The ability of subordinate follicles of the second follicular wave to become dominant is lost by day 15 of the estrous cycle in cattle

Generally, unilateral ovariectomy before a critical period in the latter part of the estrous cycle induces a transitory increase in plasma FSH, which causes subordinate follicles to develop and maintain ovulation rates characteristic of the species. A limiting period for subordinate follicles to assume dominance and from which ovulation occurs has not been shown for cattle. Growth and/or regression of subordinate follicles were characterized following removal of the dominant follicle at different days of the luteal phase of the estrous cycle in cattle in this study. In the mid-luteal phase (Day 13 or 15), the ovary with the dominant follicle of the second wave was ablated via unilateral ovariectomy; the corpus luteum also was removed. In the late luteal phase (Day 17 or 19), the dominant follicle was ablated with an ultrasonically guided 20 gauge needle. When the dominant follicle was removed on Day 13, the largest subordinate follicle of the second wave of follicular development became dominant and ovulation occurred from this follicle in 4 of 4 animals. However, when the dominant follicle was removed on Day 15, 17 or 19, a new wave of follicular development was induced in 14 of 15 animals. Moreover, the recovered subordinate follicle of the second wave of follicular development had similar growth characteristics to naturally occurring dominant follicles. In conclusion, the subordinate follicle in the second follicular wave in cattle retained the ability to become dominant, but this ability was lost by Day 15 of the estrous cycle. However, cattle then were able to maintain ovulation by developing a new wave of follicular growth.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and acute-phase proteins in early pregnant ewes after challenge with peptidoglycan-polysaccharide

Bacterial infection shortly after mating interferes with establishment of pregnancy. Injection of peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS), a component of gram-positive bacteria, into sheep on day 5 after mating reduces pregnancy rate. Experiments were designed to evaluate the acute-phase response (APR) in ewes to injection of PG-PS on day 5 after mating (day 0). Catheters were inserted into the jugular and posterior vena cava on day 4. On day 5, ewes were challenged with saline or 30 microg/kg body weight (BW) PG-PS (Exp 1) or 60 microg/kg BW PG-PS (Exp 2). Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 6 h (Exp 1) and every 15 min for 2 h, hourly for 12 h, and at 24, 36, and 48 h (Exp 2). Body temperature and clinical signs of infection were monitored in Exp 2. Plasma was assayed for concentrations of a pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); 2 APR proteins, serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp); and progesterone (P(4)). Ewes injected with 60 microg/kg BW PG-PS exhibited fever, vaginal discharge, loss of appetite, and lethargy. After challenge with either 30 microg/kg or 60 microg/kg BW PG-PS, TNF-alpha increased in the posterior vena cava. Concentrations of SAA and Hp in the jugular increased after challenge with 60 microg/kg BW PG-PS. Only half (5/10) of the ewes treated with 60 microg/kg BW PG-PS had ultrasonically visible embryos, and none of them had functional corpora lutea (CL) (<1 ng/mL of P(4)) on day 21. On the other hand, 8/9 (88.9%) control ewes had visible embryos and all had functional CL on day 21. Using logistic regression, pregnancy on day 21 was predicted to depend on concentrations of TNF-alpha and Hp on day 5 and concentration of P(4) on day 14. In summary, injection of PG-PS on day 5 after mating resulted in fever; increased concentrations of TNF-alpha, Hp, and SAA on the day of and the day after the PG-PS challenge; and decreased concentrations of P(4) on days 14 and 21. These factors were related to failure to establish pregnancy.

Patterns of late embryonic and fetal mortality and association with several factors in sheep1

Embryonic and fetal mortality reduce lambing rates and litter sizes, thus contributing to economic losses in the sheep industry. In the current study, the timing of late embryonic and fetal loss in ewes and the factors with which these losses were associated were examined. Ewes lambing and lambs born were compared with pregnancy diagnosis and counts of embryos by ultrasonography near d 25, 45, 65, or 85 of gestation. Approximately 19.9% of the ewes experienced late embryonic loss, fetal loss, or both; and 21.2% of the embryos or fetuses were lost from d 25 to term. Potential offspring were lost throughout gestation; 3.7% of embryos from d 25 to 45, 4.3% of fetuses from d 45 to 65, 3.3% from d 65 to 85, and 11.5% from d 85 to parturition; thus, approximately 3 to 4% of the potential offspring were lost for each 20-d period of pregnancy beyond d 25. A greater proportion of ewes lost one (36.7%) rather than all (20.5% single; 3.8% multiple) embryos or fetuses. The patterns of loss were similar in ewes mated during the anestrous season and the transitional period and did not vary with service period within breeding season or method of synchronization of estrus. Late embryonic or fetal losses were not related to the temperature-humidity index. Maternal serum collected near d 25, 45, 65, or 85 of gestation was assayed for concentrations of progesterone, estradiol-17beta , and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The proportions of embryos or fetuses lost were associated with breed type (P < 0.05), as were concentrations of progesterone (P < 0.01), estradiol (P < 0.05), and VEGF (P < 0.01). The relationships of loss or retention of pregnancy to hormonal variables at the 4 stages studied were limited. Complete and partial losses increased rapidly as maternal progesterone at d 25 decreased below 2 ng/mL (P < 0.05). Survival of fetuses within a litter from d 25 to 65 was greater for ewes with medium concentrations of VEGF near d 25 and from d 65 to parturition was greater for ewes with high concentrations of VEGF near d 45 (P < 0.05). In summary, late embryonic or fetal losses occurred from d 25 throughout gestation and varied with breed type and with concentrations of progesterone in maternal serum on d 25.

Effects of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens in ewes: peptidoglycan as a potential mediator of interruption of early pregnancy

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan (PTG), which, among other actions, induces fever. The present experiment evaluated the effects of PTG treatment on early pregnancy and blood plasma concentrations of reproductive hormones. Ewes were injected i.v. with saline or 15, 30 or 60 microg kg(-1) sonicated PTG (Streptococcus pyogenes) on day 5 after mating. Each dose of PTG induced fever. Pregnancy rate at day 25 was not related to incidence of fever but tended to differ among treatments (control, 100%; low, 100%; medium, 67%; high, 60%; P < 0.08). Combined pregnancy rate in ewes from control and low dose groups (100%) was greater than that in ewes from medium and high dose groups (64%, P < 0.01). Ewes with high 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGFM) concentrations had lower pregnancy rates (6 of 10) than those with low concentrations of PGFM (11 of 11; P < 0.05). Mean cortisol concentrations were higher in treated (2.8 +/- 0.28 microg dl(-1)) than in control (1.1 +/- 0.03 microg dl(-1)) ewes (P < 0.01); the pattern of secretion was biphasic and increased in all treated ewes (P < 0.01). Neither means nor profiles of oestradiol differed with treatment. Mean concentrations and the pattern of concentrations of progesterone were reduced in all treated ewes, as indicated by the time by treatment and linear interaction with treatment (1.2 +/- 0.1 versus 1.6 +/- 0.1 ng ml(-1), P < 0.01). Patterns of LH pulses did not differ from 0 to 4 h or 24 to 28 h after treatment; mean plasma LH concentration was lower in ewes treated with 0, 15 or 30 microg PTG kg(-1) than with 60 microg PTG kg(-1) (P < 0.01). Pregnancy status was not related to plasma concentrations or patterns of LH, oestradiol, progesterone or cortisol. Inflammatory mediators, such as PGF(2alpha), may act directly on the embryo or uterus in ewes treated with PTG.

Effects of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens in ewes: peptidoglycan as a potential mediator of interruption of early pregnancy

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan (PTG), which, among other actions, induces fever. The present experiment evaluated the effects of PTG treatment on early pregnancy and blood plasma concentrations of reproductive hormones. Ewes were injected i.v. with saline or 15, 30 or 60 microg kg(-1) sonicated PTG (Streptococcus pyogenes) on day 5 after mating. Each dose of PTG induced fever. Pregnancy rate at day 25 was not related to incidence of fever but tended to differ among treatments (control, 100%; low, 100%; medium, 67%; high, 60%; P < 0.08). Combined pregnancy rate in ewes from control and low dose groups (100%) was greater than that in ewes from medium and high dose groups (64%, P < 0.01). Ewes with high 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGFM) concentrations had lower pregnancy rates (6 of 10) than those with low concentrations of PGFM (11 of 11; P < 0.05). Mean cortisol concentrations were higher in treated (2.8 +/- 0.28 microg dl(-1)) than in control (1.1 +/- 0.03 microg dl(-1)) ewes (P < 0.01); the pattern of secretion was biphasic and increased in all treated ewes (P < 0.01). Neither means nor profiles of oestradiol differed with treatment. Mean concentrations and the pattern of concentrations of progesterone were reduced in all treated ewes, as indicated by the time by treatment and linear interaction with treatment (1.2 +/- 0.1 versus 1.6 +/- 0.1 ng ml(-1), P < 0.01). Patterns of LH pulses did not differ from 0 to 4 h or 24 to 28 h after treatment; mean plasma LH concentration was lower in ewes treated with 0, 15 or 30 microg PTG kg(-1) than with 60 microg PTG kg(-1) (P < 0.01). Pregnancy status was not related to plasma concentrations or patterns of LH, oestradiol, progesterone or cortisol. Inflammatory mediators, such as PGF(2alpha), may act directly on the embryo or uterus in ewes treated with PTG.

Cicatricial entropion associated with chronic dipivefrin application

PURPOSE

To report patients who presented to the oculoplastics department for repair of cicatrical entropion after topical use of dipivefrin. To discuss the possible mechanisms of action and highlight the potential detrimental effects of dipivefrin on palpebral conjunctiva.

METHODS

Retrospective consecutive noncomparative case series. Nine eyes from 6 patients, 74 years to 90 years of age, referred by ophthalmologists for repair of cicatricial entropion after at least 2 years of twice-a-day application of dipivefrin.

RESULTS

After cessation of topical dipivefrin application and successful surgical repair of entropion, no recurrence of signs or symptoms has been reported. Moderate lymphocytic infiltration of the substantia propria of the conjunctiva of both upper and lower lid specimens was present, as was scarring and keratinization of the epithelium.

CONCLUSIONS

Cicatrization in the substantia propria of the conjunctiva by excessive lymphocytic infiltration after topically administered antiglaucoma drugs including dipivefrin is a possible mechanism of action for entropion.

Primary Ewing sarcoma of the orbit

PURPOSE

To report the clinicopathologic features of a 17-year-old patient with primary Ewing sarcoma of the orbit.

METHODS

The patient was evaluated clinically before surgery with computed tomography scans of the orbit. After surgery, the patient was staged with computed tomography scans and bone scan and was treated with systemic chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the orbit. The orbital biopsy was evaluated with conventional light microscopy and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Clinical evaluation revealed proptosis and limited upgaze. Computed tomography scans disclosed a mass involving the superior orbit, anterior cranial fossa, and temporal fossa. Microscopic examination revealed small, poorly differentiated cells with medium-sized nuclei containing finely granular chromatin and small nucleoli. The cytoplasmic borders of the cells were indistinct. A PAS stain revealed modest glycogen in many of the tumor cells. The tumor stained positive for O-13 and vimentin and was negative for neural, skeletal, and lymphoid cell markers. Computed tomography scan, bone scan, and blood chemistries revealed no other site of involvement. After treatment, the clinical symptoms and signs resolved, and there has been no evidence of residual orbital tumor or metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Primary Ewing sarcoma of the orbit should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children or young adults with proptosis, diplopia, or periorbital swelling. Immunohistochemistry is essential to distinguish Ewing sarcoma from other small round cell tumors.

Ability of induced corpora lutea to maintain pregnancy in beef cows

Experiments were conducted in beef cows without a primary CL, in which pregnancy had been maintained with exogenous progestogen. In preliminary trials, replacement CL induced ipsilateral to the embryo and after, rather than before, d 36 of pregnancy, maintained more pregnancies after withdrawal of exogenous progestogen (13/13 vs 2/6; P < 0.05). In Exp. 1, in cows with replacement CL induced by treatment with hCG on d 28 of pregnancy, treatment with flunixin meglumine on d 31 through 37 did not increase maintenance of pregnancy. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate directly the effects of concentrations of PGF2alpha and estradiol-17beta during d 31 through 35 of pregnancy on maintenance of pregnancy by replacement CL induced between d 28 and 31. In cows that maintained pregnancy while progestogen was provided, maintenance of pregnancy after withdrawal of exogenous progestogen tended to be greater with high (5/5) than with low (2/6; P < 0.10) concentrations of PGF2alpha and greater with low (6/7) than with high (2/6; P = 0.10) concentrations of estradiol-17beta. Secretion of progesterone by replacement CL was greater (P < 0.05) in cows with high than in those with low concentrations of PGF2, during d 31 through 35. Prostaglandin F2alpha may facilitate attachment of the bovine embryo (d 30 to 40) in a manner similar to that reported for implantation in other species. Cows that did not form CL in response to hCG on d 28 to 31 responded well when retreated after d 36. Again, maintenance of pregnancy was greater when replacement CL were induced after (9/9) rather than before d 36 (8/16; P < 0.05).

Complications of laser resurfacing and their management

PURPOSE

To describe complications associated with laser resurfacing along with specific treatment recommendations.

METHODS

The authors' experiences with laser resurfacing complications are discussed in conjunction with a review of published reports. Current preoperative and postoperative regimens are also presented.

RESULTS

Postoperative erythema occurs in all patients and is considered a transient side effect, not a complication. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, scarring, wound infections, milia, ectropion, pain, acneiform eruptions, pruritus, and contact dermatitis are reported by multiple authors. Specific interventions combined with the passage of time allow most of these complications to resolve, leaving the patient with an acceptable final result.

CONCLUSIONS

Although laser resurfacing is a safe and effective method of facial rejuvenation, the cosmetic surgeon must be aware of the various complications that may be encountered. Prompt recognition of complications and appropriate management provide the best opportunity for an acceptable aesthetic outcome.

Surgical debulking of eyelid and anterior orbital plexiform neurofibromas by means of the carbon dioxide laser

PURPOSE

To present the carbon dioxide laser as an effective tool for surgical debulking of eyelid and orbital neurofibromas.

METHOD

Two patients with neurofibromatosis underwent surgical debulking of their eyelid and orbital plexiform neurofibromas by means of the carbon dioxide laser.

RESULTS

Acceptable cosmetic results were obtained with the removal of eyelid and orbital neurofibromas with improved hemostasis and minimal destruction of surrounding tissue when compared with conventional methods of removal.

CONCLUSIONS

The carbon dioxide laser may allow significant improvement in the removal of plexiform neurofibromas.

Secondary fractures of Le Fort I osteotomy

PURPOSE

To report the ophthalmic complications of Le Fort I osteotomy for the correction of dentofacial deformities and to determine the maximal compressive loads applied during pterygomaxillary separation in a cadaver model.

METHODS

Two cases of ophthalmic complications arising after Le Fort I osteotomy are reported. Le Fort I osteotomy was performed on five cadavers. The maximal compressive load applied during pterygomaxillary separation was recorded with a 10 kN (3,000 lbf) load cell of a MTS Mini-Bionix servo-hydraulic machine (MTS, Eden Prairie, MN, U.S.A.). A paired t test was used to compare forces applied to the right and left sides. Computed tomography scans of each specimen were obtained after Le Fort I osteotomy to document secondary fractures. The skulls were subsequently stained with 1% fuschin red to highlight secondary fractures.

RESULTS

Maximum compressive loads during pterygomaxillary separation ranged from 22 N (5.0 lbf) to 162 N (36.5 lbf), with an average of 106 N (23.8 lbf) (SD 47.6 N [10.7 lbf]). Forces applied on the first operative side were significantly greater than forces applied on the second operative side (p = 0.0034). Secondary fractures were found in three specimens by computed tomography and in two specimens by 1% fuschin red. All secondary fractures occurred on the second operative side.

CONCLUSION

Secondary fractures in the Le Fort I osteotomy procedures occurred on the side opposite the greater maximal compressive load and on the second operative side.

Levator aponeurosis disinsertion in congenital entropion of the upper eyelid

PURPOSE

To present a patient with congenital entropion of the upper eyelid caused by levator aponeurosis disinsertion.

METHODS

Case report.

RESULTS

Surgical correction of the levator aponeurosis disinsertion corrected the upper eyelid entropion.

CONCLUSIONS

Congenital upper eyelid entropion may be caused by levator aponeurosis disinsertion and treated effectively by repairing the anatomic defect.

Transconjunctival frontalis suspension: a clinical evaluation

PURPOSE

To determine the effectiveness of transconjunctival frontalis suspension in patients with blepharoptosis and poor levator function (eyelid excursion less then 5 mm).

METHODS

The medical records of 29 patients (50 ptotic eyelids) were reviewed.

RESULTS

Four patients (eight eyelids) had blepharophimosis syndrome, ten patients (27 eyelids) had congenital ptosis, seven patients (14 eyelids) had myogenic ptosis, and one patient (one eyelid) had neurogenic ptosis. Surgical results were good and complications were minimal during follow-up intervals ranging from six months to seven years.

CONCLUSIONS

Transconjunctival frontalis suspension is technically simpler than traditional external frontalis suspension and yields satisfactory functional and cosmetic results in patients with poor levator function.

Bilateral proptosis: an unusual presentation of fibrous dysplasia

Fibrous dysplasia is a benign, developmental bone disorder of unknown aetiology. With involvement of the facial bones, indications for surgical intervention include cosmetic deformity and/or progressive neurological dysfunction. We present the case of a 36-year-old female with bilateral orbital lesions whose initial presentation was that of progressive proptosis and visual loss. She underwent bilateral pterional craniotomies with gross total resection of her tumours. Review of the literature reveals several cases of unilateral orbital fibrous dysplasia. This appears to be the first reported case of distinct, bilateral orbital fibrous dysplasia.

Infection of a porous polyethylene orbital implant with Capnocytophaga

A 68-year-old woman experienced an infection of a porous polyethylene orbital implant caused by Capnocytophaga after a dental procedure. The infection was unresponsive to both topical and oral antibiotics and required removal of the porous polyethylene orbital implant. Capnocytophaga is a capnophilic, gram-negative bacillus. Capnocytophaga is a normal commensal of the mouth and is responsible for both gingivitis and periodontal disease. Capnocytophaga is a rare cause of ocular infections. This is the first reported patient with an infection of a porous polyethylene orbital implant caused by Capnocytophaga. The authors believe infected integrated orbital implants must be removed because neither topical or systemic therapy provide effective treatment.

Concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator and relaxin in normal and induced-cystic follicles of gilts

Manipulation of one ovary in prepubertal gilts treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) results in cysts on the manipulated ovary and corpora lutea (CL) on the non-manipulated (control) ovary. Because tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) might play a role in follicular rupture and because relaxin might increase tPA production, concentrations of tPA and relaxin in manipulated and control follicles were measured at different stages of development. Prepubertal gilts were treated with 1000 IU PMSG followed by 750 IU hCG at 72 hr later. Follicles on one ovary in each gilt were manipulated at laparotomy 48 hr after PMSG administration. Gilts were ovariectomized at 72, 90, 108, 114, 144, and 216 hr after PMSG. Concentrations of tPA and relaxin were determined for follicular fluid from follicles dissected free of ovarian stroma and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and media from follicles cultured for 48 hr. Relaxin did not differ between treatment groups (manipulated and control) at any time (P > 0.05); whereas, tPA was greater in control follicles at 114 hr after PMSG than in manipulated follicles (P < 0.01). The effect of pyrilamine, a histamine-1 receptor antagonist, on tPA concentrations was determined in manipulated and control follicles collected at 3, 12, 24, 42, and 66 hr after manipulation. Concentrations of tPA were similar in control and manipulated follicles for gilts treated with pyrilamine, but again control follicles had greater (P < 0.05) tPA concentrations at 114 hr after PMSG. Thus, tPA seems to be involved in ovulation, and blockage of ovulation and subsequent cyst formation results from inadequate tPA activity in manipulated follicles.

Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin disease with primary manifestation in the orbit

Hodgkin disease with primary manifestation in the orbit is extremely rare, and even when suspected can be very difficult to diagnose. Its clinical and histological presentation can be nearly impossible to differentiate from that of a benign inflammatory process, and it is necessary to utilize immunohistochemical techniques to confirm the diagnosis. This article focuses on a case of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin disease with initial manifestation in the orbit. A comparison of the clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical presentations associated with both Hodgkin disease and benign inflammation is discussed. A brief review of the immunohistochemistry specific for Hodgkin disease is also provided.

A modified surgical technique in the treatment of facial nerve palsies

The ophthalmic complications associated with facial nerve palsy present a challenging problem to the treating ophthalmologist. Over the last hundred years, a wide variety of techniques have been used to rehabilitate patients with facial nerve palsy. Each of these techniques is associated with unique complications. We describe a significantly modified surgical technique for the rehabilitation of patients with facial nerve palsy that has not, to our knowledge, previously appeared in the literature.

LeFort I orbitotomy: a new approach to the inferonasal orbital apex

Numerous approaches to the orbit have been elegantly described in the literature. One area of the orbit that remains difficult to approach with standard techniques is the inferonasal apex. We describe a new surgical procedure we have termed the LeFort I orbitotomy. The technique involves creation of a LeFort I osteotomy to separate the maxilla from the zygoma and nose bilaterally. The posterior inferomedial orbital bone is then removed and the periorbita opened. This approach allows a more direct, less tangential view to this area of the orbit than does a Caldwell-Luc approach. Wider access for tumor manipulation is gained than would be possible with a transnasal endoscopic approach. An illustrative case report is presented.

Histopathologic changes of the eyelid skin following trichloroacetic acid chemical peel

The use of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as a periorbital and eyelid peel for skin rejuvenation is gaining significant acceptance among oculoplastic surgeons, dermatologists, and other surgery groups. In spite of the current enthusiasm, there remain potentially serious complications resulting from any periorbital peel. Cases of cicatricial ectropion have been reported in phenol-peeled patients, and lower eyelid ectropion has reportedly occurred in patients undergoing deep eyelid peel in conjunction with a blepharoplasty (1,2). To avoid this complication, it is necessary to better understand the depth of the wound produced by different strengths and combinations of peeling agents applied to living eyelid tissue and, more important, to determine the concentrations of TCA that are likely to lead to cicatricial ectropion when applied in a consistent fashion. We chose upper-eyelid skin because it is easier to obtain for histopathologic study than lower-eyelid skin and, in our experience, is more sensitive to hypertrophic changes after chemical peeling or carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. We applied TCA to the preseptal skin of 10 patients 48 h before standard upper-eyelid blepharoplasty. The acid was applied to produce a "frost," using varying concentrations of acid, ranging from 20 to 50%. The treated skin removed at the time of blepharoplasty was reviewed in a masked fashion by a dermatopathologist to determine the depth of necrosis. We found that superficial peels with necrosis involving 30% of the epidermis were produced by the lowest-concentration combination of TCA applied (20% followed by 0%). As the strength increased, so did the depth of peel. The combination of 50% followed by a second application of 50% produced the deepest peel, with necrosis into the papillary dermis. This finding would indicate that the chance of developing cicatricial ectropion with any of the tested combinations of TCA should be very remote.

Cementifying fibroma presenting as proptosis

Cementifying fibromas are rare fibro-osseous tumors that arise from the periodontal ligament. These tumors are usually small, asymptomatic lesions noted on routine dental radiography, but they can develop into aggressive, expansile masses. The authors report the case of a 12-year-old boy with a tumor involving the maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses that extended to the right orbit, causing proptosis and disfigurement of the right side of his face. Removal of the tumor with facial reconstruction resulted in significant improvement of vision, despite long-standing disc edema and tension on the optic nerve. On histopathologic examination the lesion was found to be a cementifying fibroma.

Relationships of hormonal patterns and fertility to occurrence of two or three waves of ovarian follicles, before and after breeding, in beef cows and heifers

Ovarian follicular waves were characterized before and after breeding in 52 lactating beef cows and 16 heifers. Effects of two (2 W) or three (3 W) waves of follicular development and associated patterns of concentrations of steroids in jugular serum on pregnancy rate were examined. Animals were observed for oestrus (= day 0) twice daily and inseminated artificially at second oestrus. Follicular development was monitored by ultrasonography and jugular blood samples were collected simultaneously on alternate days from day 6 after first oestrus until ovulation after the second oestrus and from day 6 after second oestrus (insemination) until next ovulation or day 24 of pregnancy. Pregnancy was determined by ultrasonography at 25 days after insemination. From individual patterns of growth or regression of the largest follicles, more of the 59 animals with oestrous cycles of 17 to 25 days had 2 W (51, 86%) than 3 W (8, 14%) during the oestrous cycle before breeding (P < 0.01). Cycles averaged 1.1 days longer (P < 0.10) and corpora lutea regressed later (P < 0.01) in animals with 3 W vs. those with 2 W, but mean oestradiol between 7 and 2 days before second oestrus (3.7 +/- 0.3 pg ml-1) did not differ between cycles with 2 W or 3 W. Ovulatory follicles in animals with 2 W differed from those with 3 W (P < 0.05) in day of detection (12.3 +/- 0.3 vs 16.5 +/- 0.5), growth rate (1.0 +/- 0.1 vs 1.5 +/- 0.1 mm day-1), interval from detection to ovulation (9.3 +/- 0.3 vs 6.3 +/- 0.7 days) and duration of dominance (4.0 +/- 0.2 vs 2.1 +/- 0.6 days). Pregnancy rates, 82% in cows with 2 W and 100% in cows with 3 W, did not differ (P > 0.05). During the period equivalent to an oestrous cycle after breeding, 29 (49%) of the 59 animals had 2 W and 30 (51%) had 3 W. Fewer animals with 2 W than 3 W after breeding became pregnant (16/23, 70% vs 26/27, 96%; P < 0.05), but patterns of concentrations of progesterone on days 6 through 14 or mean oestradiol on day 14 (2.6 +/- 0.2 pg ml-1) did not differ. In conclusion, fewer animals had 3 W than 2 W before breeding and fertility did not differ. During the equivalent of one oestrous cycle after breeding, approximately equal numbers of animals had 2 W or 3 W and fertility was greater for animals with 3 W.

Visual hallucinations after enucleation

Visual phenomena are frequently reported in patients after ocular trauma, surgery or progressive visual degeneration. In particular, hallucinations are often seen by patients following enucleation. Whereas these visions can be verbally described to the physician, they can never actually be seen. This article focuses on the case of a female artist who experienced visual hallucinations after enucleation of her dominant right eye. In addition to her verbal descriptions, she was able to express these hallucinations visually on canvas. Her case offers insight to caregivers about the nature of visual hallucinations in patients with similar experiences. A review of the general characteristics and etiologies of such visual phenomena is also included.

Coordinate developmental expression of genes regulating sterol economy and cholesterol side-chain cleavage in the porcine ovary

To investigate the coordinate developmental expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) enzyme messages throughout the pig estrous cycle, RNase protection analysis was performed using homologous (partially cloned) porcine sequences. Total RNA was isolated from ovarian tissues from unstimulated prepubertal gilts and gilts stimulated with eCG (Day -3) and hCG (Day 0) to induce follicular growth and ovulation. Specific transcripts (relative to 18S rRNA) were quantified in immature ovaries, preovulatory follicles (> or = 5 mm), corpora lutea (CL), and corpora albicantia. As an index of steroidogenesis, tissue progesterone content (per microgram protein) was low in the unstimulated ovary and preovulatory follicles, and it began to increase 4 days post-hCG, peaked at 12 days, and returned to preovulatory concentrations by 20 days post-hCG. HMG-CoA reductase mRNA was expressed at low levels and did not change significantly throughout the estrous cycle. The amount of LDL receptor mRNA increased approximately 6-fold after eCG stimulation and was expressed at similar concentrations in both preovulatory follicles and functional CL. Expression of SCP2 mRNA did not differ among the four tissue types but tended to be highest in midcycle (Day 12) CL compared other stages of CL (p = 0.007). StAR mRNA expression was minimal in unstimulated ovaries, was higher in preovulatory follicles (p = 0.014), and then rose again in CL (p = 0.009 compared with unstimulated ovary). P450scc mRNA concentrations were low in unstimulated ovaries, increased in preovulatory follicles (p = 0.044), and increased further in CL (p = 0.001 compared with preovulatory follicles). P450scc and StAR mRNA levels correlated with progesterone levels (r = +0.37, p = 0.025, and r = +0.71, p < 0.001, respectively). The expression of LDL receptor, StAR, and P450scc messages showed a dramatic decline by Day 20 post-hCG (p = 0.002, p = 0.003, p = 0.006, respectively, compared with CL) corresponding with functional regression of the CL. In summary, P450scc and StAR message expression are coordinately amplified during the pig follicular and luteal phase, whereas LDL receptor message after an initial increase is expressed at constitutively high levels, thus indicating a differential regulation of ovarian sterol-metabolizing genes during the steroidogenic life of the follicle and CL.

The bubble test: an atraumatic method for canalicular laceration repair

Canalicular lacerations need to be correctly identified before surgical repair. Methods to find the medial cut end are numerous. With the use of direct sight or the bubble test or both, the identification and repair of the medial cut end of the lacerated canaliculus should be achievable in the majority of cases.

Effect of peripheral concentrations of progesterone on follicular growth and fertility in ewes

The effects of progesterone (P4) on follicular growth and fertility in ewes were examined. In Experiment 1, 22 ewes received either one or three packets of P4 (5 g/packet) or an empty packet subcutaneously (sc) from Days 5 to 15 of the estrous cycle (estrus = Day 0). On Day 6, P4-treated ewes received 12.5 mg of prostaglandin F2 alpha. Follicles > or = 3 mm in diameter were observed via transrectal ultrasonography daily from Day 4 through estrus, corpora lutea (CL) were observed 5 to 7 d after estrus. Ewes with low (LOW; < or = 1 ng/ml; n = 5), intermediate (MED; >1 and <2 ng/ml; n = 10), or normal (NOR; > or =2 ng/ml; n = 7) P4 in jugular plasma on Days 7 through 15 differed in follicular development. The largest follicle at estrus was larger in ewes with LOW vs. MED and NOR P4 (7.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 6.9 +/- 0.2 mm; P < 0.05). Treatments differed in proportions of multiple-ovulating ewes, in which the oldest ovulatory follicle was first observed before Day 10 (LOW: 3 of 3, MED: 6 of 10, NOR: 0 of 5, respectively; P < 0.05). Estradiol was higher early in the treatment period in LOW ewes than in MED and NOR ewes (day x treatment; P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, ewes received 5 mg of P4 in corn oil (low progesterone [LP]; n = 51) or 2 ml of corn oil (CON; n = 49) sc every 12 hr on Days 6 through 14 of the estrous cycle before mating. LP ewes received 15 mg of prostaglandin F2 alpha on Day 6. Mean serum P4 on Days 7 through 15 was 0.6 +/- 0.1 ng/ml in LP and 1.9 +/- 0.1 ng/ml in CON ewes. Eleven LP and 12 CON ewes were scanned daily from Day 4 through mating, and in all ewes (n = 93), CL were counted 10 d after mating and embryos were counted at 25, 40, and 60 d of gestation. In multiple-ovulating ewes, day of cycle of appearance was earlier for the oldest (Day 6.1 +/- 0.8 vs. 10.4 +/- 0.8) but not second oldest (Day 11.7 +/- 1.0 vs. 12.2 +/- 0.9) ovulatory follicles in LP compared with CON ewes. The conception rate was lower in LP (72%) than in CON ewes (98%; P < 0.01). However, numbers of CL 10 d after mating, and in pregnant ewes, numbers of embryos 25 d after mating and lambs born, did not differ with treatment. In summary, low P4 increased the size of the largest follicles and the age of the oldest ovulatory follicles. Embryos resulting from the ovulation of older and younger follicles in the same ewe did not differ in their ability to survive.

Surgical repair of the silent sinus syndrome

Spontaneous enophthalamos and hypoglobus associated with the silent sinus syndrome are disfiguring for the patient and create functional problems, such as lagophthalmos and audible clicking while blinking. We describe a surgical technique that was used to successfully treat two patients with this disorder of maxillary sinus hypoplasia and orbital floor resorption. Two patients underwent transconjunctival exploration of the involved orbital floor with simultaneous Caldwell-Luc procedure. The floor was elevated by packing the maxillary sinus, and the remainder of the orbital soft-tissue volume disparity was filled with either autogenous nasal septal cartilage or banked irradiated costochondral cartilage. Both patients had uncomplicated, complete resolution of their functional problems and cosmetic disfigurement. These patients remained clinically stable for a 1-year follow-up period. This technique appears to be a safe and effective means to correct the functional and cosmetic abnormalities associated with the silent sinus syndrome.

A study of the effects of an inclusion model on students with specific learning disabilities

The effects of an inclusion program in Grades 2 to 5 were examined in a three-part study focusing, respectively, on the academic and affective outcomes of fifth-grade students who were normally achieving (NA) or showed specific learning disabilities (SLD); teacher and parent perceptions of SLD and NA students' growth in an inclusion context for Grades 2 to 4; and an analysis of anecdotal records. Findings suggested that students with SLD made some academic and affective gains at a pace comparable to that of NA students; parent and teacher surveys indicated improved self-esteem in students with SLD, and, in some cases, improved motivation. Anecdotal data suggested reduced stigma for students with SLD.

Day of estrous cycle affects follicular dynamics after induced luteolysis in ewes

Effects of day of estrous cycle and induced luteal regression on follicular dynamics in ewes were examined. In Exp. 1, ewes received PGF2 alpha (i.m.) on d 5, 8, or 11 after estrus (d 0) or saline on d 14 (n = 27, 27, 31, and 29, respectively). Ewes were laparotomized before treatment and again 48 h after induced estrus to record numbers, sizes, and locations of follicles > or = 2 mm and corpora lutea (CL). The two largest follicles (designated F1 and F2) and any of equal size (F1.5 and F2.5) were marked with India ink in stroma around the follicle. Ewes treated on d 8 ovulated fewer F1 and F1.5 (39%) than ewes treated on d 5 (69%; P < .05); d 11 (51%) and 14 (56%) were intermediate. In Exp. 2, ewes received PGF2 alpha on d 5 or 8 (n = 15/d). Ovaries were examined with transrectal ultrasonography daily from 4 d before PGF2 alpha until ovulation, and on d 5 and 8 after ovulation. Diameters, locations, and ranks (at time of PGF2 alpha) of follicles > or = 2 mm and CL were recorded. Ewes treated on d 8 ovulated fewer F1 and F1.5 (35%) than ewes treated on d 5 (86%; P < .05). Ovulatory follicles at time of PGF2 alpha were larger on d 5 (4.7 +/- .2 mm) than on d 8 (4.0 +/- .2 mm; P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Superficial temporal-artery aneurysm

We report finding at surgery a histopathologically-confirmed superficial temporal-artery aneurysm. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this type of aneurysm in the ophthalmic literature. The ophthalmologist must include this condition in the differential diagnosis of a pulsatile and tender temporal artery, especially when a history of trauma is present.

The silent sinus syndrome. A cause of spontaneous enophthalmos

PURPOSE

Spontaneous enophthalmos and hypoglobus, in the absence of other symptoms and unrelated to trauma or surgery, may be alarming to both physician and patient. The authors describe the clinicopathologic features of a benign syndrome ("silent sinus syndrome") with this constellation of features and discuss the possible pathophysiology.

METHODS

A multicenter retrospective search for similar clinical cases was performed. All clinical records, computed tomographs, and pathology reports for each case were reviewed at one center. A literature search for similar cases also was conducted.

RESULTS

Nineteen cases of a new syndrome are presented. This syndrome affects individuals at approximately the fourth decade of life (average age, 36 years; range, 29-46 years); is characterized by bone resorption and remodeling of the orbital floor due to otherwise asymptomatic maxillary sinus disease; is associated with ipsilateral maxillary sinus hypoplasia; and is not fully explained by any previously described, classic cystic lesion of the maxillary antrum.

CONCLUSION

Enophthalmos and hypoglobus unassociated with prior trauma, surgery, or other symptoms may represent "silent sinus syndrome," which is ipsilateral maxillary sinus hypoplasia and orbital floor resorption.

Ovarian structures during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in ewes

The development of ovarian follicular and luteal structures during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in ewes was examined. Ewes were treated with prostaglandin F2 alpha to induce estrus; they were placed with either two fertile or two vasectomized rams and observed for estrus twice daily. Beginning at estrus (Day 0), ovaries were scanned for CL and for follicles > or = 2 mm by transrectal ultrasonography daily for the first 25 days of pregnancy (PREG, n = 17 ewes) or until Day 8 of the second estrous cycle (CYC, n = 15 ewes). Jugular blood samples were collected at ultrasonography and on Days 30, 35, and 40 of gestation for RIA of progesterone and estradiol-17 beta. Total follicles (17.6 +/- 1.3), number of follicles > or = 4 mm in diameter (11.3 +/- 0.6), and number of follicles that became the largest during the first 16 days of pregnancy or the first estrous cycle (4.9 +/- 0.3) did not differ between PREG and CYC ewes. Number of newly detected follicles each day and difference in mean diameter between the largest two follicles and all other follicles were similar between PREG and CYC ewes until luteal regression. At that time, difference in diameter between the largest two follicles and all other follicles increased in CYC ewes in parallel with estradiol-17 beta in serum. Mean concentrations of progesterone in serum were higher in PREG than in CYC ewes (2.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.1 ng/ml; p < 0.05) before onset of luteal regression, but mean areas of CL did not differ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Influence of the corpus luteum of pregnancy on ovarian function in postpartum ewes

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the corpus luteum (CL) of pregnancy and(or) the previously gravid uterine horn (g-UH) on the incidence and site of ovulation and the duration of luteal function in postpartum (PP) ewes. Ewes were laparotomized at d 60 to 80 of gestation and assigned to one of four groups: 1) single g-UH, CL left intact (SI, n = 35); 2) single g-UH, CL removed (SR, n = 30); 3) twin g-UH, CL on both ovaries left intact (TI, n = 21); and 4) twin g-UH, CL removed from one ovary (TR, n = 32). On d 20 PP, the number of follicles on each ovary was determined at laparoscopy, and ewes received (i.m.) 750 IU of hCG. Ovarian structures were determined at laparoscopy on d 24 PP. Blood samples were collected daily from d 20 to 40 PP and assayed for progesterone. more follicles (P < .05) were observed at laparoscopy on d 20 PP in SI/TI than in SR/TR groups (8.4 vs 6.0, respectively; SE = .4). Overall, 52% of the ewes had visible CL 4 d after hCG, and 73% of the ewes had elevated levels of progesterone by 7 d after hCG. The number of g-UH (S vs T) or status of the CL (I vs R) did not affect these responses. For SR ewes with hCG-induced CL on a single ovary, the incidence of CL formation on the ovary adjacent to g-UH was less (P < .05) than that for SI ewes (0 vs 57, respectively). Removal of the CL from S ewes, but not from T ewes, reduced follicular development and ovulation in response to hCG. Perhaps there is a positive systemic effect of the CL of pregnancy on postpartum ovarian function in ewes.

Factors contributing to the formation of experimentally-induced ovarian cysts in prepubertal gilts

Manipulation of an ovary during the follicular phase in cycling gilts or prepubertal gilts treated with PMSG and hCG results in formation of cysts on manipulated ovaries and corpora lutea (CL) of normal appearance on nonmanipulated ovaries. In contrast, cysts did not form after manipulation in luteal phase gilts. In the present experiment, daily administration of 50 mg progesterone to prepubertal gilts treated with PMSG and hCG established luteal phase concentrations of progesterone but did not lessen the incidence of manipulated-induced cysts. Number of cysts formed was associated with the number of follicles > or = 5 mm at manipulation, which was inversely related to serum concentrations of progesterone. Number of receptors for LH/hCG in follicular tissues did not differ between manipulated and nonmanipulated ovaries but was greater in granulosa (P < .05) and theca (P < .08) from follicles with diameters > or = 7 mm compared to 5 and 6 mm. Contents of estradiol, androstenedione, testosterone, progesterone and prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha in follicular fluid, granulosa and theca were not different between follicles > or = 5 mm destined to form cysts. Profiles of progesterone and estradiol in peripheral serum and duration of luteal phase concentrations of progesterone were not different for gilts with induced cysts and gilts with CL. In conclusion, manipulation of follicles resulted in a failure to ovulate. Subsequent formation of cysts did not result from or result in a loss of steroidogenic function or the ability to bind LH to follicular receptors. These results demonstrate that the mechanism for ovulation is independent of other follicular processes, since ovulation can be disrupted without altering follicular steriodogenesis or subsequent luteinization.

Eyelid anatomy

BACKGROUND

The following anatomic information concerning the complex structure of the eyelids is distilled from gross and histologic study as well as surgical experience.

OBJECTIVE

Our aim is to familiarize the reader with eyelid anatomy.

CONCLUSION

Appropriate shape, contour, height and mobility of the lids are essential to adequate protection and function of the eyes as well as overall appearance. A thorough understanding of eyelid anatomy is therefore necessary to achieve optimal surgical results. For the purpose of this discussion the eyelids can be divided into the following structural planes: 1) skin and subcutaneous tissue; 2) orbicularis muscle and submuscular fibroadipose layer; 3) orbital septum; 4) preaponeurotic fat; 5) eyelid retractors; and 6) the tarsi and conjunctiva.

Effect of a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor on in vitro and in vivo secretion of estradiol and on the estrous cycle in ewes

Three experiments were performed to study effects of decreased concentrations of estradiol-17 beta (E2) on lifespan and function of ensuing ovine corpora lutea (CL). In experiment 1, 52 follicles were collected from 10 ewes and placed into individual culture with 0 or .01 microCi 3H-androstenedione (10 ng; 3H-A) and 0, 10(-11), 10(-9), 10(-7), or 10(-5) M of a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, CGS16949A (CGS). Concentrations of E2 secreted into the medium, and synthesis of estrogens as estimated by formation of 3H-water from 3H-A were decreased by 10(-5) and 10(-7) (P < .01), but not 10(-9) or 10(-11) M CGS. In experiment 2, luteolysis was induced in 24 ewes by injection of PGF2 alpha on days 5 to 10 of the estrous cycle (0 hr). Ewes received 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mg CGS per kg BW i.v. at -12, 0, 12 and 24 hr, and an ovulatory dose of hCG at 36 hr. Jugular (P < .001) and vena caval (P < .001) concentrations of E2 were decreased by CGS at all doses tested for 8 to 10 hr, but had returned to levels similar to control ewes by the time of the next injection. Concentrations of E2 around the time of the LH surge were similar in control and treated ewes. During the subsequent luteal phase, concentrations of progesterone (P4) were similar in control and treated ewes. Thus, transient decreases in E2 during the follicular phase were not deleterious to the subsequent luteal phase. In experiment 3, luteolysis was induced in 18 ewes by injection of PGF2 alpha on days 6 or 7 (0 hr) of the estrous cycle. Ewes received 0 or 1 mg CGS per kg BW i.v. every 8 hr from 0 to 40 hr. Ovulation was induced with hCG at 36 hr. CGS reduced jugular (P < .001) and vena caval (P < .001) concentrations of E2, prevented an endogenous surge of LH (P < .05) and increased (P < .001) concentrations of FSH. All ewes had ovulated a marked follicle by 72 hr, but onset of the luteal phase, as assessed by concentrations of P4, was delayed (P < .01) in ewes receiving CGS. Delayed luteal phases were not solely attributable to the presence of new CL or to luteinization of follicular cysts. When data were aligned according to the day ewes were observed in estrus, profiles of P4 did not differ with treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Transconjunctival frontalis suspension (TCFS)

We have devised a frontalis suspension technique originally described in an article entitled, "Transconjunctival frontalis suspension for blepharoptosis" (Trans Am Acad Ophthal Otolaryngol 83:684-92), by Swan and Tongue in 1977. This modified transconjunctival frontalis suspension (TCFS) procedure is described. It has been used at the Oregon Health Sciences University in its original or modified form since 1970. To better understand how this procedure successfully corrects blepharoptosis in patients with poor levator function, a study was undertaken to discern the anatomic relationship of the suspension material to important ocular adnexal structures. The findings are based on gross anatomic dissection and histologic examination of a cadaver eyelid after postmortem transconjunctival fascia lata frontalis suspension. The distal, horizontal limb of the fascia suspends the central portion of the levator aponeurosis in a hammock-type fashion. The two vertical limbs pierce the aponeurosis at the level of Whitnall's ligament and incorporate this ligament. The fascia then exits the orbit through the orbital septum near the arcus marginalis and is incorporated into the frontalis muscle near the junction of the medial one-third and lateral two-thirds of the brow, temporal to the supraorbital neurovascular bundle. This anatomic location is not only relatively easily and safely attained, but also maximizes the principles of more traditional frontalis suspensions while minimizing the effort and surgical manipulation.

Gonadotropin concentrations, follicular development, and luteal function in pituitary stalk-transfected ewes treated with bovine follicular fluid

Two experiments, each arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial, were conducted in ewes to examine direct effects of bovine follicular fluid (bFF) on follicular development and luteal function and to further characterize follicular development and luteal function after pituitary stalk transection (SS). In Exp. 1, ewes were sham-operated or SS on d 6 of an estrous cycle and received 5 ml of saline or bFF three times daily on d 5 through 11 of the same cycle. In Exp. 2, all ewes were SS on d 6 of an estrous cycle and treated with saline or bFF three times daily on d 5 through 11 and with ovine FSH (60 micrograms; NIADDK-oFSH-16) or saline (1.2 ml) from d 7 to 11. In Exp. 2, ewes were ovariectomized on d 11 to assess effects of treatments on follicular development and luteal function. In both experiments, concentrations (ng/ml) of FSH on d 7 were suppressed (P less than or equal to .005) by bFF compared with saline (.50 +/- .17 vs 1.63 +/- .15) and remained suppressed (P less than or equal to .005) through d 11 (.46 +/- .12 vs 1.54 +/- .12). Replacement therapy (oFSH) restored concentrations of FSH. Concentrations of LH were not affected by bFF but were elevated (P less than or equal to .05) 1 d after SS (d 7; .88 +/- .09 vs .56 +/- .09) and remained elevated (P less than or equal to .05; 1.31 +/- .20 vs .65 +/- .11) from d 6 through 11. Concentrations of progesterone were unaffected by SS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of breed, age of donor and dosage of follicle stimulating hormone on the superovulatory response of beef cows

Data were obtained on 1039 recoveries of embryos from beef cows of four breeds at two locations, in clinic and on farm. General linear models procedures were utilized to determine the effects of breed, location, age of donor, dosage of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the interaction of age and FSH on the following dependent variables: 1) the mean number of ova (unfertilized oocytes and embryos) recovered; 2) the mean number and percentage of embryos (fertilized; live and dead) recovered; and 3) the mean number and percentage of transferable embryos recovered. The interaction of age of donor and dosage of FSH with breed and location prevented the pooling of data over breed and location. The mean number of ova recovered was affected by age of the donor (Charolais-in clinic), or the interaction between age of donor and dosage of FSH (Polled Hereford-in clinic and -on farm and Simmental -on farm). The mean number of embryos was affected by age of donor (Polled Hereford-in clinic), dosage of FSH (Simmental-in clinic) or their interaction (Angus-on farm). The mean number of transferable embryos was affected by age of donor (Polled Hereford-in clinic and -on farm, Simmental-in clinic and Angus-on farm). General linear models procedures were utilized to determine the effects of the embryo (stage of development and quality) and the recipient (synchrony with the donor) on the rate of pregnancy. Rate of pregnancy varied with embryo quality score and synchrony of the recipient and the embryo. In conclusion, the superovulatory response was found to be highly breed-specific, and most of the variability in embryos produced was attributed to the number of ova recovered. However, the number of ova, embryos and transferable embryos recovered was further influenced by age of the donor, dosage of FSH or their interaction.

Catheterization of the caudal vena cava via the lateral saphenous vein in the ewe, cow, and gilt: an alternative to utero-ovarian and medial coccygeal vein catheters

Current methods for obtaining venous blood from the reproductive organs of livestock often have a low rate of success or involve intensive surgical procedures that may impair ovarian function. Therefore, the caudal vena cava was catheterized via the lateral saphenous vein to determine the feasibility of using this method for chronic sampling of blood draining from the reproductive organs of ewes (n = 6), cows (n = 6), and gilts (n = 7). Blood samples were collected at 2-cm (ewes and gilts) or 5-cm (cows) intervals during insertion of catheters. Correct placement, defined as the position at which plasma concentrations of progesterone or estrogen were at least threefold greater than in jugular venous plasma, varied among species and among animals within species. It seemed, however, that a majority of catheters would be placed correctly if secured at 48 to 52 cm in ewes, 52 cm in gilts, and 90 to 100 cm in cows. Saphenous vein catheters were secured for sequential sampling of vena caval blood during the follicular phase of ewes (n = 25), cows (n = 4), and gilts (n = 5). Catheters remained patent for the duration of sampling in all individuals. Concentrations of estrogen in jugular and vena caval plasma were correlated (ewe P less than .0003; cow P less than .0001; gilt P less than .0001). Profiles of progesterone and estrogen revealed an episodic pattern of secretion in vena caval but not jugular plasma. Catheterization of the vena cava via the saphenous vein is a relatively simple and noninvasive method for obtaining blood containing uterine and ovarian hormones before their metabolism.

Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin on secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin in ovariectomized, pituitary stalk-transected ewes

Two experiments were conducted in ovariectomized, pituitary stalk-transected ewes to determine if dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) or serotonin (5-HT) alter secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL). In experiment 1, ewes were infused (iv) with saline (control), DA (66 micrograms/kg/min), NE (6.6 micrograms/kg/min) or 5-HT (6.6 micrograms/kg/min). Treatments did not alter pulse frequency, but 5-HT increased (P less than .05) amplitude of pulses of LH and mean concentrations of LH, DA and NE were without effect on basal secretion of LH. DA but not NE or 5-HT decreased (P less than .05) the release of LH in response to gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH, 25 micrograms, im). Concentrations of FSH were not affected by treatments. Secretion of PRL was reduced (P less than .05) by treatment with DA and NE but not 5-HT. Each amine reduced (P less than .05) the release of PRL in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 3 micrograms, im). In experiment 2, ewes were given DA at doses of 0, 0.66, 6.6 or 66.0 micrograms/kg/min, iv. No dose altered basal LH, but each dose reduced (P less than .05) basal and TRH-induced release of PRL. Key findings from these studies include direct pituitary action for: (1) 5-HT enhanced basal secretion of LH, (2) suppression of GnRH-induced secretion of LH by DA. (3) DA and NE inhibition of PRL secretion, and (4) DA, NE and 5-HT inhibition of release of PRL in response to TRH.

Effects of limited suckling and varying prepartum nutrition on postpartum reproductive traits of milked buffaloes

Effects of supplemental prepartum feeding and limited suckling on postpartum reproductive performance of milked Nili-Ravi water buffaloes were examined in two 2 x 2 factorial experiments. Prepartum feeding was either moderate (metabolizable energy = 32 Mcal/d) or high (46 Mcal/d) in Experiment 1 and high (46 Mcal/d) or very high (51 Mcal/d) in Experiment 2. Nutritional treatment was initiated about 75 d prior to calving and stopped at parturition. Half of the buffaloes were suckled by their calves twice daily (2 min at each milking) until second estrus. Prepartum feeding did not influence any trait measured in either experiment. Postpartum intervals to uterine involution, resumption of follicular development, first rise in milk progesterone, first palpable corpus luteum, and first estrus were longer for limited-suckled buffaloes than for those that were only milked. Most buffaloes (86%) showed at least one short luteal phase (8 to 13 d) before first estrus. Number of rises of progesterone before first estrus was greater for limited- suckled buffaloes in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 1. Luteal activity after first estrus (15 to 19 d) and pregnancy rate to insemination at second estrus (average 50%) did not differ with limited suckling. In conclusion, postpartum anestrus of water buffaloes can be shortened by weaning calves at birth, regardless of supplemental feeding prepartum.

Formation of ovarian follicular cysts and corpora lutea after treatment with antihistamine or indomethacin in prepubertal gilts

Roles of histamine and prostaglandins in the induction of ovarian cysts after unilateral ovarian manipulation (MAN) and in the process of ovulation were evaluated in prepubertal gilts treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Administration of pyrilamine maleate, an H1 receptor antagonist, before MAN or hCG injection reduced the number of cysts formed but did not alter ovulation rate. Administration of cimetidine, an H2 receptor antagonist, failed to alter the incidence, number, or diameters of cysts formed in response to MAN or the ovulation rate on non-MAN ovaries. Administration of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, before MAN or hCG injection did not alter the incidence, number, or diameters of cysts formed on MAN ovaries but reduced the number of corpora lutea on non-MAN ovaries. Excessive accumulation of fluid in ovarian cysts apparently was mediated by histamine interacting with the H1-type receptor. Enhanced secretion of prostaglandins produced by the cyclooxygenase pathway did not contribute to development of ovarian cysts but, unlike histamine, was required for formation of corpora lutea in prepubertal gilts treated with PMSG and hCG.