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Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Kaphingst KA, Ivanovich J, Biesecker BB, Dresser R, Seo J, Dressler LG, Goodfellow PJ, Goodman MS. Preferences for return of incidental findings from genome sequencing among women diagnosed with breast cancer at a young age. Clin Genet 2015; 89:378-84. [PMID: 25871653 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While experts have made recommendations, information is needed regarding what genome sequencing results patients would want returned. We investigated what results women diagnosed with breast cancer at a young age would want returned and why. We conducted 60 semi-structured, in-person individual interviews with women diagnosed with breast cancer at age 40 or younger. We examined interest in six types of incidental findings and reasons for interest or disinterest in each type. Two coders independently coded interview transcripts; analysis was conducted using NVivo 10. Most participants were at least somewhat interested in all six result types, but strongest interest was in actionable results (i.e. variants affecting risk of a preventable or treatable disease and treatment response). Reasons for interest varied between different result types. Some participants were not interested or ambivalent about results not seen as currently actionable. Participants wanted to be able to choose what results are returned. Participants distinguished between types of individual genome sequencing results, with different reasons for wanting different types of information. The findings suggest that a focus on actionable results can be a common ground for all stakeholders in developing a policy for returning individual genome sequencing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Kaphingst
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J Ivanovich
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - B B Biesecker
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Dresser
- School of Law, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J Seo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - P J Goodfellow
- College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M S Goodman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Dresser R. Procreation and punishment. Hastings Cent Rep 2001; 31:8-9. [PMID: 12945448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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Dresser R. Defining research misconduct: will we know it when we see it? Hastings Cent Rep 2001; 31:31-2. [PMID: 11478122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Dresser R. Ethical issues in embryonic stem cell research. JAMA 2001; 285:1439-40. [PMID: 11255409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Ditto PH, Danks JH, Smucker WD, Bookwala J, Coppola KM, Dresser R, Fagerlin A, Gready RM, Houts RM, Lockhart LK, Zyzanski S. Advance directives as acts of communication: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:421-30. [PMID: 11176768 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.161.3.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Instructional advance directives are widely advocated as a means of preserving patient self-determination at the end of life based on the assumption that they improve surrogates' understanding of patients' life-sustaining treatment wishes. However, no research has examined whether instructional directives are effective in improving the accuracy of surrogate decisions. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A total of 401 outpatients aged 65 years or older and their self-designated surrogate decision makers (62% spouses, 29% children) were randomized to 1 of 5 experimental conditions. In the control condition, surrogates predicted patients' preferences for 4 life-sustaining medical treatments in 9 illness scenarios without the benefit of a patient-completed advance directive. Accuracy in this condition was compared with that in 4 intervention conditions in which surrogates made predictions after reviewing either a scenario-based or a value-based directive completed by the patient and either discussing or not discussing the contents of the directive with the patient. Perceived benefits of advance directive completion were also measured. RESULTS None of the interventions produced significant improvements in the accuracy of surrogate substituted judgment in any illness scenario or for any medical treatment. Discussion interventions improved perceived surrogate understanding and comfort for patient-surrogate pairs in which the patient had not completed an advance directive prior to study participation. CONCLUSIONS Our results challenge current policy and law advocating instructional advance directives as a means of honoring specific patient wishes at the end of life. Future research should explore other methods of improving surrogate decision making and consider the value of other outcomes in evaluating the effectiveness of advance care planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Ditto
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, 3340 Social Ecology II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-7085, USA.
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Dresser R. Advance directives in dementia research: promoting autonomy and protecting subjects. IRB 2001; 23:1-6. [PMID: 12530449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- Washington University-St. Louis, USA
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Dresser R. Dementia research: ethics and policy for the twenty-first century. Georgia Law Rev 2001; 35:661-90. [PMID: 15119320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- Washington University in St. Louis, USA
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Dresser R. Beyond disability: bioethics and patient advocacy. Am J Bioeth 2001; 1:50-51. [PMID: 11954597 DOI: 10.1162/152651601750418071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- Washington University, St. Louis, USA
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Dresser R. Donation, disclosure, and deception. Am J Bioeth 2001; 1:15-16. [PMID: 11954622 DOI: 10.1162/152651601317139225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Dresser R. Regulating assisted reproduction. Hastings Cent Rep 2000; 30:26-7. [PMID: 11475992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Lynn J, Teno J, Dresser R, Brock D, Nelson HL, Nelson JL, Kielstein R, Fukuchi Y, Lu D, Itakura H. Dementia and advance-care planning: perspectives from three countries on ethics and epidemiology. J Clin Ethics 2000; 10:271-85. [PMID: 10791277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Lynn
- Center to Improve Care of the Dying, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
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Dresser R. Accountability in science and government: is access the answer? Hastings Cent Rep 2000; 30:29-30. [PMID: 10862368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Dresser R. Surfing for studies. Clinical trials on the Internet. Hastings Cent Rep 1999; 29:26-7. [PMID: 10641241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- Washington University-St. Louis, USA
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Dresser R. Funds for research on conditions primarily affecting women: what is a "fair share"? J Gend Specif Med 1999; 2:23-6. [PMID: 11252831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- Washington University School of Law, 1 Brookings Dr, Box 1120, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Dresser R. Is informed consent always necessary for randomized, controlled trials? N Engl J Med 1999; 341:449; author reply 450. [PMID: 10438261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Abstract
Members of Congress and officials of the National Institutes of Health face heightened pressure from public advocacy groups seeking more funding for research on specific health conditions. In response, Congress and the Institute of Medicine have urged the NIH to create more opportunities for the public to participate in decision making on allocation of biomedical research resources. The ethical and policy implications of including advocates in the deliberations are explored, leading to the conclusion that public participation could contribute to more defensible decisions under three conditions: public participants are fairly selected and meaningful opinions are solicited; public participants look beyond their narrow constituencies to consider the health needs of the broader public; and NIH officials develop materials to assist participants with their deliberations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- Washington University School of Law, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
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Dresser R. Science in the courtroom. A new approach. Hastings Cent Rep 1999; 29:26-7. [PMID: 10420302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Brodaty H, Dresser R, Eisner M, Erkunjuntti T, Gauthier S, Graham N, Jonker C, Sachs G, Whitehouse P. Alzheimer's Disease International and International Working Group for Harmonization of Dementia Drug Guidelines for research involving human subjects with dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; 13:71-9. [PMID: 10372949 DOI: 10.1097/00002093-199904000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dresser R. Time for new rules on human subjects research? Hastings Cent Rep 1998; 28:23-4. [PMID: 9868606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Dresser R. Setting priorities for science support. Hastings Cent Rep 1998; 28:21-3. [PMID: 9669178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Dresser R, Astrow AB. An alert and incompetent self. The irrelevance of advance directives. Hastings Cent Rep 1998; 28:28-30. [PMID: 9539046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Quill
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY 14607, USA
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Dresser R. Scientists in the sunshine. Hastings Cent Rep 1997; 27:26-8. [PMID: 9474492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- Center for Biomedical Ethics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Dresser R. Giving scientists their due. The Imanishi-Kari decision. Hastings Cent Rep 1997; 27:26-8. [PMID: 9219021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Dresser R. A pragmatic look at hospital reengineering. Successful reengineering requires the right leadership. Health Prog 1997; 78:44-7. [PMID: 10166699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The market turbulence of recent years has made healthcare leaders particularly open to the management tool called "reengineering." Unfortunately, many such efforts fail because they do not go beyond simple cost cutting to create processes that, by adding value to product, attract customers. A healthcare organization planning reengineering should: Find leaders who will educate themselves in reengineering tools and techniques, talk to both proponents and opponents of reengineering, consult those staff members who are most knowledgeable about the organization's processes, and skillfully communicate the organization's vision for the future. Determine its customers' needs by, first, learning who its customers actually are and, second, consulting with them. Reengineered processes should have the built-in data-collecting and reporting mechanisms that will help the organization meet customers' standards. Get the organizations' managers on board. Since satisfying customers' needs is the reason for reengineering, the organization must not let hidden agendas torpedo the effort. Redesign its processes. To accomplish this, the organization must allocate sufficient resources for the redesign effort, assign talented employees to it, and overcome such organizational limitations as "innumeracy" among its work force.
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Dresser R. Mentally disabled research subjects. The enduring policy issues. JAMA 1996; 276:67-72. [PMID: 8667543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mentally disabled adults often serve as subjects in research on mental illness, developmental disabilities, dementia, and other conditions associated with mental impairment. Since US regulatory policy fails to resolve many ethical issues presented by such research, investigators and institutional review boards must determine the appropriate standards and procedures for studies involving adults with mental disabilities. Procedures for capacity assessment and information disclosure should enhance the autonomy of capable subjects and accurately identify subjects incapable of independent choice. Research teams should inform proxy decision makers of their ethical responsibities. Decisionally incapable adults objecting to research involvement should rarely be included in studies. Researchers, institutional review boards, advocacy groups, and federal officials should collaborate to improve evaluation of risks and potential benefits to decisionally incapable subjects. These groups should also seek consensus on appropriate risk limits in studies presenting no prospect of direct benefit to decisionally incapable subjects. Finally, subject populations should be represented in research planning and review activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- School of Law, case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Dresser R. Still troubled. In re Martin. Hastings Cent Rep 1996; 26:21-2. [PMID: 8854116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Dresser R. Dworkin on dementia. Elegant theory, questionable policy. Hastings Cent Rep 1995; 25:32-8. [PMID: 8609018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- School of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Dresser R. Long-term contraceptives in the criminal justice system. Hastings Cent Rep 1995; 25:S15-8. [PMID: 7730037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- School of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Dresser R. Advance directives. Implications for policy. Hastings Cent Rep 1994; 24:S2-5. [PMID: 7860273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- School of Law and School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Dresser R, Whitehouse PJ. The incompetent patient on the slippery slope. Hastings Cent Rep 1994; 24:6-12. [PMID: 7960711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Most patients suffering from progressive dementia have thoughts, emotions, perspectives, and perceptions of a world of experience. Decisions about life-sustaining treatment should incorporate a principled approach to evaluating what life is like for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Dresser R. The public context of private medical decisions. Hastings Cent Rep 1994; 24:21-2. [PMID: 8089000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- School of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Abstract
The author discusses the legal principles that could assist in the design and administration of the official response to conduct found to threaten the integrity of the scientific process. The primary emphasis is on the principles that shape decisions about punishment. In the present climate of uncertainty about misconduct, it is difficult to adopt fair and consistent approaches to the selection of sanctions and other remedial actions. Officials have taken a variety of actions in response to unacceptable research behavior. Some federal actions have involved proceedings to recover the offending grant recipients' federal funds, prohibiting them from receiving federal grants or contracts for a set period, terminating or withholding ongoing grant support, and mandating future supervision of the offenders' research conduct; and universities have denied or revoked tenure, required or accepted retirement, and disclosed misconduct findings to potential future employers. Three types of legal remedies seem to have influenced the selection of sanctions in past cases: (1) the quasi-contractual legal remedy of restitution, (2) the philosophy of "just deserts," or retribution, based on the largely intuitive idea that the individual who engages in criminal conduct deserves punishment, and (3) deterrence of misconduct. Each type has a range of considerations and implications, and officials should thoughtfully consider the appropriate role of each, because their selection of sanctions will probably have a significant effect on the research community's perceptions of the system's fairness and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- School of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- School of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Dresser R. Standards for animal research: justification and assessment of alternatives. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200:667-9. [PMID: 1568908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- School of Law, Center for Biomedical Ethics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Dresser R. Wanted. Single, white male for medical research. Hastings Cent Rep 1992; 22:24-9. [PMID: 1544796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- Law School, Case Western Reserve University
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Wolf SM, Boyle P, Callahan D, Fins JJ, Jennings B, Nelson JL, Barondess JA, Brock DW, Dresser R, Emanuel L. Sources of concern about the Patient Self-Determination Act. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:1666-71. [PMID: 1944466 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199112053252334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Wolf
- Hastings Center, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510
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Abstract
Hypercalcemia is a common complication of certain advanced malignancies and although not therapeutically difficult, its presence raises complex ethical issues. Treatment of this condition is most easily justified when the patient is not terminal, the benefits are tangible, and the patient agrees with therapy. Withholding treatment is defensible medically, legally, and morally when a terminal situation is present, when drawbacks exceed the benefits, and when an informed patient declines therapy. Hypercalcemia is one of a number of conditions of dying that can be controlled by the physician. The physician's decision to treat such a condition, in part, depends upon his or her view of a good death. Further study is needed to clarify and avoid those situations of dying which involve suffering. Physicians must begin this difficult analysis and dialogue if they are to fulfill their obligation to minimize suffering in all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Boisaubin
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Dresser R. Developing standards in animal research review. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 194:1184-91. [PMID: 2722657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-two institutional animal care and use committees reviewed 4 hypothetic protocols involving experimental procedures frequently conducted on animals. Committees were in general agreement on the need to refine hypothetic protocols to minimize pain, distress, and other harm to laboratory animals. All but 2 committees sought modifications in each protocol, and in numerous instances, committees would not approve a protocol without major modifications. The committee responses delineated emerging standards governing specific areas of animal use, such as antibody production, induced disease, surgery, physical restraint, and behavioral conditioning. Committees had less consensus in their approach to assessing the justification for laboratory animal use. Apparently, this component of committee responsibilities presented the major conceptual and practical difficulties for committees engaged in animal research review.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dresser
- School of Law, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Abstract
Merit review of scientific projects involving laboratory animals is a central issue in the current debate over the ethics of animal experimentation. In this essay, I examine several conceptual, regulatory, and practical problems inherent in the merit review process. Contemporary challenges to the existing merit review system and suggestions for reform are also discussed. The essay concludes with comments on legal and political questions relevant to the future of merit assessment.
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Wray N, Brody B, Bayer T, Boisaubin E, Davila F, Dresser R, Dunn JK, Engelhardt HT, Haley H, Hamilton JD. Withholding medical treatment from the severely demented patient. Decisional processes and cost implications. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:1980-4. [PMID: 3137906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We performed an observational study to determine the prevalence of severe dementia in a general medicine unit, the categories of acute medical care provided to these patients, the process by which treatment decisions are made, and their cost implications. The prevalence of severe dementia was 4.4%. The patients from whom some form of acute medical care was withheld (26 [45.6%] of 57) were more severely ill at admission and had a mortality rate five times higher than those who received full care. Physicians cited family wishes in 75.9% of the decisions to limit care but in only 10.9% of the decisions to give full care. The only differences in charges incurred were due to differential mortality rates in individuals from whom care was withheld. We recommend that hospitals develop and implement protocols for decision making in the care of the severely demented to promote open discussions among providers and families and to increase family contributions to decision making. We believe that the extension of this consultative approach to decisions involving severely demented patients may have the virtue of combining more humane care with more cost-effective care.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wray
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
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