PROTACs were then designed to degrade T315I mutant too. We provided a global PROTAC toolbox for degrading both wild-type and T315I-mutated BCR-ABL from each binding site. More importantly, these PROTACs showed better selectivity and less adverse effects than the inhibitors, indicating that PROTACs had great potential for overcoming clinical drug resistance and safety issues.

The diverse role of optineurin in pathogenesis of disease

Optineurin is a widely expressed protein that possesses multiple functions. Growing evidence suggests that mutation or dysregulation of optineurin can cause several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, primary open-angle glaucoma, and Huntington's disease, as well as inflammatory digestive disorders such as Crohn's disease. Optineurin engages in vesicular trafficking, receptor regulation, immune reactions, autophagy, and distinct signaling pathways including nuclear factor kappa beta, by which optineurin contributes to cellular death and related diseases, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss the major functions and signaling pathways of optineurin. Furthermore, we illustrate the influence of optineurin mutation or dysregulation to region-specific pathogenesis as well as potential applications of optineurin in therapeutic strategies.

Role of DJ-1 in Immune and Inflammatory Diseases

The DJ-1 protein, known as an oxidative stress sensor, participates in the onset of oxidative stress-related diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, type 2 diabetes, and male infertility. Although DJ-1 has been extensively studied for more than two decades, evidence has only recently emerged that it plays a key role in immune and inflammatory disorders. The immune regulatory function of DJ-1 is achieved by modulating the activation of several immune cells including macrophages, mast cells, and T cells via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent and/or ROS-independent mechanisms. This review describes the current knowledge on DJ-1, focusing on its immune and inflammatory regulatory roles, and highlights the significance of DJ-1 as a novel therapeutic target for immune and inflammatory diseases.

New risk score for predicting steroid resistance in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or minimal change disease

Background

Glucocorticosteroid is used for patients with primary nephrotic syndrome. This study aims to identify and validate that biomarkers can be used to predict steroid resistance.

Methods

Our study contained two stages, discovery and validation stage. In discovery stage, we enrolled 51 minimal change disease (MCD) or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) patients treated with full dose steroid. Five urinary biomarkers including β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and α1-microglobulin (α1-MG) were tested and candidates’ biomarkers were selected based on their associations with steroid response. In validation stage, candidates’ biomarkers were validated in two prospectively enrolled cohorts. Validation cohort A included 157 FSGS/MCD patients. Validation cohort B included 59 membranous nephropathy (MN) patients. Patients were classified into response group (RG) or non-response group (NRG) based on their responses to steroid treatment.

Results

In discovery stage, higher urinary β2-MG was independently associated with response to corticosteroid treatment in MCD/FSGS patients [OR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.02–3.53] after adjusted by age and gender. In validation cohort A, patients in NRG had a significant higher urinary β2-MG [Ln (β2-MG/uCr): 4.6 ± 1.7 vs 3.2 ± 1.5] compared to patients in RG. We then developed a 3-variable risk score in predicting steroid resistance in FSGS/MCD patients based on the best predictive model including Ln(β2-MG/uCr) [OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.30–2.37], age [OR = 1.005, 95% CI 0.98–1.03] and pathology [MCD vs FSGS, OR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.09–0.46]. The area under the ROC curves of the risk score in predicting steroid response was 0.80 (95% CI 0.65–0.85). However, no such association was found in MN patients.

Conclusions

Our study identified a 3-variable risk score in predicting steroid resistance in patients with FSGS or MCD.

Clinical and genetic analysis of lipoprotein glomerulopathy patients caused by APOE mutations

Background

Lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) is a rare kidney disease caused by APOE mutations. The aim of this study was to correlate the genetic and clinical features of LPG.

Methods

Totally eight LPG patients were recruited in this study and Sanger sequencing of APOE was performed for all available family members. Clinical and histological features were analyzed. A literature review of LPG was also conducted.

Results

Genetic analysis revealed five patients with APOE‐Kyoto, two with APOE‐Osaka/Kurashiki, and one with APOE‐Chicago mutations. LPG patients with urine protein reduced more than 50% had a slower decrease in renal function than those with less urine protein reduction (estimated glomerular filtration rate reduction rate −5.0 ± 0.8 vs. 1.5 ± 0.7 ml/min per 1.73 m²⋅month⁻¹, p = .03). We then enrolled 95 LPG patients from previous studies and this study. LPG patients had higher blood pressure (mean arterial pressure: 109.4 ± 19.4 vs. 94.4 ± 11.1 mmHg, p < .001) than the control group. Interestingly, patients with APOE mutations in the LDL receptor binding region had higher serum apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels [ln(apoE): 2.7 ± 0.4 vs. 2.0 ± 0.5 mg/dl, p < .001] in comparison to other domains.

Conclusion

Here, we report for the first time APOE‐Osaka/Kurashiki and APOE‐Chicago mutations in the Chinese population. LPG was associated with higher blood pressure and serum apoE levels were higher in patients with mutations in LDL receptor binding region. In addition, the findings further indicated that treatment of proteinuria might slow down renal function progression in these patients.

Glomerular Transcriptome Profiles in Focal Glomerulosclerosis: New Genes and Pathways for Steroid Resistance

BACKGROUND

Patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) characterized by steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) are prone to progress to ESRD. Mechanism for the FSGS patients' response to steroid treatment is still unknown and currently, it is impossible to predict the steroid resistance before treatment of patients with FSGS.

METHODS

To identify biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of FSGS patients with SRNS, patients diagnosed as kidney biopsy-proven FSGS and nephrotic syndrome (NS) were prospectively enrolled. They were divided into 2 groups, steroid-sensitive NS and SRNS based on their treatment response. Cortical regions were selected from biopsied renal tissues, and glomeruli were isolated under an inverted microscope. RNA was prepared from the isolated glomeruli and further used for microarray analysis. Followed by multiple analyses, the top 6 highest and lowest, and a selected panel of differentially expressed genes obtained and their related pathways were validated via real-time PCR, western blot, and measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

RESULTS

In SRNS group, we discovered that the most significant up-regulated pathway was primarily related to cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process. Meanwhile, the most significant down-regulated pathway was primarily involved in anatomical structure morphogenesis. Moreover, we found NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), one of the key regulators of renal ROS, at a much higher level in SRNS both at transcriptomic and proteomic levels. We also found the levels of ROS, p-p38 MAPK and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, which were all regulated by NOX4, were also higher in glomeruli isolated from SRNS patients. At last, we detected stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (STRA6), a cell surface receptor formerly known as a gene preventing podocytes from over-proliferative lesion induced by HIV infection and was up-regulated by retinoic acid, expressed at a much higher level in SRNS kidneys.

CONCLUSION

We found 2 potential mechanisms underline the SRNS, NOX4/ROS/P38 MAPK/MMP-2 pathway and STRA6. Our findings provided new insights into the steroid resistance.

DHFR/TYMS are positive regulators of glioma cell growth and modulate chemo-sensitivity to temozolomide

Glioma is one of the most lethal malignancies and molecular regulators driving gliomagenesis are incompletely understood. Although temozolomide (TMZ) has been applied for malignant gliomas as a canonical chemotherapy, the treatment of glioma still remains limited due to frequently developed resistance to TMZ. Therefore, promising strategies that sensitize glioma cells to temozolomide are overwhelming to develop. Here we found that the expression of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthetase (TYMS), which played an essential role in folate metabolism and several types of tumors, were up-regulated in both human glioma tissues and cell lines, and overexpression of DHFR/TYMS promoted the proliferation of glioma cells. Notably, inhibition of DHFR/TYMS by pemetrexed exhibited synergistic anti-glioma activity with TMZ in both cell lines and U251 xenografts, which suggested potential combined chemotherapy for glioma. Mechanistically, the synergistic effect of inhibition of DHFR/TYMS with TMZ was due to activated AMPK and subsequently suppressed mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings identify an uncharacterized role of DHFR/TYMS in glioma growth and TMZ sensitivity mediated by AMPK-mTOR signal pathway, and provide a prospective approach for improving the anti-tumor activity of TMZ in glioma.