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Abdelhady A, Cheong S, Thorne RE. 54 Cryoprotectant and cooling-rate dependence of ice formation in bovine oocytes during cooling and warming probed by time-resolved X-ray diffraction. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv35n2ab54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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2
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Geil EC, Thorne RE. Spatially resolved transient dynamics of charge density waves in NbSe(3). Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:016404. [PMID: 25615486 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.016404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed methods for acquiring temporally and spatially resolved spectrograms of the velocity of sliding charge-density waves (CDWs), allowing unprecedented access to CDW dynamics. Complex transients arising from the interplay between elastic and plastic processes occur when the driving field direction is reversed. A transient spectral component due to shear elasticity can be unambiguously identified, and allows the most direct determination to date of the CDW's shear elastic modulus. Near current contacts, initially elastic displacements are followed by an elastic-to-plastic transition. A simple model provides a semiquantitative account of many aspects of these transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Geil
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - R E Thorne
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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3
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Abstract
Samples with non-planar surfaces present challenges for X-ray fluorescence imaging analysis. Here, approximations are derived to describe the modulation of fluorescence signals by surface angles and topography, and suggestions are made for reducing this effect. A correction procedure is developed that is effective for trace element analysis of samples having a uniform matrix, and requires only a fluorescence map from a single detector. This procedure is applied to fluorescence maps from an incised gypsum tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. C. Geil
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - R. E. Thorne
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Warkentin MA, Karplus PA, Thorne RE. Cooling rate- and temperature-dependence of the conformation of a mobile flap at the active site of urease. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876731108929x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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5
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Thorne RE, Warkentin M, Kmetko J, Badeau R, Hopkins JB. Temperature and time dependent studies of radiation damage. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311096097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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6
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Thorne RE, Geil EC, Hudson K, Clinton K, Crowther C, Dale D. X-ray fluorescence imaging of ancient artifacts. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311080767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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7
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Suh S, Clark WG, Monceau P, Thorne RE, Brown SE. 93Nb NMR spin echo spectroscopy in single crystal NbSe3. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:136407. [PMID: 18851473 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.136407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report electric field induced phase displacements of the charge density wave (CDW) in a single crystal of NbSe3 using 93Nb NMR spin-echo spectroscopy. CDW polarizations in the pinned state induced by unipolar and bipolar pulses are linear and reversible up to at least E = (0.96)ET. The polarizations have a broad distribution extending up to phase angles of order 60 degrees for electric fields close to threshold. No evidence for polarizations in excess of a CDW wavelength or for a divergence in polarization near ET are observed. The results are consistent with elastic depinning models, provided that the critical regime expected in large systems is not observable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suh
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
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8
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Thorne RE, Kmetko J, Warkentin M, Englich U. Quantifying X-ray radiation damage in protein crystals. Acta Crystallogr A 2007. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767307098078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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9
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Thorne RE, Berejnov V, Warkentin M, Kalinin Y, Husseini N, Alsaeid O. New approaches to cryo- and room-temperature crystallography. Acta Crystallogr A 2006. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767306099600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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O'Neill K, Slot E, Thorne RE, van der Zant HSJ. In-chain tunneling through charge-density-wave nanoconstrictions and break junctions. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:096402. [PMID: 16606288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.096402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated longitudinal nanoconstrictions in the charge-density wave conductor (CDW) NbSe3 using a focused ion beam and using a mechanically controlled break-junction technique. Conductance peaks are observed below the TP1=145 K and TP2=59 K CDW transitions, which correspond closely with previous values of the full CDW gaps 2Delta1 and 2Delta2 obtained from photoemission. These results can be explained by assuming CDW-CDW tunneling in the presence of an energy gap corrugation epsilon2 comparable to Delta2, which eliminates expected peaks at +/-|Delta1+Delta2|. The nanometer length scales our experiments imply indicate that an alternative explanation based on tunneling through back-to-back CDW-normal-conductor junctions is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O'Neill
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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11
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Isakovic AF, Evans PG, Kmetko J, Cicak K, Cai Z, Lai B, Thorne RE. Shear modulus and plasticity of a driven charge density wave. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:046401. [PMID: 16486854 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.046401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We have probed the effects of transverse variations in pinning strength on charge-density-wave (CDW) structure in NbSe3 by x-ray micro-beam diffraction. In ribbonlike crystals having a large longitudinal step in thickness, the CDW first depins on the thick side of the step, causing rotations of the CDW wave vector. By measuring these rotations as a function of position and electric field, the corresponding shear strains are determined, allowing the CDW's shear modulus to be estimated. These results demonstrate the usefulness of x-ray microdiffraction as a tool in studying collective dynamics in electronic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Isakovic
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Abstract
We have explored the shear plasticity of charge density waves (CDWs) in NbSe3 samples with cross sections having a single microfabricated thickness step. Shear stresses along the step result from thickness-dependent CDW pinning. For small thickness differences the CDW depins elastically at the volume average depinning field. For large thickness differences the thicker, more weakly pinned side depins first via plastic shear, and shear plasticity contributes substantial dissipation well above the depinning field. A simple model describes the qualitative features of our data and yields a value for the CDW's shear strength of approximately 9.5 x 10(3) Nm(-2). This value is orders of magnitude smaller than the CDW's longitudinal modulus but much larger than corresponding values for flux line lattices, and in part explains the relative coherence of the CDW response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O'Neill
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Clark Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501, USA
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Speziale S, Jiang F, Caylor CL, Kriminski S, Zha CS, Thorne RE, Duffy TS. Sound velocity and elasticity of tetragonal lysozyme crystals by Brillouin spectroscopy. Biophys J 2004; 85:3202-13. [PMID: 14581220 PMCID: PMC1303596 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quasilongitudinal sound velocities and the second-order elastic moduli of tetragonal hen egg-white lysozyme crystals were determined as a function of relative humidity (RH) by Brillouin scattering. In hydrated crystals the measured sound velocities in the [110] plane vary between 2.12 +/- 0.03 km/s along the [001] direction and 2.31 +/- 0.08 km/s along the [110] direction. Dehydration from 98% to 67% RH increases the sound velocities and decreases the velocity anisotropy in (110) from 8.2% to 2.0%. A discontinuity in velocity and an inversion of the anisotropy is observed with increasing dehydration providing support for the existence of a structural transition below 88% RH. Brillouin linewidths can be described by a mechanical model in which the phonon is coupled to a relaxation mode of hydration water with a single relaxation time of 55 +/- 5 ps. At equilibrium hydration (98% RH) the longitudinal moduli C(11) + C(12) + 2C(66) = 12.81 +/- 0.08 GPa, C(11) = 5.49 +/- 0.03 GPa, and C(33) = 5.48 +/- 0.05 GPa were directly determined. Inversion of the measured sound velocities in the [110] plane constrains the combination C(44) + (1/2)C(13) to 2.99 +/- 0.05 GPa. Further constraints on the elastic tensor are obtained by combining the Brillouin quasilongitudinal results with axial compressibilities determined from high-pressure x-ray diffraction. We constrain the adiabatic bulk modulus to the range 2.7-5.3 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Speziale
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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Stum Z, Kmetko J, O'Neill K, Gillilan RL, Bartnik A, Thorne RE. A new crystal mounting method for macromolecular cryocrystallography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/08940880408603083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Thorne RE, Stum Z, Kmetko J, O'Neill K, Gillilan R. Microfabricated mounts for high-throughput macromolecular cryocrystallography. J Appl Crystallogr 2003. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889803018375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A new approach is described for mounting microcrystals of biological macromolecules for cryocrystallography. The sample mounts are prepared by patterning thin polyimide films by standard microfabrication techniques. The patterned structures contain a small hole for the crystal connected to a larger holeviaa drainage channel, allowing removal of excess liquid and easier manipulation in viscous solutions. These polyimide structures are wrapped around small metal rods. The resulting curvature increases their rigidity and allows a convenient scoop-like action in retrieving crystals. The polyimide contributes minimally to X-ray background and absorption, and can be treated to obtain desired hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity. The new mounts are fully compatible with existing automated sample-handling hardware for cryocrystallography. Their potential advantages include completely reproducible sample hole sizes to below 10 µm; accurate and reproducible sample positioning and good sample-to-mount contrast, simplifying alignment; more convenient manipulation of small crystals; easier removal of excess liquid and reduced background scatter; reduced thermal mass and more rapid flash-cooling; and easy design customization and mass production. They are especially well suited to data collection from the smaller crystals produced in high-throughput crystallization trials, and are suitable for automated crystal retrieval. They should be more generally useful for X-ray data collection from small organic and inorganic crystals of all types.
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Schäfer J, Sing M, Claessen R, Rotenberg E, Zhou XJ, Thorne RE, Kevan SD. Unusual spectral behavior of charge-density waves with imperfect nesting in a quasi-one-dimensional metal. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:066401. [PMID: 12935089 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.066401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature electronic properties of the charge-density-wave system NbSe3 are reported from angle-resolved photoemission at 15 K. The effect of two instabilities q(1) and q(2) on the k-resolved spectral function is observed for the first time. With a pseudogap background, the gap spectra exhibit maxima at Delta*(1) approximately 110 meV and Delta*(2) approximately 45 meV. Imperfectly nested sections of the Fermi surface lack a Fermi-Dirac edge, and show the signature of a dispersion that is modified by self-energy effects. The energy scale is of the order of the effective gap 2 Delta*(2). The effect disappears above T2, suggesting a correlation with the charge-density-wave state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schäfer
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
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18
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Kriminski S, Kazmierczak M, Thorne RE. Heat transfer from protein crystals: implications for flash-cooling and X-ray beam heating. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2003; 59:697-708. [PMID: 12657789 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444903002713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2002] [Accepted: 01/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three problems involving heat transfer from a protein crystal to a cooling agent are analyzed: flash-cooling in a cold nitrogen- or helium-gas stream, plunge-cooling into liquid nitrogen, propane or ethane and crystal heating in a cold gas stream owing to X-ray absorption. Heat transfer occurs by conduction inside the crystal and by convection from the crystal's outer surface to the cooling fluid. For flash-cooling in cold gas streams, heat transfer is limited by the rate of external convection; internal temperature gradients and crystal strains during cooling are very small. Helium gas provides only a threefold improvement in cooling rates relative to nitrogen because its much larger thermal conductivity is offset by its larger kinematic viscosity. Characteristic cooling times vary with crystal size L as L(3/2) and theoretical estimates of these times are consistent with experiments. Plunge-cooling into liquid cryogens, which can give much smaller convective thermal resistances provided that surface boiling is eliminated, can increase cooling rates by more than an order of magnitude. However, the internal conduction resistance is no longer negligible, producing much larger internal temperature gradients and strains that may damage larger crystals. Based on this analysis, factors affecting the success of flash-cooling experiments can be ordered from most to least important as follows: (1) crystal solvent content and solvent composition, (2) crystal size and shape, (3) amount of residual liquid around the crystal, (4) cooling method (liquid plunge versus gas stream), (5) choice of gas/liquid and (6) relative speed between cooling fluid and crystal. Crystal heating by X-ray absorption on present high-flux beamlines should be small. For a fixed flux and illuminated area, heating can be reduced by using crystals with areas normal to the beam that are much larger than the beam area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kriminski
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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19
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Sutton M, Li Y, Brock JD, Thorne RE. X-ray intensity fluctuation spectroscopy measurements
of the charge density wave phases of NbSe3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:20020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An introduction to X-ray Intensity Fluctuation Spectroscopy (XIFS) is given by
describing its relationship to speckle from coherent sources. A brief description of the relationship
of XIFS measurements to the underlying equations of motion is given. Preliminary results for the
charge density wave (CDW) system NbSe3 are then presented. Static speckle patterns are shown for
the $\overrightarrow {Q}_1 = (0 .76$ 0) CDW peak showing that XIFS experiments are possible in this systom provided
time constants are long enough. For electrical currents below threshold, a static speckle pattern is
observed but for currents above threshold the speckles are smeared out showing movement of the
CDW. It is also shown that above threshold, the longitudinal correlation length decreases.
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Duffy TS, Speziale S, Caylor CL, Kriminski S, Zha CS, Thorne RE. Elasticity of lysozyme crystals by Brillouin scattering. Acta Crystallogr A 2002. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767302088633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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21
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Kriminski S, Caylor CL, Nonato MC, Finkelstein KD, Thorne RE. Flash-cooling and annealing of protein crystals. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2002; 58:459-71. [PMID: 11856832 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444902000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2001] [Accepted: 01/02/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Flash-cooling and annealing of macromolecular crystals have been investigated using in situ X-ray imaging, diffraction-peak lineshape measurements and conventional crystallographic diffraction. The dominant mechanisms by which flash-cooling creates disorder are suggested and a fixed-temperature annealing protocol for reducing this disorder is demonstrated that should be more reliable and flexible than existing protocols. Flash-cooling tetragonal lysozyme crystals degrades diffraction resolution and broadens the distributions of lattice orientations (mosaicity) and lattice spacings. The diffraction resolution strongly correlates with the width of the lattice-spacing distribution. Annealing at fixed temperatures of 253 and 233 K consistently reduces the lattice-spacing spread and improves the resolution for annealing times up to approximately 30s. X-ray images show that this improvement arises from the formation of well ordered domains with characteristic sizes >10 microm and narrower mosaicities than the crystal as a whole. Flash-cooled triclinic crystals of lysozyme, which have a smaller water content than the tetragonal form, diffract to higher resolution with smaller mosaicities and exhibit pronounced ordered domain structure even before annealing. It is suggested that differential thermal expansion of the protein lattice and solvent may be the primary cause of flash-cooling-induced disorder. Mechanisms by which annealing at T << 273 K reduce this disorder are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kriminski
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Schäfer J, Rotenberg E, Kevan SD, Blaha P, Claessen R, Thorne RE. High-temperature symmetry breaking in the electronic band structure of the quasi-one-dimensional solid NbSe3. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:196403. [PMID: 11690438 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.196403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The electronic band structure of the Peierls compound NbSe3 has been explored for its symmetries with microspot synchrotron photoemission. The Fermi level crossings and deviations from one-dimensional behavior are identified. Density-functional calculations of the Fermi surfaces confirm the nesting conditions relevant for the two phase transitions. The instability along the chains with superstructure periodicity q = 0.44 A(-1) induces a backfolding of the electronic bands, and the Fermi level crossings appear suppressed. This broken symmetry is observed in the fluctuation regime at more than twice the critical temperature, where the correlation length is strongly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schäfer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Abstract
New insight into the feeding habits of these mammals will help conservation attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Thomas
- Prince William Sound Science Center, PO Box 705, Cordova, Alaska 99574, USA
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Dobrianov I, Kriminski S, Caylor CL, Lemay SG, Kimmer C, Kisselev A, Finkelstein KD, Thorne RE. Dynamic response of tetragonal lysozyme crystals to changes in relative humidity: implications for post-growth crystal treatments. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2001; 57:61-8. [PMID: 11134928 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444900014578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2000] [Accepted: 10/17/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic response of tetragonal lysozyme crystals to dehydration has been characterized in situ using a combination of X-ray topography, high-resolution diffraction line-shape measurements and conventional crystallographic diffraction. For dehydration from 98% relative humidity (r.h.) to above 89%, mosaicity and diffraction resolution show little change and X-ray topographs remain featureless. Lattice constants decrease rapidly but the lattice-constant distribution within the crystal remains very narrow, indicating that water concentration gradients remain very small. Near 88% r.h., the c-axis lattice parameter decreases abruptly, the steady-state mosaicity and diffraction resolution degrade sharply and topographs develop extensive contrast. This transformation exhibits metastability and hysteresis. At fixed r.h. < 88% it is irreversible, but the original order can be almost completely restored by rehydration. These results suggest that this transformation is a first-order structural transition involving an abrupt loss of crystal water. The front between transformed and untransformed regions may propagate inward from the crystal surface and the resulting stresses along the front may degrade mosaicity. Differences in crystal size, shape and initial perfection may produce the observed variations in degradation timescale. Consequently, the success of more general post-growth treatments may often involve identifying procedures that either avoid lattice transitions, minimize disorder created during such transitions or maintain the lattice in an ordered metastable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dobrianov
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Caylor CL, Dobrianov I, Lemay SG, Kimmer C, Kriminski S, Finkelstein KD, Zipfel W, Webb WW, Thomas BR, Chernov AA, Thorne RE. Macromolecular impurities and disorder in protein crystals. Proteins 1999; 36:270-281. [PMID: 10409821 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(19990815)36:3<270::aid-prot2"3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which macromolecular impurities degrade the diffraction properties of protein crystals have been investigated using X-ray topography, high-resolution diffraction line shape measurements, crystallographic data collection, chemical analysis, and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. Hen egg-white lysozyme crystals grown from solutions containing a structurally unrelated protein (ovotransferrin) and a related protein (turkey egg-white lysozyme) can exhibit significantly broadened mosaicity due to formation of cracks and dislocations but have overall B factors and diffraction resolutions comparable to those of crystals grown from uncontaminated lysozyme. Direct fluorescence imaging of the three-dimensional impurity distribution shows that impurities incorporate with different densities in sectors formed by growth on different crystal faces, and that impurity densities in the crystal core and along boundaries between growth sectors can be much larger than in other parts of the crystal. These nonuniformities create stresses that drive formation of the defects responsible for the mosaic broadening. Our results provide a rationale for the use of seeding to obtain high-quality crystals from heavily contaminated solutions and have implications for the use of crystallization for protein purification. Proteins 1999;36:270-281.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Caylor
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Dobrianov I, Finkelstein KD, Lemay SG, Thorne RE. X-ray topographic studies of protein crystal perfection and growth. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 1998; 54:922-37. [PMID: 9757108 DOI: 10.1107/s090744499800376x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effects of solution variations during growth on the perfection of tetragonal lysozyme crystals have been characterized using X-ray topography and high angular and wavevector resolution reciprocal-space scans. X-ray images of crystals grown under nearly uniform conditions show little contrast or evidence of defects, and mosaic widths of these crystals are comparable with those reported for microgravity-grown crystals. Images of crystals for which solution conditions (temperature, pH or salt concentration) are changed after an initial period of uniform growth can show extensive contrast, indicating the presence of disorder. The X-ray mosaic widths of these crystals can be significantly broadened, but their radial widths are at most very slightly broadened, indicating that image contrast is primarily due to mosaicity. Comparison of X-ray images with mosaic scans indicates that regions grown after the change in solution conditions have broader mosaicities and are more disordered; that regions grown immediately after the change tend to have broader mosaicities than subsequent growth regions; and that the pre-change growth region is largely unaffected by solution changes. The observed disorder may arise from solution change-related transient growth instabilities, from transient liquid-liquid phase separation that can occur during the change, and from post-change relaxation of the lattice constant of the pre-change growth regions. These results suggest that solution variations during growth, including those typical of macroseeding, vapor-diffusion growth and other widely used techniques, may be an important source of disorder in some protein crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dobrianov
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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27
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Lemay SG, Thorne RE, Saint-Lager MC, Monceau P. Frequency locking and nonlocal transport in charge-density-wave conductors. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 54:16341-16344. [PMID: 9985739 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.16341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Adelman TL, Zaitsev-Zotov SV, DiCarlo D, Thorne RE. Spatially resolved studies of charge-density-wave dynamics and phase slip in NbSe3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 53:1833-1849. [PMID: 9983642 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Maher MP, Adelman TL, DiCarlo DA, McCarten JP, Thorne RE. Charge-density-wave phase slip and contact effects in NbSe3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 52:13850-13864. [PMID: 9980601 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Adelman TL, Zaitsev-Zotov SV, DiCarlo D, Thorne RE. Phase slip and the spatiotemporal response of charge-density waves in NbSe3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 52:R5483-R5486. [PMID: 9981810 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.r5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Adelman TL, Zaitsev-Zotov SV, Thorne RE. Field-effect modulation of charge-density-wave transport in NbSe3 and TaS3. Phys Rev Lett 1995; 74:5264-5267. [PMID: 10058724 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Sweetland E, Finnefrock AC, Podulka WJ, Sutton M, Brock JD, DiCarlo D, Thorne RE. X-ray-scattering measurements of the transient structure of a driven charge-density wave. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:8157-8165. [PMID: 9974831 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.8157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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DiCarlo D, Thorne RE, Sweetland E, Sutton M, Brock JD. Charge-density-wave structure in NbSe3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:8288-8296. [PMID: 9974846 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.8288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Maher MP, Ramakrishna S, Thorne RE, Ambegaokar V. Comment on "Distribution of phase slip in charge-density-wave conduction in NbSe3". Phys Rev Lett 1994; 72:3915. [PMID: 10056329 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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DiCarlo D, McCarten J, Adelman TL, Maher MP, Thorne RE. Narrow-band-noise generation in charge-density-wave compounds. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 49:14722-14725. [PMID: 10010562 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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McCarten J, DiCarlo DA, Thorne RE. Dimensionality dependence of mode-locking dynamics in charge-density-wave transport. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 49:10113-10119. [PMID: 10009828 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.10113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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DiCarlo DA, McCarten J, Thorne RE. Reply to "Comment on 'Size effects and charge-density-wave pinning in Nb1-xTixSe3: Evidence for weak pinning by a nonisoelectronic impurity' ". Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:7618-7621. [PMID: 10004766 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.7618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Adelman TL, McCarten J, Maher MP, DiCarlo DA, Thorne RE. Low-temperature charge-density-wave dynamics and switching in NbSe3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:4033-4036. [PMID: 10006525 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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DiCarlo D, Sweetland E, Sutton M, Brock JD, Thorne RE. Field-induced charge-density-wave deformations and phase slip in NbSe3. Phys Rev Lett 1993; 70:845-848. [PMID: 10054218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hardner HT, Marley AC, Weissman MB, Thorne RE. Charge-density-wave memory loss under ac bias in NbSe3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1992; 46:9833-9836. [PMID: 10002807 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.9833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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McCarten J, DiCarlo DA, Maher MP, Adelman TL, Thorne RE. Charge-density-wave pinning and finite-size effects in NbSe3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1992; 46:4456-4482. [PMID: 10004199 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Maher MP, Adelman TL, Ramakrishna S, McCarten JP, DiCarlo DA, Thorne RE. Charge-density-wave phase slip and current conversion in NbSe3. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 68:3084-3087. [PMID: 10045603 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Maher MP, Adelman TL, McCarten J, DiCarlo DA, Thorne RE. Size effects, phase slip, and the origin of f- alpha noise in NbSe3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:9968-9971. [PMID: 9996707 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.9968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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McCarten J, Maher M, Adelman TL, DiCarlo DA, Thorne RE. Thermal fluctuations and charge-density-wave depinning in NbSe3: Evidence for phase creep. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:6800-6803. [PMID: 9998134 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.6800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Sweetland E, Tsai CY, Wintner BA, Brock JD, Thorne RE. Measurement of the charge-density-wave correlation length in NbSe3 by high-resolution x-ray scattering. Phys Rev Lett 1990; 65:3165-3168. [PMID: 10042798 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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DiCarlo DA, McCarten J, Adelman TL, Maher M, Thorne RE. Size effects and charge-density-wave pinning in Nb1-xTixSe3: Evidence for weak pinning by a nonisoelectronic impurity. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1990; 42:7643-7646. [PMID: 9994918 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.42.7643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Thorne RE, Adelman TL, McCarten J, Maher M, McDowell A. Charge-density-wave transport in hydrogen-doped NbSe3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1989; 40:4205-4208. [PMID: 9992403 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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