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Beck TC, Arhontoulis DC, Morningstar JE, Hyams N, Stoddard A, Springs K, Mukherjee R, Helke K, Guo L, Moore K, Gensemer C, Biggs R, Petrucci T, Kwon J, Stayer K, Koren N, Harvey A, Holman H, Dunne J, Fulmer D, Vohra A, Mai L, Dooley S, Weninger J, Vaena S, Romeo M, Muise-Helmericks RC, Mei Y, Norris RA. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of MEK1 Inhibitor-Induced Cardiotoxicity. JACC CardioOncol 2022; 4:535-548. [PMID: 36444237 PMCID: PMC9700254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trametinib is a MEK1 (mitogen-activated extracellular signal-related kinase kinase 1) inhibitor used in the treatment of BRAF (rapid accelerated fibrosarcoma B-type)-mutated metastatic melanoma. Roughly 11% of patients develop cardiomyopathy following long-term trametinib exposure. Although described clinically, the molecular landscape of trametinib cardiotoxicity has not been characterized. Objectives The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that trametinib promotes widespread transcriptomic and cellular changes consistent with oxidative stress and impairs cardiac function. Methods Mice were treated with trametinib (1 mg/kg/d). Echocardiography was performed pre- and post-treatment. Gross, histopathologic, and biochemical assessments were performed to probe for molecular and cellular changes. Human cardiac organoids were used as an in vitro measurement of cardiotoxicity and recovery. Results Long-term administration of trametinib was associated with significant reductions in survival and left ventricular ejection fraction. Histologic analyses of the heart revealed myocardial vacuolization and calcification in 28% of animals. Bulk RNA sequencing identified 435 differentially expressed genes and 116 differential signaling pathways following trametinib treatment. Upstream gene analysis predicted interleukin-6 as a regulator of 17 relevant differentially expressed genes, suggestive of PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT activation, which was subsequently validated. Trametinib hearts displayed elevated markers of oxidative stress, myofibrillar degeneration, an 11-fold down-regulation of the apelin receptor, and connexin-43 mislocalization. To confirm the direct cardiotoxic effects of trametinib, human cardiac organoids were treated for 6 days, followed by a 6-day media-only recovery. Trametinib-treated organoids exhibited reductions in diameter and contractility, followed by partial recovery with removal of treatment. Conclusions These data describe pathologic changes observed in trametinib cardiotoxicity, supporting the exploration of drug holidays and alternative pharmacologic strategies for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C. Beck
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Dimitrios C. Arhontoulis
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jordan E. Morningstar
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nathaniel Hyams
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Stoddard
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kendra Springs
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rupak Mukherjee
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kris Helke
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lilong Guo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kelsey Moore
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Cortney Gensemer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Biggs
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Taylor Petrucci
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jennie Kwon
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kristina Stayer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Natalie Koren
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Harvey
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Heather Holman
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jaclyn Dunne
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Diana Fulmer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ayesha Vohra
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Le Mai
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Dooley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Julianna Weninger
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Silvia Vaena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Martin Romeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Robin C. Muise-Helmericks
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ying Mei
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Russell A. Norris
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Beck T, Morningstar J, Arhontoulis D, Guo L, Cortney G, Biggs R, Moore K, Koren N, Petrucci T, Mukherjee R, Helke K, Vaena S, Romeo M, Norris R. 575 Molecular characterization of trametinib-induced cardiotoxicity. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Beck TC, Springs K, Morningstar JE, Mills C, Stoddard A, Guo L, Moore K, Gensemer C, Biggs R, Petrucci T, Kwon J, Stayer K, Koren N, Dunne J, Fulmer D, Vohra A, Mai L, Dooley S, Weninger J, Peterson Y, Woster P, Dix TA, Norris RA. Application of Pharmacokinetic Prediction Platforms in the Design of Optimized Anti-Cancer Drugs. Molecules 2022; 27:3678. [PMID: 35744803 PMCID: PMC9227314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the United States, accounting for 602,350 deaths in 2020. Cancer-related death rates have declined by 27% over the past two decades, partially due to the identification of novel anti-cancer drugs. Despite improvements in cancer treatment, newly approved oncology drugs are associated with increased toxicity risk. These toxicities may be mitigated by pharmacokinetic optimization and reductions in off-target interactions. As such, there is a need for early-stage implementation of pharmacokinetic (PK) prediction tools. Several PK prediction platforms exist, including pkCSM, SuperCypsPred, Pred-hERG, Similarity Ensemble Approach (SEA), and SwissADME. These tools can be used in screening hits, allowing for the selection of compounds were reduced toxicity and/or risk of attrition. In this short commentary, we used PK prediction tools in the optimization of mitogen activated extracellular signal-related kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) inhibitors. In doing so, we identified MEK1 inhibitors with retained activity and optimized predictive PK properties, devoid of hERG inhibition. These data support the use of publicly available PK prediction platforms in early-stage drug discovery to design safer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C. Beck
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.M.); (Y.P.); (P.W.); (T.A.D.)
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Kendra Springs
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Jordan E. Morningstar
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Catherine Mills
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.M.); (Y.P.); (P.W.); (T.A.D.)
| | - Andrew Stoddard
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Lilong Guo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Kelsey Moore
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Cortney Gensemer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Rachel Biggs
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Taylor Petrucci
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Jennie Kwon
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Kristina Stayer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Natalie Koren
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Jaclyn Dunne
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Diana Fulmer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Ayesha Vohra
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Le Mai
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Sarah Dooley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Julianna Weninger
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Yuri Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.M.); (Y.P.); (P.W.); (T.A.D.)
| | - Patrick Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.M.); (Y.P.); (P.W.); (T.A.D.)
| | - Thomas A. Dix
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.M.); (Y.P.); (P.W.); (T.A.D.)
| | - Russell A. Norris
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.); (L.G.); (K.M.); (C.G.); (R.B.); (T.P.); (J.K.); (K.S.); (N.K.); (J.D.); (D.F.); (A.V.); (L.M.); (S.D.); (J.W.)
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Moore KS, Moore R, Fulmer DB, Guo L, Gensemer C, Stairley R, Glover J, Beck TC, Morningstar JE, Biggs R, Muhkerjee R, Awgulewitsch A, Norris RA. DCHS1, Lix1L, and the Septin Cytoskeleton: Molecular and Developmental Etiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:62. [PMID: 35200715 PMCID: PMC8874669 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common cardiac valve disease that often progresses to serious secondary complications requiring surgery. MVP manifests as extracellular matrix disorganization and biomechanically incompetent tissues in the adult setting. However, MVP has recently been shown to have a developmental basis, as multiple causal genes expressed during embryonic development have been identified. Disease phenotypes have been observed in mouse models with human MVP mutations as early as birth. This study focuses on the developmental function of DCHS1, one of the first genes to be shown as causal in multiple families with non-syndromic MVP. By using various biochemical techniques as well as mouse and cell culture models, we demonstrate a unique link between DCHS1-based cell adhesions and the septin-actin cytoskeleton through interactions with cytoplasmic protein Lix1-Like (LIX1L). This DCHS1-LIX1L-SEPT9 axis interacts with and promotes filamentous actin organization to direct cell-ECM alignment and valve tissue shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S. Moore
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Reece Moore
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Diana B. Fulmer
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Lilong Guo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Cortney Gensemer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Rebecca Stairley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Janiece Glover
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Tyler C. Beck
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Jordan E. Morningstar
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Rachel Biggs
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Rupak Muhkerjee
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Alexander Awgulewitsch
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
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Abstract
SummaryThe results of this trial confirmed that the five different thromboplastin preparations could be calibrated in terms of thromboplastin 67/40 (2) in respect to their sensitivity to coumarin induced defect.Using thromboplastin 2 (67/40) as reference and assigning to it, by definition, a TSR of 2.0, the other four thromboplastins can be assigned the following TSRs: thromboplastin 1 (69/223) 1.9: thromboplastin 3 (68/434) 2.0; thromboplastin 4 (70/115)2.0; and thromboplastin 5 (70/178) 1.5.In view of the great amount of collaborative work which has been invested in the study of these preparations, they should be kept primarily for the purposes of calibrating other reference preparations rather than be consumed as working standards. Thromboplastin 67/40 should be preserved for calibrating future batches of an international reference material or of national reference preparations of a similar type. The other four preparations could be used to calibrate similar types of thromboplastin: human brain without added bovine factors (69/223) for calibration of similar human thromboplastins; the bovine thromboplastin (68/434) for bovine preparations, and the two different rabbit brain preparations (70/115) and (70/178) for calibration of the rabbit brain reagents. In this manner each of the preparations would be compared to a material of the same species and similar type, and the stocks of these materials conserved to last over a longer period of time.Carefully prepared freeze-dried pooled plasma from patients on oral anticoagulants can be used instead of a large number of individual fresh plasmas to simplify the calibration procedure of selected thromboplastins.In the present state of knowledge about the coumarin induced coagulation defect, artificially prepared abnormal plasmas appear to have little use in the calibration of thromboplastin preparations for control of anticoagulant therapy.
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Biggs R. The treatment of patients with coagulation defects. General review. Bibl Haematol 2015; 23:1289-98. [PMID: 5296086 DOI: 10.1159/000384457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Biggs R. Fractions rich in factor VIII. Bibl Haematol 2015; 29:1122-6. [PMID: 5750137 DOI: 10.1159/000384749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockstrom J, Cornell SE, Fetzer I, Bennett EM, Biggs R, Carpenter SR, de Vries W, de Wit CA, Folke C, Gerten D, Heinke J, Mace GM, Persson LM, Ramanathan V, Reyers B, Sorlin S. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 2015; 347:1259855. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1259855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5235] [Impact Index Per Article: 581.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Rocha J, Yletyinen J, Biggs R, Blenckner T, Peterson G. Marine regime shifts: drivers and impacts on ecosystems services. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130273. [PMCID: PMC4247408 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine ecosystems can experience regime shifts, in which they shift from being organized around one set of mutually reinforcing structures and processes to another. Anthropogenic global change has broadly increased a wide variety of processes that can drive regime shifts. To assess the vulnerability of marine ecosystems to such shifts and their potential consequences, we reviewed the scientific literature for 13 types of marine regime shifts and used networks to conduct an analysis of co-occurrence of drivers and ecosystem service impacts. We found that regime shifts are caused by multiple drivers and have multiple consequences that co-occur in a non-random pattern. Drivers related to food production, climate change and coastal development are the most common co-occurring causes of regime shifts, while cultural services, biodiversity and primary production are the most common cluster of ecosystem services affected. These clusters prioritize sets of drivers for management and highlight the need for coordinated actions across multiple drivers and scales to reduce the risk of marine regime shifts. Managerial strategies are likely to fail if they only address well-understood or data-rich variables, and international cooperation and polycentric institutions will be critical to implement and coordinate action across the scales at which different drivers operate. By better understanding these underlying patterns, we hope to inform the development of managerial strategies to reduce the risk of high-impact marine regime shifts, especially for areas of the world where data are not available or monitoring programmes are not in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Rocha
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Yletyinen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Nordic Centre for Research on Marine Ecosystems and Resources under Climate Change (NorMER), Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R. Biggs
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Studies in Complexity, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - T. Blenckner
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Nordic Centre for Research on Marine Ecosystems and Resources under Climate Change (NorMER), Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G. Peterson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ingram GI, Dykes SR, Creese AL, Mellor P, Swan AV, Kaufert JK, Rizza CR, Spooner RJ, Biggs R. Home treatment in haemophilia: clinical, social and economic advantages. Clin Lab Haematol 2008; 1:13-27. [PMID: 535301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.1979.tb00586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight severely affected haemophiliacs were observed for 3 months under treatment as hospital out-patients and for the subsequent 9 months while treating themselves at home. Delay in receiving treatment and financial costs were both clearly reduced by home treatment, the patients recovered from individual bleeds more quickly and reported a greater sense of personal freedom and independence. The amount of treatment required did not materially change and no untoward effects were noted; the use of analgesics tended to be less.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Biggs
- Department of Haematology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- R Biggs
- Department of Pathology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- R Biggs
- Department of Pathology, The Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford
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15
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van Jaarsveld AS, Biggs R, Scholes RJ, Bohensky E, Reyers B, Lynam T, Musvoto C, Fabricius C. Measuring conditions and trends in ecosystem services at multiple scales: the Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (SAfMA) experience. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:425-41. [PMID: 15814355 PMCID: PMC1569451 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (SAfMA) evaluated the relationships between ecosystem services and human well-being at multiple scales, ranging from local through to sub-continental. Trends in ecosystem services (fresh water, food, fuel-wood, cultural and biodiversity) over the period 1990-2000 were mixed across scales. Freshwater resources appear strained across the continent with large numbers of people not securing adequate supplies, especially of good quality water. This translates to high infant mortality patterns across the region. In some areas, the use of water resources for irrigated agriculture and urban-industrial expansion is taking place at considerable cost to the quality and quantity of freshwater available to ecosystems and for domestic use. Staple cereal production across the region has increased but was outstripped by population growth while protein malnutrition is on the rise. The much-anticipated wood-fuel crisis on the subcontinent has not materialized but some areas are experiencing shortages while numerous others remain vulnerable. Cultural benefits of biodiversity are considerable, though hard to quantify or track over time. Biodiversity resources remain at reasonable levels, but are declining faster than reflected in species extinction rates and appear highly sensitive to land-use decisions. The SAfMA sub-global assessment provided an opportunity to experiment with innovative ways to assess ecosystem services including the use of supply-demand surfaces, service sources and sink areas, priority areas for service provision, service 'hotspots' and trade-off assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S van Jaarsveld
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7201, South Africa.
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Abstract
The nations of the world have set themselves a target of reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. Here, we propose a biodiversity intactness index (BII) for assessing progress towards this target that is simple and practical--but sensitive to important factors that influence biodiversity status--and which satisfies the criteria for policy relevance set by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Application of the BII is demonstrated on a large region (4 x 10(6) km2) of southern Africa. The BII score in the year 2000 is about 84%: in other words, averaged across all plant and vertebrate species in the region, populations have declined to 84% of their presumed pre-modern levels. The taxonomic group with the greatest loss is mammals, at 71% of pre-modern levels, and the ecosystem type with the greatest loss is grassland, with 74% of its former populations remaining. During the 1990s, a population decline of 0.8% is estimated to have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Scholes
- CSIR Environmentek, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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17
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Biggs R, Biggs H, Dunne T, Govender N, Potgieter A. Experimental burn plot trial in the Kruger National Park: history, experimental design and suggestions for data analysis. Koedoe 2003. [DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v46i1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The experimental burn plot (EBP) trial initiated in 1954 is one of few ongoing long-termfire ecology research projects in Africa. The trial aims to assess the impacts of differentfire regimes in the Kruger National Park. Recent studies on the EBPs have raised questions as to the experimental design of the trial, and the appropriate model specificationwhen analysing data. Archival documentation reveals that the original design was modified on several occasions, related to changes in the park's fire policy. These modifications include the addition of extra plots, subdivision of plots and changes in treatmentsover time, and have resulted in a design which is only partially randomised. The representativity of the trial plots has been questioned on account of their relatively small size,the concentration of herbivores on especially the frequently burnt plots, and soil variation between plots. It is suggested that these factors be included as covariates inexplanatory models or that certain plots be excluded from data analysis based on resultsof independent studies of these factors. Suggestions are provided for the specificationof the experimental design when analysing data using Analysis of Variance. It is concluded that there is no practical alternative to treating the trial as a fully randomisedcomplete block design.
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Voisey CR, Dudas B, Biggs R, Burgess EPJ, Wigley PJ, McGregor PG, Lough TJ, Beck DL, Forster RLS, White DWR. Transgenic Pest and Disease Resistant White Clover Plants. Developments in Plant Breeding 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9700-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Enslin B, Potgieter A, Biggs H, Biggs R. Long term effects of fire frequency and season on the woody vegetation dynamics of the Sclerocarya birrea/Acacia nigrescens savanna of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 2000. [DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v43i1.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A lack of knowledge together with vacillating fire management approaches in the Kruger National Park until the mid 1950s, gave rise to a long term fire research experiment aimed at shedding light on savanna responses to various combinations of fire fre- quencies and seasons. This trial was laid out in 1954 in four of the six major vegetation zones of the park. With the future of the experiment now being reconsidered, full scale vegetation surveys have been conducted on all the plots and compared to the surveys done in 1954. This paper examines the woody vegetation responses to fourteen fire treatments in the Knobthorn/Marula savanna. Parameters of interest were woody species composition responses, together with tree & shrub density and structural changes. The results indicate that no significant changes in woody species had occurred for the peri- od 1954 vs 1998, while density decreased on biennial and increased on triennial treatments. The proportion of single stemmed plants increased over the period. Season of burn has a marked effect on structure, with April and August burns giving rise to the largest basal areas but the lowest heights. Environmental parameters such as climate, varying herbivory and differing soils, and their respective interactions on vegetation morphology, together with fire behaviour, further influenced results.
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Sells H, Biggs R, Macdonagh R. Endoscopic equipment--quality control using a specially designed light meter. Br J Urol 1998; 82:127-9. [PMID: 9698675 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Sells
- Taunton and Somerset Hospital, UK
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22
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Biggs R. Recent advances in the management of haemophilia and christmas disease. Clin Haematol 1979; 8:95-114. [PMID: 367667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Biggs R, Spooner RJ. National survey of haemophilia and Christmas disease patients in the United Kingdom. Report on behalf of the Haemophilia Reference Centre directors of the U.K. Lancet 1978; 1:1143-4. [PMID: 77427 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
A study has been made by the Haemophilia Centre Directors of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. From 1969 to 1974 2600 patients with haemophilia A and 388 with haemophilia B attended Haemophilia Centres for treatment. Of these patients, 71 are known to have died in the survey period. A record is presented of the amounts and types of therapeutic materials used each year during this time. The incidenceof jaundice and anti-factor VIII and anti-factor IX antibodies was recorded.
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Abstract
Plasma samples from 41 mothers of haemophilic sons in "simplex families" (families with only one affected member) have been tested for factor VIII and factor-VIII-related antigen. The results suggest that 39 of these women are likely to be carriers of haemophilia.
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Pool J, Biggs R, Miller RG. The estimation of the number of binding sites for antibody on antigen molecules with reference to factor VIII and its antibody. Thromb Haemost 1976; 35:274-88. [PMID: 989628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical basis for determining the number of antibody sites on antigen molecules is examined. The theoretical considerations are applied to factor VIII molecules. Examples based on data available at the Oxford Haemophilia Centre are calculated to illustrate the approach. It is concluded that there are few sites on each factor VIII molecule for human antibody. The three antibodies for which reasonable data were available suggest 1-3 sites for human antibody. The data for rabbit antibody suggest 5-6 sites per factor VIII molecule.
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Biggs R. Editorial: The importance of standards for study of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1975; 34:1-2. [PMID: 127397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Biggs R. Editorial: The clinical use of factor IX concentrates. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1975; 33:403-4. [PMID: 1154302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Biggs R. Editorial: Forty years of the one-stage prothrombin time. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1975; 33:139-40. [PMID: 1094582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Biggs R. Post-Infectional Compounds From the French Bean Phaseolus vulgaris; Isolation and Identification of Genistein and 2',4',5,7-Tetrahydroxyisoflavone. Aust J Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1071/ch9751389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and
identification of two isoflavones from fungal- infected pods of Phaseolus vulgaris L. is
described. One, genistein, is known to occur in other legumes. On the basis of
ultraviolet and p.m.r. spectroscopy and of mass
spectra, the second compound was tentatively identified as 2?,4?,5,7-tetrahydroxyisoflavone.
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Biggs R. Jaundice and antibodies directed against factors 8 and 9 in patients treated for haemophilia or Christmas disease in the United Kingdom. Br J Haematol 1974; 26:313-29. [PMID: 4852608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1974.tb00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Walsh PN, Rainsford SG, Biggs R. Platelet coagulant activities and clinical severity in haemophilia. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1973; 29:722-9. [PMID: 4761837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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Bangham DR, Biggs R, Brozović M, Denson KW. Calibration of five different thromboplastins, using fresh and freeze-dried plasma. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1973; 29:228-39. [PMID: 4796944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Biggs R, Austen DE, Denson KW, Borrett R, Rizza CR. The mode of action of antibodies which destroy factor VIII. II. Antibodies which give complex concentration graphs. Br J Haematol 1972; 23:137-55. [PMID: 5070124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1972.tb03468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Biggs R, Austen DE, Denson KW, Rizza CR, Borrett R. The mode of action of antibodies which destroy factor VIII. I. Antibodies which have second-order concentration graphs. Br J Haematol 1972; 23:125-35. [PMID: 5070123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1972.tb03467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Biggs R, Bangham DR. Standardization of the one-stage prothrombin time test for the control of anticoagulant therapy: the availability and use of thromboplastin reference preparations. Am J Clin Pathol 1972; 57:117-8. [PMID: 5008887 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/57.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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45
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Biggs R, Bangham DR. Standardisation of the one-stage prothrombin time test for the control of anticoagulant therapy. The availability and use of thromboplastin reference preparations. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1971; 26:203-4. [PMID: 5112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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46
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Biggs R, Bangham DR. Standardization of the one-stage prothrombin time test for the control of anticoagulant therapy: availability and use of thromboplastin reference preparations. Br Med J 1971; 3:470-1. [PMID: 5105905 PMCID: PMC1800439 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5772.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Biggs R. Standardization of the one-stage prothrombin time test for the control of anticoagulant therapy: the availability and use of thromboplastin reference preparations. Med J Aust 1971; 2:112-3. [PMID: 5094788 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1971.tb50446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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49
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Walsh PN, Rizza CR, Matthews JM, Eipe J, Kernoff PB, Coles MD, Bloom AL, Kaufman BM, Beck P, Hanan CM, Biggs R. Epsilon-Aminocaproic acid therapy for dental extractions in haemophilia and Christmas disease: a double blind controlled trial. Br J Haematol 1971; 20:463-75. [PMID: 4931484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1971.tb07061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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