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Abstract
SummaryHistidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is a non-enzymatic glycoprotein that acts as a modulator of several plasma proteins involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis. The contributions of genetic and environmental influences to inter-individual variation in plasma levels of HRG were studied in 160 Dutch families consisting of adolescent twin pairs and their parents. Results showed that 69% of the variance in plasma HRG concentrations could be accounted for by genetic factors. Heritability was the same in males and females and in parents and their offspring. There was no association between HRG levels of husband and wife and no evidence was found for the influence of shared family environment on the resemblance between relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Boomsma
- The Department of Psychonomics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B C Hennis
- The IVVO/TNO, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A G M van Wees
- The IVVO/TNO, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R R Frants
- The Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C Kluft
- The IVVO/TNO, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nyman D, Eriksson AW, Blombäck M, Frants RR, Wahlberg P. Recent Investigations of the First Bleeder Family in Åland (Finland) Described by von Willebrand. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1650132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe still living members of the original bleeder family on the Åland Islands described by von Willebrand in 1926 have been reinvestigated by using modem laboratory techniques for the measurement of the Factor VIII complex and with regard to platelet aggregation. The low level of F VIII: C activity demonstrated in 1957 could be confirmed in some of the family members, who however all had only mild bleeding symptoms. More consistently, in 6 out of 10, a low F VIIIR: Ag was found; all of those also had a low F VIII: RCoF. In none of the members were excessively low values for any of the parameters found. However, the spectrum of the whole F VIII complex indicates that the original family described by von Willebrand belongs to von Willebrand’s disease, type I.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nyman
- Department of Blood Coagulation Disorders, Karolinska Hospital, 104 01 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A W Eriksson
- Institute of Human Genetics, Free University, 1007 MC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Blombäck
- Department of Blood Coagulation Disorders, Karolinska Hospital, 104 01 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R R Frants
- Institute of Human Genetics, Free University, 1007 MC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Wahlberg
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics Unit, Helsiniki, Finland and Åland Central Hospital, Marieham, Åland, Finland
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3
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Hottenga JJ, Vanmolkot KRJ, Kors EE, Kheradmand Kia S, de Jong PTVM, Haan J, Terwindt GM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. The 3p21.1-p21.3 Hereditary Vascular Retinopathy Locus Increases the Risk for Raynaud's Phenomenon and Migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 25:1168-72. [PMID: 16305605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we described a large Dutch family with hereditary vascular retinopathy (HVR), Raynaud's phenomenon and migraine. A locus for HVR was mapped on chromosome 3p21.1-p21.3, but the gene has not yet been identified. The fact that all three disorders share a vascular aetiology prompted us to study whether the HVR haplotype also contributed to Raynaud's phenomenon and migraine in this family. Whereas the parent-child transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) did not reach significance, the sibling TDT revealed that the HVR haplotype harbours a susceptibility factor for Raynaud's phenomenon and migraine. Identification of the HVR gene will improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of HVR, Raynaud's phenomenon and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hottenga
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, and Department of Neurology, Rijnland Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
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4
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De Vries BL, Freilinger T, Anttila V, Malik R, Terwindt GM, Pozo-Rosich P, Winsvold B, Nyholt D, van Oosterhout WPJ, Artto V, Todt M, Hämäläinen E, Fernandez-Moralez J, Louter M, Kaunisto MA, Schoenen J, Raitakari O, Lehtimäki T, Ville-Pueyo M, Göbel H, Wichman E, Sintas C, Uitterlinden A, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Heinze A, Tronvik E, van Duin CM, Kaprio J, Cormand B, Wessman M, Frants RR, Meitinger T, Müller-Myhsok B, Zwart JA, Färkkilä M, Macaya A, Ferrari MD, Kubisch C, Palotie A, Dichgans M, van den Maagdenberg AMJ. Migraine without aura: genome-wide association analysis identifies several novel susceptibility. J Headache Pain 2013. [PMCID: PMC3620256 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-14-s1-p21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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5
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de Greef JC, Lemmers RJLF, Camaño P, Day JW, Sacconi S, Dunand M, van Engelen BGM, Kiuru-Enari S, Padberg GW, Rosa AL, Desnuelle C, Spuler S, Tarnopolsky M, Venance SL, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM, Tawil R. Clinical features of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 2. Neurology 2010; 75:1548-54. [PMID: 20975055 PMCID: PMC2974464 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f96175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In some 5% of patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), no D4Z4 repeat contraction on chromosome 4q35 is observed. Such patients, termed patients with FSHD2, show loss of DNA methylation and heterochromatin markers at the D4Z4 repeat that are similar to patients with D4Z4 contractions (FSHD1). This commonality suggests that a change in D4Z4 chromatin structure unifies FSHD1 and FSHD2. The aim of our study was to critically evaluate the clinical features in patients with FSHD2 in order to establish whether these patients are phenotypically identical to FSHD1 and to establish the effects of the (epi-) genotype on the phenotype. METHODS This cross-sectional study studied 33 patients with FSHD2 from 27 families, the largest cohort described to date. All patients were clinically assessed using a standardized clinical evaluation form. Genotype analysis was performed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and PCR; D4Z4 methylation was studied by methylation-sensitive Southern blot analysis. RESULTS FSHD2 is identical to FSHD1 in its clinical presentation. Notable differences include a higher incidence (67%) of sporadic cases and the absence of gender differences in disease severity in FSHD2. Overall, average disease severity in FSHD2 was similar to that reported in FSHD1 and was not influenced by D4Z4 repeat size. In FSHD2, a small effect of the degree of hypomethylation on disease severity was observed. CONCLUSIONS Clinically, patients with FSHD2 are indistinguishable from patients with FSHD1. The present data suggest that FSHD1 and FSHD2 are the result of the same pathophysiologic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C de Greef
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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6
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Schuur M, Henneman P, van Swieten JC, Zillikens MC, de Koning I, Janssens ACJW, Witteman JCM, Aulchenko YS, Frants RR, Oostra BA, van Dijk KW, van Duijn CM. Insulin-resistance and metabolic syndrome are related to executive function in women in a large family-based study. Eur J Epidemiol 2010; 25:561-8. [PMID: 20585974 PMCID: PMC2921069 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-010-9476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While type 2 diabetes is well-known to be associated with poorer cognitive performance, few studies have reported on the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and contributing factors, such as insulin-resistance (HOMA-IR), low adiponectin-, and high C-reactive protein (CRP)- levels. We studied whether these factors are related to cognitive function and which of the MetS components are independently associated. The study was embedded in an ongoing family-based cohort study in a Dutch population. All participants underwent physical examinations, biomedical measurements, and neuropsychological testing. Linear regression models were used to determine the association between MetS, HOMA-IR, adiponectin levels, CRP, and cognitive test scores. Cross-sectional analyses were performed in 1,898 subjects (mean age 48 years, 43% men). People with MetS had significantly higher HOMA-IR scores, lower adiponectin levels, and higher CRP levels. MetS and high HOMA-IR were associated with poorer executive function in women (P = 0.03 and P = 0.009). MetS and HOMA-IR are associated with poorer executive function in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuur
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Ee2173, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Henneman P, Janssens ACJW, Zillikens MC, Frolich M, Frants RR, Oostra BA, van Duijn CM, van Dijk KW. Menopause impacts the relation of plasma adiponectin levels with the metabolic syndrome. J Intern Med 2010; 267:402-9. [PMID: 19912464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasma adiponectin is negatively correlated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) components obesity and insulin sensitivity. Here, we set out to evaluate the effect of menopause on the association of plasma adiponectin with MetS. DESIGN Data on plasma adiponectin and MetS were available from 2256 individuals participating in the Erasmus Rucphen Family study. Odds ratios for MetS were calculated by logistic regression analysis using plasma adiponectin quartiles. The discriminative accuracy of plasma adiponectin for MetS was determined by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operator. Analyses were performed in women and men, pre- and postmenopausal women and younger and older men. RESULTS Virtually all determinants of MetS differed significantly between groups. Low plasma adiponectin showed the highest risk for MetS in postmenopausal women (odds ratio = 18.6, 95% CI = 7.9-44.0). We observed a high discriminative accuracy of age and plasma adiponectin for MetS not only in postmenopausal women (AUC = 0.76) but also in other subgroups (AUC from 0.67 to 0.87). However, in all groups, the discriminative accuracy of age and body mass index (BMI) for MetS was similar to the discriminative accuracy of age and plasma adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS Low plasma levels of adiponectin are associated with increased prevalence of MetS, especially in postmenopausal women. Age and BMI have similar discriminatory accuracies for presence of MetS when compared with age and plasma adiponectin. Thus, we conclude that the association of plasma adiponectin with MetS is significantly affected by menopause but challenge the additional value of adiponectin for the discriminatory accuracy for presence of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Henneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Stam AH, de Vries B, Janssens ACJW, Vanmolkot KRJ, Aulchenko YS, Henneman P, Oostra BA, Frants RR, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Ferrari MD, van Duijn CM, Terwindt GM. Shared genetic factors in migraine and depression: evidence from a genetic isolate. Neurology 2010; 74:288-94. [PMID: 20071666 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181cbcd19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the co-occurrence of migraine and depression and assess whether shared genetic factors may underlie both diseases. METHODS Subjects were 2,652 participants of the Erasmus Rucphen Family genetic isolate study. Migraine was diagnosed using a validated 3-stage screening method that included a telephone interview. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D). The contribution of shared genetic factors in migraine and depression was investigated by comparing heritability estimates for migraine with and without adjustment for symptoms of depression, and by comparing the heritability scores of depression between migraineurs and controls. RESULTS We identified 360 migraine cases: 209 had migraine without aura (MO) and 151 had migraine with aura (MA). Odds ratios for depression in patients with migraine were 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-1.70) for MO and 1.70 (95% CI 1.28-2.24) for MA. Heritability estimates were significant for all migraine (0.56), MO (0.77), and MA (0.96), and decreased after adjustment for symptoms of depression or use of antidepressant medication, in particular for MA. Comparison of the heritability scores for depression between patients with migraine and controls showed a genetic correlation between HADS-D score and MA. CONCLUSIONS There is a bidirectional association between depression and migraine, in particular migraine with aura, which can be explained, at least partly, by shared genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Stam
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. G
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9
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Wilbers J, Frants RR, van Engelen BGM, Padberg GW, van der Maarel SM. [Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2010; 117:11-14. [PMID: 20180344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is clinically mainly characterized by progressive weakness of the facial, shoulder and upper arm muscles. It is an autosomal dominant heriditary disease, caused by a contraction of a repetitive DNA element at the end of the long arm of chromosome 4. This contraction causes the local relaxation of the chromatin structure and likely dysregulation of one or more genes. Oral health care providers can play a significant role in the early recognition, as the often asymmetric facial weakness is frequently the first symptom. Adequate oral health care is needed because of the facial weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wilbers
- Afdeling Neurologie van het Universitair Medisch Centrum St Radboud, Nijmegen
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10
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de Vries B, Steup-Beekman GM, Haan J, Bollen EL, Luyendijk J, Frants RR, Terwindt GM, van Buchem MA, Huizinga TWJ, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Ferrari MD. TREX1 gene variant in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 69:1886-7. [PMID: 19875384 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.114157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Stam AH, Luijckx GJ, Poll-Thé BT, Ginjaar IB, Frants RR, Haan J, Ferrari MD, Terwindt GM, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Early seizures and cerebral oedema after trivial head trauma associated with the CACNA1A S218L mutation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80:1125-9. [PMID: 19520699 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.177279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical spectrum of CACNA1A S218L mutation carriers with special attention to "early seizures and cerebral oedema after trivial head trauma (ESCEATHT)", a combination of symptoms which resembles the "juvenile head trauma syndrome". PATIENTS AND METHODS In two patients with ESCEATHT all exons of CACNA1A were sequenced. Both patients also had hemiplegic migraine and ataxia. Subsequently, we screened the literature for S218L mutation carriers. RESULTS In both patients, a de novo S218L mutation in the CACNA1A gene was found. In addition, we identified 11 CACNA1A S218L carriers from the literature. Of these 13 S218L mutation carriers, 12 (92%) had ataxia or cerebellar symptoms and nine (69%) had hemiplegic migraine that could be triggered by trivial head trauma. Three mutation carriers had the complete ESCEATHT phenotype. Seven (54%) had seizures (four had early post-traumatic seizures) and five (38%) had oedema as detected by MRI/CT. CONCLUSIONS The CACNA1A S218L mutation is associated with familial hemiplegic migraine, ataxia and/or ESCEATHT. A minority of S218L mutation carriers have the complete ESCEATHT phenotype but a high percentage of patients had one or more ESCEATHT symptoms. As the S218L mutation enhances the propensity for cortical spreading depression (CSD), we postulate a role for CSD not only in hemiplegic migraine but also in early seizures and cerebral oedema after trivial head trauma. As this combination of symptoms is part of the unexplained "juvenile head trauma syndrome", a similar molecular mechanism may underlie this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Stam
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Castro MJ, Stam AH, Lemos C, de Vries B, Vanmolkot KRJ, Barros J, Terwindt GM, Frants RR, Sequeiros J, Ferrari MD, Pereira-Monteiro JM, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. First mutation in the voltage-gated Nav1.1 subunit gene SCN1A with co-occurring familial hemiplegic migraine and epilepsy. Cephalalgia 2009; 29:308-13. [PMID: 19220312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Almost all mutations in the SCN1A gene, encoding the alpha(1) subunit of neuronal voltage-gated Na(V)1.1 sodium channels, are associated with severe childhood epilepsy. Recently, two mutations were identified in patients with pure familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). Here, we identified a novel SCN1A L263V mutation in a Portuguese family with partly co-segregating hemiplegic migraine and epilepsy. The L263V mutation segregated in five FHM patients, three of whom also had epileptic attacks, occurring independently from their hemiplegic migraine attacks. L263V is the first SCN1A mutation associated with FHM and co-occurring epilepsy in multiple mutation carriers, and is the clearest molecular link between migraine and epilepsy thus far. The results extend the clinical spectrum associated with SCN1A mutations and further strengthen the molecular evidence that FHM and epilepsy share, at least in part, similar molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Castro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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de Vries B, Stam AH, Beker F, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Vanmolkot KRJ, Laan LAEM, Ginjaar IB, Frants RR, Lauffer H, Haan J, Haas JP, Terwindt GM, Ferrari MD. CACNA1A Mutation Linking Hemiplegic Migraine and Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood. Cephalalgia 2008; 28:887-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) and alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) are severe neurological disorders that share clinical features. Therefore, FHM genes are candidates for AHC. We performed mutation analysis in the CACNA1A gene in a monozygotic twin pair with clinical features overlapping with both AHC and FHM and identified a novel de novo CACNA1A mutation. We provide the first evidence that a CACNA1A mutation can cause atypical AHC, indicating an overlap of molecular mechanisms causing AHC and FHM. These results also suggest that CACNA1A mutation scanning is indicated in patients with a severe neurological phenotype that includes paroxysmal (alternating) hemiplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - AH Stam
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - F Beker
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - AMJM van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - KRJ Vanmolkot
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - LAEM Laan
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - IB Ginjaar
- Centre for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - RR Frants
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - H Lauffer
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Diseases, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Haan
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
- Department of Neurology, Rijnland Hospital, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands
| | - JP Haas
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - GM Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - MD Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
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14
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Henneman P, Aulchenko YS, Frants RR, van Dijk KW, Oostra BA, van Duijn CM. Prevalence and heritability of the metabolic syndrome and its individual components in a Dutch isolate: the Erasmus Rucphen Family study. J Med Genet 2008; 45:572-7. [PMID: 18550697 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.058388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a combination of abnormalities that are all individual risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease. The aetiology of MetS includes both an environmental and genetic component. We studied the prevalence and heritability of MetS and its individual components Dutch genetic isolate. METHODS The Erasmus Rucphen Family study (ERF) consists of some 3000 genealogically documented individuals from a Dutch genetic isolate. Data on waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and fasting plasma glucose values (FPG) are available. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2003) and National Cholesterol Education program Adult Panel III (NCEP ATPIII) criteria. Variance component analysis was applied to extended family data to test for evidence of heritability. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS in the ERF cohort ranged from 23-37% depending on MetS definition and gender considered. Low HDL-C and high WC are the main contributors to MetS. The heritability of MetS corrected for sibship effect was 10.6% (p = 0.01) according to IDF and 13.2% (p = 0.07) according to NCEP ATPIII criteria. In addition, the heritability of individual components of MetS were analysed and found to range from 21.9-42.9%. The highest heritability was found for HDL-C (42.9%, p<0.0001) and WC (37.8%, p<0.0001). In addition, WC, systolic BP, HDL-C and TG showed low to moderate genetic correlation (RhoG) between genders, whereas FPG and diastolic BP showed absolute genetic correlation between genders. CONCLUSION Although the prevalence of MetS was high, the heritability of MetS in the ERF population was found to be moderate. The high heritability of the individual components of MetS indicates that the genetic dissection of MetS should be approached from its individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Henneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Vanmolkot KRJ, Terwindt GM, Frants RR, Haan J, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Ferrari MD. A Gene for a New Monogenic Neurovascular Migraine Syndrome: A Next Step in Unravelling Molecular Pathways for Migraine? Cephalalgia 2008; 28:471-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KRJ Vanmolkot
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - GM Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - RR Frants
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - J Haan
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
- Department of Neurology, Rijnland Hospital, Leiderdorp, the Netherlands
| | - AMJM van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
| | - MD Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden
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16
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Stam AH, Vanmolkot KRJ, Kremer HPH, Gärtner J, Brown J, Leshinsky-Silver E, Gilad R, Kors EE, Frankhuizen WS, Ginjaar HB, Haan J, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Terwindt GM. CACNA1A R1347Q: a frequent recurrent mutation in hemiplegic migraine. Clin Genet 2008; 74:481-5. [PMID: 18400034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Of the 18 missense mutations in the CACNA1A gene, which are associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1), only mutations S218L, R583Q and T666M were identified in more than two independent families. Including the four novel families presented here, of which two represent de novo cases, the R1347Q mutation has now been identified in six families. A genotype-phenotype comparison of R1347Q mutation carriers revealed a wide clinical spectrum ranging from (trauma triggered) hemiplegic migraine with and without ataxia, loss of consciousness and epilepsy. R1347Q is the third most frequent mutation in hemiplegic migraine patients and should therefore be screened with priority for confirmation of clinical diagnosis. This study clearly demonstrates that the availability of multiple families better reflects the full clinical spectrum associated with FHM1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Stam
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Genetic, Erasmus Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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de Vries B, Freilinger T, Vanmolkot KRJ, Koenderink JB, Stam AH, Terwindt GM, Babini E, van den Boogerd EH, van den Heuvel JJMW, Frants RR, Haan J, Pusch M, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Ferrari MD, Dichgans M. Systematic analysis of three FHM genes in 39 sporadic patients with hemiplegic migraine. Neurology 2007; 69:2170-6. [PMID: 18056581 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000295670.01629.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial (FHM) and sporadic (SHM) hemiplegic migraine are severe subtypes of migraine associated with transient hemiparesis. For FHM, three genes have been identified encoding subunits of a calcium channel (CACNA1A), a sodium-potassium pump (ATP1A2), and a sodium channel (SCN1A). Their role in SHM is unknown. Establishing a genetic basis for SHM may further the understanding of its pathophysiology and relationship with common types of migraine. It will also facilitate the often difficult differential diagnosis from other causes of transient hemiparesis. METHODS We systematically scanned 39 well-characterized patients with SHM without associated neurologic features for mutations in the three FHM genes. Functional assays were performed for all new sequence variants. RESULTS Sequence variants were identified in seven SHM patients: one CACNA1A mutation, five ATP1A2 mutations, and one SCN1A polymorphism. All six mutations caused functional changes in cellular assays. One SHM patient later changed to FHM because another family member developed FHM attacks. CONCLUSION We show that FHM genes are involved in at least a proportion of SHM patients without associated neurologic symptoms. Screening of ATP1A2 offers the highest likelihood of success. Because FHM gene mutations were also found in family members with "nonhemiplegic" typical migraine with and without aura, our findings reinforce the hypothesis that FHM, SHM, and "normal" migraine are part of a disease spectrum with shared pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Vries
- Departments of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Castro MJ, Nunes B, de Vries B, Lemos C, Vanmolkot KRJ, van den Heuvel JJMW, Temudo T, Barros J, Sequeiros J, Frants RR, Koenderink JB, Pereira-Monteiro JM, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Two novel functional mutations in the Na+,K+-ATPase alpha2-subunit ATP1A2 gene in patients with familial hemiplegic migraine and associated neurological phenotypes. Clin Genet 2007; 73:37-43. [PMID: 18028456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the ATP1A2 gene, encoding the alpha2-subunit of the Na+,K+-ATPase, are associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. The majority of ATP1A2 mutations were reported in patients with hemiplegic migraine without any additional neurological findings. Here, we report on two novel ATP1A2 mutations that were identified in two Portuguese probands with hemiplegic migraine and interesting additional clinical features. The proband's of family 1 (with a V362E mutation) had mood alterations, classified as a borderline personality. The proband in family 2 (with a P796S mutation) had mild mental impairment, in addition to hemiplegic migraine; more severe mental retardation was observed in his brother, who also had hemiplegic migraine and carried the same mutation. Cell-survival assays clearly showed abnormal functioning of mutant Na+,K+-ATPase, indicating that both ATP1A2 mutants are disease causing. Additionally, our results suggest a possible causal relationship of the ATP1A2 mutations with the complex clinical phenotypes observed in the probands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Castro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, and UnIGENe, Instituto Biologia Molecular Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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19
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de Greef JC, Wohlgemuth M, Chan OA, Hansson KB, Smeets D, Frants RR, Weemaes CM, Padberg GW, van der Maarel SM. Hypomethylation is restricted to the D4Z4 repeat array in phenotypic FSHD. Neurology 2007; 69:1018-26. [PMID: 17785671 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000271391.44352.fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) show a contraction of the D4Z4 repeat array in the subtelomere of chromosome 4q. This D4Z4 contraction is associated with significant allele-specific hypomethylation of the repeat. Hypomethylation of D4Z4 is also observed in patients with phenotypic FSHD without contraction of D4Z4 and in patients with the immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, and facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome, an unrelated disease that does not present with muscular dystrophy and is in part caused by DNMT3B mutations. METHODS In order to identify the gene defect and to find the pathogenetic epigenetic pathway in phenotypic FSHD, we have aimed to identify the differences and commonalities in phenotypic FSHD and ICF by 1) investigation of DNA methylation of non-D4Z4 repeat arrays, 2) analysis of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes to detect pericentromeric abnormalities involving chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, 3) determination of IgA, IgG, and IgM levels, and 4) mutational analysis of candidate genes to identify a second disease locus involved in the pathogenesis of phenotypic FSHD. RESULTS Our results do not show epigenetic or phenotypic commonalities between phenotypic FSHD and ICF other than the earlier observed D4Z4 hypomethylation. We could not identify any mutations in the candidate genes tested for. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that in phenotypic FSHD hypomethylation is restricted to D4Z4 and that phenotypic FSHD and ICF do not share a defect in the same molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C de Greef
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Kaja S, van de Ven RCG, Broos LAM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Plomp JJ. Characterization of acetylcholine release and the compensatory contribution of non-Cav2.1 channels at motor nerve terminals of leaner Cav2.1-mutant mice. Neuroscience 2007; 144:1278-87. [PMID: 17161543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The severely ataxic and epileptic mouse leaner (Ln) carries a natural splice site mutation in Cacna1a, leading to a C-terminal truncation of the encoded Ca(v)2.1 alpha(1) protein. Ca(v)2.1 is a neuronal Ca(2+) channel, mediating neurotransmitter release at many central synapses and the peripheral neuromuscular junction (NMJ). With electrophysiological analyses we demonstrate severely reduced ( approximately 50%) neurotransmitter release at Ln NMJs. This equals the reduction at NMJs of Cacna1a null-mutant (Ca(v)2.1-KO) mice, which display a neurological phenotype remarkably similar to that of Ln mice. However, using selective Ca(v) channel blocking compounds we revealed a compensatory contribution profile of non-Ca(v)2.1 type channels at Ln NMJs that differs completely from that at Ca(v)2.1-KO NMJs. Our data indicate that the residual function and presence of Ln-mutated Ca(v)2.1 channels precludes presynaptic compensatory recruitment of Ca(v)1 and Ca(v)2.2 channels, and hampers that of Ca(v)2.3 channels. This is the first report directly showing at single synapses the deficits and plasticity in transmitter release resulting from the Ln mutation of Cacna1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaja
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Deak KL, Lemmers RJLF, Stajich JM, Klooster R, Tawil R, Frants RR, Speer MC, van der Maarel SM, Gilbert JR. Genotype-phenotype study in an FSHD family with a proximal deletion encompassing p13E-11 and D4Z4. Neurology 2007; 68:578-82. [PMID: 17229919 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000254991.21818.f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the majority of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) cases, the molecular basis of the disease is due to loss of subtelomeric D4Z4 repeat units at 4q35. Occasionally, an apparent absence of the contracted D4Z4 repeat is associated with FSHD. One explanation for this finding is a deletion in the region proximal to the D4Z4 repeat array that encompasses the p13E-11 (D4F104S1) probe-binding site used in the DNA diagnosis. The frequency of such proximally extended deletions is unknown, and to date, few patients have been described due to the difficulties in the molecular identification of such cases. METHODS We describe a family (DUK 2531) in which a contracted D4Z4 allele and a large proximal deletion of approximately 75 kb are segregating to 11 individuals. This is the largest deletion identified to date. Family DUK 2531 was initially thought to have normal D4Z4 fragment size and therefore unlinked to the 4q35 region (FSHD1B). RESULTS Further molecular analysis of DUK 2531 reveals the presence of 10 repeat units (33 kb). The extended deletion includes the probe p13E-11 and B31 binding sites, the inverted repeat D4S2463, and genes FRG2 and TUBB4Q. CONCLUSION Despite the length of the proximal deletion in this family, the range and severity of the clinical manifestations are typical for the disorder. Because such deletions can lead to misinterpretation in the diagnostic setting, this suggests the need for additional diagnostic tests in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Deak
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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22
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Monraats PS, Kurreeman FAS, Pons D, Sewgobind VDKD, de Vries FR, Zwinderman AH, de Maat MPM, Doevendans PA, de Winter RJ, Tio RA, Waltenberger J, Huizinga TWJ, Eefting D, Quax PHA, Frants RR, van der Laarse A, van der Wall EE, Jukema JW. Interleukin 10: a new risk marker for the development of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Genes Immun 2006; 8:44-50. [PMID: 17122782 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors appear to be important in the process of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), as well as in inflammation, a pivotal factor in restenosis. An important mediator in the inflammatory response is interleukin (IL)-10. Our aim was to study whether genetic variants in IL-10 predispose to the risk of restenosis. The GENetic DEterminants of Restenosis (GENDER) study included 3104 patients treated with successful PCI. Target vessel revascularization (TVR) was chosen as primary end point. Genotyping of the -2849G/A, -1082G/A, -592C/A and +4259A/G polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene was performed by MassArray platform. After adjusting for clinical variables, three polymorphisms significantly increased the risk of restenosis (-2849AA: relative risk (RR), 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-2.5; -1082AA: RR, 1.4, 95% CI, 1.1-1.8 and +4259GG: RR, 2.0, 95% CI, 1.4-2.8). To further exclude possible involvement of neighboring genes due to LD in the IL-10 locus, additional polymorphisms were genotyped. The results reveal that association of the IL-10 gene with restenosis is independent of flanking genes. Our findings demonstrate that IL-10 is associated with restenosis and therefore support the hypothesis that anti-inflammatory genes also may be involved in developing restenosis. Furthermore, they may provide a new targeting gene for drug-eluting stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Monraats
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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de Vries B, Haan J, Stam AH, Vanmolkot KRJ, Stroink H, Laan LAEM, Gill DS, Pascual J, Frants RR, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Ferrari MD. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: no mutations in the glutamate transporter EAAT1. Neuropediatrics 2006; 37:302-4. [PMID: 17236110 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a severe brain disorder, mainly characterised by episodes of hemiplegia, progressive mental retardation, and other severe paroxysmal and permanent neurological symptoms. Clinically and genetically, there is some overlap with sporadic (SHM) and familial (FHM) hemiplegic migraine, a severe monogenic subtype of migraine. Although no mutations were detected in the FHM1 CACNA1A and FHM2 ATP1A2 genes in sporadic AHC patients, a mutation was found in the FHM2 ATP1A2 gene in a family with AHC. Recently, a missense mutation was found in the SLC1A3 gene that encodes the glutamate transporter EAAT1, in a patient with alternating hemiplegia, episodic ataxia, seizures, and headache. Because of the remarkable clinical similarities and the potential role of glutamate in AHC, we analysed six sporadic patients with AHC for mutations in the SLC1A3 gene. No mutations were found. The SLC1A3 EAAT1 glutamate transporter gene does not seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of AHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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van der Kooi EL, de Greef JC, Wohlgemuth M, Frants RR, van Asseldonk RJGP, Blom HJ, van Engelen BGM, van der Maarel SM, Padberg GW. No effect of folic acid and methionine supplementation on D4Z4 methylation in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2006; 16:766-9. [PMID: 17005397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is associated with a contraction of the D4Z4 allele on chromosome 4qter. There is also marked DNA hypomethylation of the D4Z4 allele. The DNA hypomethylation may have a central role in the pathogenesis of FSHD. Supplemental folic acid can boost DNA methylation. We evaluated the effect of oral folic acid and methionine supplementation on the methylation level of 4qter D4Z4 alleles in peripheral-blood lymphocytes of nine patients affected with FSHD and six healthy controls. Methylation levels did not change, while recommended serum-folate concentrations were reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L van der Kooi
- Neuromuscular Centre Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Lemmers RJLF, van der Wielen MJR, Bakker E, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2006; 16:615-7; author reply 617-8. [PMID: 16938455 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Vanmolkot KRJ, Stroink H, Koenderink JB, Kors EE, van den Heuvel JJMW, van den Boogerd EH, Stam AH, Haan J, De Vries BBA, Terwindt GM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Severe episodic neurological deficits and permanent mental retardation in a child with a novel FHM2ATP1A2mutation. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:310-4. [PMID: 16437583 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attacks of familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) are usually associated with transient, completely reversible symptoms. Here, we studied the ATP1A2 FHM2 gene in a young girl with episodes of both very severe and transient neurological symptoms that were triggered by mild head trauma as well as permanent mental retardation. Her family members suffered from hemiplegic and confusional migraine attacks. METHODS Mutation analysis of the ATP1A2 gene was performed by direct sequencing of all exons and flanking intronic regions, using genomic DNA of the proband. Functional consequences of the mutation were analyzed by cellular survival assays. RESULTS We identified a novel G615R ATP1A2 mutation in the proband and several of her family members. Functional analysis of mutant Na,K-ATPase in cellular survival assays showed a complete loss-of-function effect. INTERPRETATION Permanent mental retardation in children may be caused by ATP1A2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R J Vanmolkot
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Krom YD, Gras JCE, Frants RR, Havekes LM, van Berkel TJ, Biessen EAL, van Dijk KW. Efficient targeting of adenoviral vectors to integrin positive vascular cells utilizing a CAR-cyclic RGD linker protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:847-54. [PMID: 16259946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) are particularly resistant to infection by type 5 adenovirus (Ad) vectors. To overcome this limitation and target Ad vectors to ubiquitously expressed alpha(V)beta(3/5) integrins, we have generated a linker protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) connected via avidin to a biotinylated cyclic (c) RGD peptide. After optimization of CAR to cRGD and to Ad coupling, infection of mouse heart endothelial cells (H5V) could be augmented significantly, as demonstrated by 600-fold increased transgene expression levels. In EOMAs, a hemangioendothelioma-derived cell line, the fraction of infected cells was enhanced 4- to 6-fold. Furthermore, the fraction of infected primary mouse VSMC was increased from virtually 0% to 25%. Finally, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, the number of GFP positive cells was enhanced from 2% to 75%. In conclusion, CAR-cRGD is a versatile and highly efficient construct to target Ad vectors to both transformed and primary VSMC and EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Krom
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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28
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Callenbach PMC, van den Boogerd EH, de Coo RFM, ten Houten R, Oosterwijk JC, Hageman G, Frants RR, Brouwer OF, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Refinement of the chromosome 16 locus for benign familial infantile convulsions. Clin Genet 2005; 67:517-25. [PMID: 15857419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benign familial infantile convulsions (BFIC) is an autosomal dominantly inherited partial epilepsy syndrome of early childhood with remission before the age of 3 years. The syndrome has been linked to loci on chromosomes 1q23, 2q24, 16p12-q12, and 19q in various families. The aim of this study was to identify the responsible locus in four unrelated Dutch families with BFIC. Two of the tested families had pure BFIC; in one family, affected individuals had BFIC followed by paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesias at later age, and in one family, BFIC was accompanied by later-onset focal epilepsy in older generations. Linkage analysis was performed for the known loci on chromosomes 1q23, 2q24, 16p12-q12, and 19q. The two families with pure BFIC were linked to chromosome 16p12-q12. Using recombinants from these and other published families, the chromosome 16-candidate gene region was reduced from 21.4 Mb (4.3 cm) to 2.7 Mb (0.0 cm). For the other two families, linkage to any of the known loci was unlikely. In conclusion, we confirm the linkage of pure BFIC to chromosome 16p12-q12, with further refinement of the locus. Furthermore, the lack of involvement of the known loci in two of the families indicates further genetic heterogeneity for BFIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M C Callenbach
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Kors EE, Melberg A, Vanmolkot KRJ, Kumlien E, Haan J, Raininko R, Flink R, Ginjaar HB, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Childhood epilepsy, familial hemiplegic migraine, cerebellar ataxia, and a new CACNA1A mutation. Neurology 2005; 63:1136-7. [PMID: 15452324 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000138571.48593.fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E E Kors
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Rijkers T, Deidda G, van Koningsbruggen S, van Geel M, Lemmers RJLF, van Deutekom JCT, Figlewicz D, Hewitt JE, Padberg GW, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. FRG2, an FSHD candidate gene, is transcriptionally upregulated in differentiating primary myoblast cultures of FSHD patients. J Med Genet 2005; 41:826-36. [PMID: 15520407 PMCID: PMC1735617 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.019364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is associated with partial deletion of the subtelomeric D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4qter. This chromosomal rearrangement may result in regional chromatin relaxation and transcriptional deregulation of genes nearby. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we describe the isolation and characterisation of FRG2, a member of a chromosomally dispersed gene family, mapping only 37 kb proximal to the D4Z4 repeat array. Homology and motif searches yielded no clues to the function of the predicted protein. FRG2 expression is undetectable in all tissues tested except for differentiating myoblasts of FSHD patients, which display low, yet distinct levels of FRG2 expression, partly from chromosome 4 but predominantly originating from its homologue on chromosome 10. However, in non-FSHD myopathy patients only distantly related FRG2 homologues are transcribed, while differentiating myoblasts from healthy controls fail to express any member of this gene family. Moreover, fibroblasts of FSHD patients and control individuals undergoing forced Ad5-MyoD mediated myogenesis show expression of FRG2 mainly originating from chromosome 10. Luciferase reporter assays show that the FRG2 promoter region can direct high levels of expression but is inhibited by increasing numbers of D4Z4 repeat units. Transient transfection experiments with FRG2 fusion-protein constructs reveal nuclear localisation and apparently FRG2 overexpression causes a wide range of morphological changes. CONCLUSION The localisation of FRG2 genes close to the D4Z4 repeats on chromosome 4 and 10, their transcriptional upregulation specifically in FSHD myoblast cultures, potential involvement in myogenesis, and promoter properties qualify FRG2 as an attractive candidate for FSHD pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Development
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/genetics
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/chemistry
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/cytology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rijkers
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Kaja S, van de Ven RCG, Broos LAM, Veldman H, van Dijk JG, Verschuuren JJGM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Plomp JJ. Gene dosage-dependent transmitter release changes at neuromuscular synapses of Cacna1a R192Q knockin mice are non-progressive and do not lead to morphological changes or muscle weakness. Neuroscience 2005; 135:81-95. [PMID: 16111830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ca(v)2.1 channels mediate neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and at many central synapses. Mutations in the encoding gene, CACNA1A, are thus likely to affect neurotransmitter release. Previously, we generated mice carrying the R192Q mutation, associated with human familial hemiplegic migraine type-1, and showed first evidence of enhanced presynaptic Ca(2+) influx [Neuron 41 (2004) 701]. Here, we characterize transmitter release in detail at mouse R192Q NMJs, including possible gene-dosage dependency, progression of changes with age, and associated morphological damage and muscle weakness. We found, at low Ca(2+), decreased paired-pulse facilitation of evoked acetylcholine release, elevated release probability, and increased size of the readily releasable transmitter vesicle pool. Spontaneous release was increased over a broad range of Ca(2+) concentrations (0.2-5mM). Upon high-rate nerve stimulation we observed some extra rundown of transmitter release. However, no clinical evidence of transmission block or muscle weakness was found, assessed with electromyography, grip-strength testing and muscle contraction experiments. We studied both adult ( approximately 3-6 months-old) and aged ( approximately 21-26 months-old) R192Q knockin mice to assess effects of chronic elevation of presynaptic Ca(2+) influx, but found no additional or progressive alterations. No changes in NMJ size or relevant ultrastructural parameters were found, at either age. Our characterizations strengthen the hypothesis of increased Ca(2+) flux through R192Q-mutated presynaptic Ca(v)2.1 channels and show that the resulting altered neurotransmitter release is not associated with morphological changes at the NMJ or muscle weakness, not even in the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaja
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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32
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Kors EE, Vanmolkot KRJ, Haan J, Kheradmand Kia S, Stroink H, Laan LAEM, Gill DS, Pascual J, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: no mutations in the second familial hemiplegic migraine gene ATP1A2. Neuropediatrics 2004; 35:293-6. [PMID: 15534763 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-821082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a rare disorder mainly characterised by attacks of hemiplegia and mental retardation. AHC has often been associated with migraine. Previously, we have excluded the involvement of the familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) CACNA1A gene in four patients with AHC. A second gene for FHM was discovered recently: the ATP1A2 gene on chromosome 1q23, coding for the alpha 2 subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase. We performed a mutation analysis of the ATP1A2 gene in six patients, using direct sequencing, but found no mutations in any of the 23 exons. Other cerebral ion channel genes remain candidate genes for AHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Kors
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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33
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Kors EE, Vanmolkot KRJ, Haan J, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. [From gene to disease; familial hemiplegic migraine as a result of mutations in a sodium-potassium pump gene]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2004; 148:1919-20. [PMID: 15495990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare, autosomal dominant subtype of migraine, associated in half of the families with mutations in the CACNA1A gene located on chromosome 19p13, which encodes the Cav2.1-subunit of brain-specific P/Q-type calcium channels. Recently, mutations in a second gene, ATP1A2 on chromosome 1q23, which encodes a sodium-potassium exchange pump subunit, have been identified. The first functional studies indicate that A TP1A2 FHM mutations result in a loss of function of the pump, leading to an increase in extracellular potassium. This is known to evoke cortical spreading depression, the underlying mechanism of migraine aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Kors
- Afd. Neurologie, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden
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34
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Kaunisto MA, Harno H, Vanmolkot KRJ, Gargus JJ, Sun G, Hämäläinen E, Liukkonen E, Kallela M, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Frants RR, Färkkilä M, Palotie A, Wessman M. A novel missense ATP1A2 mutation in a Finnish family with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. Neurogenetics 2004; 5:141-6. [PMID: 15133718 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-004-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), a rare autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura, has been linked to two chromosomal loci, 19p13 and 1q23. Mutations in the Na+K+-ATPase alpha2 subunit gene, ATP1A2, on 1q23 have recently been shown to cause familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2). We sequenced the coding regions of this gene in a Finnish chromosome 1q23-linked FHM family with associated symptoms such as coma and identified a novel A1033G mutation in exon 9. This mutation results in a threonine-to-alanine substitution at codon 345. This residue is located in a highly conserved N-terminal region of the M4-5 loop of the Na+,K+-ATPase. Furthermore, the T345A mutation co-segregated with the disorder in our family and was not present in 132 healthy Finnish control individuals. For these reasons it is most likely the FHM-causing mutation in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kaunisto
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Research Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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35
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van Koningsbruggen S, Dirks RW, Mommaas AM, Onderwater JJ, Deidda G, Padberg GW, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. FRG1P is localised in the nucleolus, Cajal bodies, and speckles. J Med Genet 2004; 41:e46. [PMID: 15060122 PMCID: PMC1735742 DOI: 10.1136/jmg2003.012781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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36
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van Koningsbruggen S, Dirks RW, Mommaas AM, Onderwater JJ, Deidda G, Padberg GW, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. FRG1P is localised in the nucleolus, Cajal bodies, and speckles. J Med Genet 2004. [DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.012781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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37
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Wohlgemuth M, Lemmers RJ, van der Kooi EL, van der Wielen MJ, van Overveld PG, Dauwerse H, Bakker E, Frants RR, Padberg GW, van der Maarel SM. Possible phenotypic dosage effect in patients compound heterozygous for FSHD-sized 4q35 alleles. Neurology 2004; 61:909-13. [PMID: 14557558 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.61.7.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal dominant facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is associated with a contraction of the D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4. So far, homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for FSHD alleles has not been described, and it has been debated whether the absence of such subjects is because of the rarity or the lethality of the disorder. METHODS Two unrelated families in which the probands are compound heterozygous for two FSHD-sized alleles were studied. Clinical examination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) studies of DNA with probes proximal and distal to D4Z4, and cytogenetic analysis of metaphase chromosomes by FISH were performed. RESULTS Complementary molecular and cytogenetic approaches confirmed the chromosome 4qA origin of all FSHD-sized repeat arrays that segregate in the families. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygosity for FSHD-sized alleles is compatible with life in men and women. A possible dosage effect was observed in both probands in whom each 4qA allele contributed to the FSHD phenotype. Because at least one of the FSHD alleles in both families showed an unusual low penetrance, the authors propose that susceptibility for FSHD is partly determined by intrinsic properties of the disease allele other than the residual D4Z4 repeat size alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wohlgemuth
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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38
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Tonini MMO, Pavanello RCM, Gurgel-Giannetti J, Lemmers RJ, van der Maarel SM, Frants RR, Zatz M. Homozygosity for autosomal dominant facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) does not result in a more severe phenotype. J Med Genet 2004; 41:e17. [PMID: 14757867 PMCID: PMC1735661 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.010637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M M O Tonini
- Human Genome Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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39
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Bruyn RP, Frants RR. [From gene to disease; spastin and hereditary spastic paraparesis]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2004; 148:179-81. [PMID: 14974310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) belongs to a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorders characterised by progressive spasticity of the legs and hyperreflexia. A further clinical distinction is drawn between pure and complicated HSP depending on the presence of other neurological and non-neurological signs. HSP may be inherited either as autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked. Twenty-two loci have been identified and additional ones are envisaged. In autosomal dominant HSP, 11 loci (five genes) have been identified, the most prevalent of which is linked to chromosome 2p, coding for spastin, an ATPase belonging to the AAA family (acronym of 'ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities'). Spastin is a nuclear protein, present in neurons, but not in glial cells, and seems to be involved in microtubule dynamics. Nonsense and frameshift mutations result in a reduced amount of spastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Bruyn
- Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Bosboomstraat 1, 3582 KE Utrecht.
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40
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Zuidervaart W, van der Velden PA, Hurks MH, van Nieuwpoort FA, Out-Luiting CJJ, Singh AD, Frants RR, Jager MJ, Gruis NA. Gene expression profiling identifies tumour markers potentially playing a role in uveal melanoma development. Br J Cancer 2004; 89:1914-9. [PMID: 14612903 PMCID: PMC2394439 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray is a powerful tool to compare the gene expression of different tumour specimens and cell lines simultaneously and quantitatively. To get a better insight into genes that are involved in uveal melanoma tumorigenesis, we compared the gene expression profiles of 12 different uveal melanoma cell lines with three melanocyte cell cultures obtained from healthy donor eyes. Gene expression profiles were obtained by nylon filter arrays, containing 1176 gene spots related to cancer development. The expression levels of selected genes were validated on cell lines and primary uveal melanomas by real time RT–PCR, and were subsequently included in cluster analysis. Four candidate tumour markers, Laminin Receptor 1, Endothelin 2, Von Hippel Lindau Binding protein 1 and Cullin 2, have been selected from genes that were differentially expressed in the uveal melanoma cell lines compared to the normal uveal melanocytes. In primary uveal melanomas, these four markers could discriminate between two classes of uveal melanoma, which may be indicative of a differential disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zuidervaart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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41
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Plomp JJ, van den Maagdenberg AM, Ferrari MD, Frants RR, Molenaar PC. Transmitter Release Deficits at the Neuromuscular Synapse of Mice with Mutations in the Cav2.1 (α1A) Subunit of the P/Q-Type Ca2+Channel. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 998:29-32. [PMID: 14592860 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1254.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Plomp
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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42
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van Koningsbruggen S, de Haard H, de Kievit P, Dirks RW, van Remoortere A, Groot AJ, van Engelen BGM, den Dunnen JT, Verrips CT, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. Llama-derived phage display antibodies in the dissection of the human disease oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. J Immunol Methods 2003; 279:149-61. [PMID: 12969556 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Functional analysis of the estimated 30,000 genes of the human genome requires fast and reliable high-throughput methods to study spatio-temporal protein dynamics. To explore the suitability of heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) for studying mechanisms underlying human disease, we used oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) as a paradigm for the expanding group of protein aggregation disorders that is characterized by subcellular dislocalization and aggregation of mutant protein. OPMD is caused by a moderate alanine expansion in the poly-A binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) and is associated with intranuclear PABPN1 deposition exclusively in muscle. An experimental approach was designed in which the primary sequence of the PABPN1 gene was employed for generating a prokaryotic expression construct that permitted its expression in the host Escherichia coli. The purified product was used for immunization of a llama as well as for the selection of an antigen-specific antibody fragment from the derived phage display library. This single-domain antibody was able to recognize the native gene product in mammalian cell lines and in human muscle tissue by immunocytochemical, immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis. Our results suggest that phage display derived heavy-chain antibodies can be used in proteomics to study the localization and function of hypothetical gene products, relevant to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S van Koningsbruggen
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands
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43
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Lemmers RJLF, Osborn M, Haaf T, Rogers M, Frants RR, Padberg GW, Cooper DN, van der Maarel SM, Upadhyaya M. D4F104S1 deletion in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: phenotype, size, and detection. Neurology 2003; 61:178-83. [PMID: 12874395 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000078889.51444.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) locus maps to 4q35 where it is closely linked to D4F104S1 (p13E-11), a probe that recognizes the pathognomonic FSHD deletion involving the subtelomeric D4Z4 tandem repeat array. Extended deletions that include both the more proximal D4F104S1 region and the D4Z4 repeat array proper do, however, occur, albeit rarely, and such deletions can lead to difficulties of interpretation in the diagnostic setting. OBJECTIVE To devise a means to determine the true frequency of proximally extended deletions in individuals with FSHD. METHODS Three families selected for this study were originally identified during routine FSHD analysis on the basis that the affected individuals in each family had failed to exhibit a small (<38-kb) EcoRI fragment. High molecular weight DNA from these families was analyzed with both conventional and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using DNA markers p13E-11, 9B6A, B31, 4qA, and 4qB. RESULTS Large genomic deletions were identified involving both D4Z4 and D4F104S1. The precise number of D4Z4 repeat units borne by the p13E11 deletion allele was established by the use of an additional restriction enzyme (MseI) digest. All three cases carry different sizes of deletion proximal to the D4Z4 repeat units. With use of a recently described telomeric probe, 4qA, a method was developed that identifies large genomic deletions involving both D4Z4 and D4F104S1 using conventional gel electrophoresis. CONCLUSION Proximally extended deletions can be found in patients with a normal spectrum of the disease. This assay promises to allow estimation of the true frequency of proximally extended deletions and should improve the accuracy and reliability of molecular diagnostic testing for FSHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J L F Lemmers
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden, The Netherlands
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44
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Kors EE, Haan J, Giffin NJ, Pazdera L, Schnittger C, Lennox GG, Terwindt GM, Vermeulen FLMJ, Van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of the CACNA1A gene T666M mutation: a description of 5 families with familial hemiplegic migraine. Arch Neurol 2003; 60:684-8. [PMID: 12756131 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.60.5.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura. Missense mutations in the chromosome 19 CACNA1A calcium channel gene have been found in approximately half of the families. The T666M mutation, replacing a threonine by a methionine at residue number 666, is the most frequent mutation, reported in 14 independent FHM families; other mutations have so far been described in only 1 or 2 families each. The clinical features of T666M families have been reported, but the course is unknown. OBJECTIVE To present a detailed description of the clinical features of new FHM families in which we identified the T666M mutation in our CACNA1A screening program. METHODS As part of our ongoing genetic screening, mutation analysis of the CACNA1A gene was performed by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis in 33 probands of families with FHM. RESULTS We identified the T666M mutation in 5 unrelated FHM families. In 3 of the families, patients displayed cerebellar ataxia. In 1 family, some affected members with the mutation had attacks with confusion but without hemiparesis. In 1 family, patients had progressive cognitive dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The T666M mutation is the most frequent CACNA1A mutation in FHM; it was found in 5 of 33 FHM families at our laboratory, and in 19 of 39 families with a known mutation reported in the literature (including the present study). Screening for the T666M mutation should therefore be the first step when screening families with FHM. There is a remarkable clinical heterogeneity among families with the T666M mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Kors
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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45
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van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Kors EE, Brunt ER, van Paesschen W, Pascual J, Ravine D, Keeling S, Vanmolkot KRJ, Vermeulen FLMG, Terwindt GM, Haan J, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Episodic ataxia type 2. Three novel truncating mutations and one novel missense mutation in the CACNA1A gene. J Neurol 2002; 249:1515-9. [PMID: 12420090 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-002-0860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the CACNA1A gene, located on chromosome 19p13, in three unrelated families and one sporadic case with episodic ataxia type 2 (EA-2). In two of the families and the sporadic patient, novel truncating mutations, which disrupt the reading frame and result in a premature stop of the CACNA1A protein, were identified in exons 14, 16 and 26. In the remaining family, a novel missense mutation (H253Y) was found. Of the twenty two EA-2 mutations identified thus far, including those of the present study, seventeen are truncating mutations and five are missense mutations, all resulting in an EA-2 clinical phenotype.
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46
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Leegwater PA, Vermeulen G, Könst AA, Naidu S, Mulders J, Visser A, Kersbergen P, Mobach D, Fonds D, van Berkel CG, Lemmers RJ, Frants RR, Oudejans CB, Schutgens RB, Pronk JC, van der Knaap MS. Subunits of the translation initiation factor eIF2B are mutant in leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter. Nat Genet 2001; 29:383-8. [PMID: 11704758 DOI: 10.1038/ng764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM) is an inherited brain disease that occurs mainly in children. The course is chronic-progressive with additional episodes of rapid deterioration following febrile infection or minor head trauma. We have identified mutations in EIF2B5 and EIF2B2, encoding the epsilon- and beta-subunits of the translation initiation factor eIF2B and located on chromosomes 3q27 and 14q24, respectively, as causing VWM. We found 16 different mutations in EIF2B5 in 29 patients from 23 families. We also found two distantly related individuals who were homozygous with respect to a missense mutation in EIF2B2, affecting a conserved amino acid. Three other patients also had mutations in EIF2B2. As eIF2B has an essential role in the regulation of translation under different conditions, including stress, this may explain the rapid deterioration of people with VWM under stress. Mutant translation initiation factors have not previously been implicated in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Leegwater
- Department of Child Neurology, Free University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Haan J, van Vliet JA, Kors EE, Terwindt GM, Vermeulen FL, van den Maagdenberg AM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. No involvement of the calcium channel gene (CACNA1A) in a family with cluster headache. Cephalalgia 2001; 21:959-62. [PMID: 11843867 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is very likely that genetic factors play a role in the pathophysiology of cluster headache (CH). As CH shares its paroxysmal character with migraine, and migraine has been described in coexistence with CH in some families, we hypothesized that both diseases might share a genetic aetiology. In this study, we tested whether the migraine CACNA1A gene on chromosome 19 is involved in CH in an extended pedigree. Haplotype analysis did not reveal an obvious disease haplotype, and SSCP analysis of all 47 exons of the CACNA1A gene did not reveal a causative mutation. CH in this family is not caused by mutations in the CACNA1A gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haan
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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48
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de Kievit P, van Geel M, van der Wielen MJ, Bakker E, Padberg GW, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. Complete allele information in the diagnosis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy by triple DNA analysis. Ann Neurol 2001; 50:816-9. [PMID: 11761483 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is caused by partial deletion of the D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4q35. Genetic diagnosis is based on sizing of this repeat array, which is complicated by cross-hybridization of a homologous polymorphic repeat array on chromosome 10 and by the frequent exchanges between these chromosomal regions. The restriction enzyme XapI optimizes the diagnosis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy by uniquely digesting 4-derived repeat units and leaving 10-derived repeat units undigested, thus complementing BlnI, which uniquely digests 10-derived repeat units. A triple analysis with EcoRI, EcoRI/BlnI, and XapI unequivocally allows characterization of each of the four alleles, whether homogeneous or hybrid. This is particularly useful in the case of identical sized 4-derived and 10-derived arrays, in situations of suspected facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy with nonstandard allele configurations, and for assignment of hybrid fragments to their original alleles.
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49
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Kreeft AJ, Moen CJ, Hofker MH, Frants RR, Vreugdenhil E, Gijbels MJ, Havekes LM, Datson NA. Identification of differentially regulated genes in mildly hyperlipidemic ApoE3-Leiden mice by use of serial analysis of gene expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1984-90. [PMID: 11742874 DOI: 10.1161/hq1201.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although genes determining lipoprotein homeostasis and atherosclerosis are the subject of intensive investigation, only a subset of these genes is known at present. Hence, we do not have sufficient knowledge to explain the genetic basis of hyperlipidemia in the majority of subjects. Our aim was to identify novel genes and pathways underlying lipoprotein homeostasis by using serial analysis of gene expression. The liver expression profile of mild hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E3-Leiden (E3L) transgenic mice was compared with that of the wild-type C57BL/6JIco (B6) mice. Over 18 000 liver transcripts of B6 as well as E3L mice were analyzed, representing >9400 unique genes. One hundred seventy-five genes showed altered expression between the strains (P<0.05). Although several of these genes belonged to known metabolic pathways, such as lipoprotein metabolism, detoxification processes, glycolysis, and the acute-phase response, most were novel. Differential gene expression of 8 of 10 genes tested could be confirmed by Northern blot analysis. This inventory of differentially expressed genes will provide a unique basis for detailed studies to gain more insight into their role in lipoprotein homeostasis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kreeft
- Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, University of Leiden, the Netherlands.
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van der Velden PA, Sandkuijl LA, Bergman W, Pavel S, van Mourik L, Frants RR, Gruis NA. Melanocortin-1 receptor variant R151C modifies melanoma risk in Dutch families with melanoma. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:774-9. [PMID: 11500806 PMCID: PMC1226063 DOI: 10.1086/323411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2001] [Accepted: 07/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations of the cell-cycle regulator p16 (also called "CDKN2A") in kindreds with melanoma implicate this gene in susceptibility to malignant melanoma. Most families with familial atypical multiple-mole melanoma (FAMMM) who are registered at the Leiden dermatology clinic share the same p16-inactivating deletion (p16-Leiden). Incomplete penetrance and variable clinical expression suggest risk modification by other genetic and/or environmental factors. Variants of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene have been shown to be associated with red hair, fair skin, and melanoma in humans. Carriers of the p16-Leiden deletion in Dutch families with FAMMM show an increased risk of melanoma when they also carry MC1R variant alleles. The R151C variant is overrepresented in patients with melanoma who are from families with the p16-Leiden mutation. Although some of the effect of the R151C variant on melanoma risk may be attributable to its effect on skin type, our analyses indicate that the R151C variant contributes an increased melanoma risk even after statistical correction for its effect on skin type. These findings suggest that the R151C variant may be involved in melanoma tumorigenesis in a dual manner, both as a determinant of fair skin and as a component in an independent additional pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A van der Velden
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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