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Kockelkoren G, Lauritsen L, Shuttle CG, Kazepidou E, Vonkova I, Zhang Y, Breuer A, Kennard C, Brunetti RM, D'Este E, Weiner OD, Uline M, Stamou D. Molecular mechanism of GPCR spatial organization at the plasma membrane. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:142-150. [PMID: 37460675 PMCID: PMC10792125 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate many critical physiological processes. Their spatial organization in plasma membrane (PM) domains is believed to encode signaling specificity and efficiency. However, the existence of domains and, crucially, the mechanism of formation of such putative domains remain elusive. Here, live-cell imaging (corrected for topography-induced imaging artifacts) conclusively established the existence of PM domains for GPCRs. Paradoxically, energetic coupling to extremely shallow PM curvature (<1 µm-1) emerged as the dominant, necessary and sufficient molecular mechanism of GPCR spatiotemporal organization. Experiments with different GPCRs, H-Ras, Piezo1 and epidermal growth factor receptor, suggest that the mechanism is general, yet protein specific, and can be regulated by ligands. These findings delineate a new spatiomechanical molecular mechanism that can transduce to domain-based signaling any mechanical or chemical stimulus that affects the morphology of the PM and suggest innovative therapeutic strategies targeting cellular shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Kockelkoren
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Lauritsen
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher G Shuttle
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eleftheria Kazepidou
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Vonkova
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Artù Breuer
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Kennard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rachel M Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elisa D'Este
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Optical Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Uline
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Atomos Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Cho NH, Cheveralls KC, Brunner AD, Kim K, Michaelis AC, Raghavan P, Kobayashi H, Savy L, Li JY, Canaj H, Kim JYS, Stewart EM, Gnann C, McCarthy F, Cabrera JP, Brunetti RM, Chhun BB, Dingle G, Hein MY, Huang B, Mehta SB, Weissman JS, Gómez-Sjöberg R, Itzhak DN, Royer LA, Mann M, Leonetti MD. OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science 2022; 375:eabi6983. [PMID: 35271311 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi6983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the wiring diagram of the human cell is a central goal of the postgenomic era. We combined genome engineering, confocal live-cell imaging, mass spectrometry, and data science to systematically map the localization and interactions of human proteins. Our approach provides a data-driven description of the molecular and spatial networks that organize the proteome. Unsupervised clustering of these networks delineates functional communities that facilitate biological discovery. We found that remarkably precise functional information can be derived from protein localization patterns, which often contain enough information to identify molecular interactions, and that RNA binding proteins form a specific subgroup defined by unique interaction and localization properties. Paired with a fully interactive website (opencell.czbiohub.org), our work constitutes a resource for the quantitative cartography of human cellular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas-David Brunner
- Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kibeom Kim
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - André C Michaelis
- Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | - Laura Savy
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason Y Li
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hera Canaj
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Christian Gnann
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rachel M Brunetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Greg Dingle
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Bo Huang
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Whitehead Institute, Koch Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Mann
- Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Brunetti RM, Kockelkoren G, Raghavan P, Bell GR, Britain D, Puri N, Collins SR, Leonetti MD, Stamou D, Weiner OD. WASP integrates substrate topology and cell polarity to guide neutrophil migration. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202104046. [PMID: 34964841 PMCID: PMC8719638 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To control their movement, cells need to coordinate actin assembly with the geometric features of their substrate. Here, we uncover a role for the actin regulator WASP in the 3D migration of neutrophils. We show that WASP responds to substrate topology by enriching to sites of inward, substrate-induced membrane deformation. Superresolution imaging reveals that WASP preferentially enriches to the necks of these substrate-induced invaginations, a distribution that could support substrate pinching. WASP facilitates recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex to these sites, stimulating local actin assembly that couples substrate features with the cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, WASP only enriches to membrane deformations in the front half of the cell, within a permissive zone set by WASP's front-biased regulator Cdc42. While WASP KO cells exhibit relatively normal migration on flat substrates, they are defective at topology-directed migration. Our data suggest that WASP integrates substrate topology with cell polarity by selectively polymerizing actin around substrate-induced membrane deformations in the front half of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gabriele Kockelkoren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preethi Raghavan
- University of California, Berkeley–University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - George R.R. Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Derek Britain
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Natasha Puri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sean R. Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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4
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Pipathsouk A, Brunetti RM, Town JP, Graziano BR, Breuer A, Pellett PA, Marchuk K, Tran NHT, Krummel MF, Stamou D, Weiner OD. The WAVE complex associates with sites of saddle membrane curvature. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202003086. [PMID: 34096975 PMCID: PMC8185649 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How local interactions of actin regulators yield large-scale organization of cell shape and movement is not well understood. Here we investigate how the WAVE complex organizes sheet-like lamellipodia. Using super-resolution microscopy, we find that the WAVE complex forms actin-independent 230-nm-wide rings that localize to regions of saddle membrane curvature. This pattern of enrichment could explain several emergent cell behaviors, such as expanding and self-straightening lamellipodia and the ability of endothelial cells to recognize and seal transcellular holes. The WAVE complex recruits IRSp53 to sites of saddle curvature but does not depend on IRSp53 for its own localization. Although the WAVE complex stimulates actin nucleation via the Arp2/3 complex, sheet-like protrusions are still observed in ARP2-null, but not WAVE complex-null, cells. Therefore, the WAVE complex has additional roles in cell morphogenesis beyond Arp2/3 complex activation. Our work defines organizing principles of the WAVE complex lamellipodial template and suggests how feedback between cell shape and actin regulators instructs cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pipathsouk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rachel M. Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jason P. Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Brian R. Graziano
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Artù Breuer
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department of Pathology and Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ngoc-Han T. Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology and Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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5
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Mavor D, Barlow KA, Asarnow D, Birman Y, Britain D, Chen W, Green EM, Kenner LR, Mensa B, Morinishi LS, Nelson CA, Poss EM, Suresh P, Tian R, Arhar T, Ary BE, Bauer DP, Bergman ID, Brunetti RM, Chio CM, Dai SA, Dickinson MS, Elledge SK, Helsell CVM, Hendel NL, Kang E, Kern N, Khoroshkin MS, Kirkemo LL, Lewis GR, Lou K, Marin WM, Maxwell AM, McTigue PF, Myers-Turnbull D, Nagy TL, Natale AM, Oltion K, Pourmal S, Reder GK, Rettko NJ, Rohweder PJ, Schwarz DMC, Tan SK, Thomas PV, Tibble RW, Town JP, Tsai MK, Ugur FS, Wassarman DR, Wolff AM, Wu TS, Bogdanoff D, Li J, Thorn KS, O'Conchúir S, Swaney DL, Chow ED, Madhani HD, Redding S, Bolon DN, Kortemme T, DeRisi JL, Kampmann M, Fraser JS. Extending chemical perturbations of the ubiquitin fitness landscape in a classroom setting reveals new constraints on sequence tolerance. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/7/bio036103. [PMID: 30037883 PMCID: PMC6078352 DOI: 10.1242/bio.036103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the primary protein sequence of ubiquitin (Ub) is extremely stable over evolutionary time, it is highly tolerant to mutation during selection experiments performed in the laboratory. We have proposed that this discrepancy results from the difference between fitness under laboratory culture conditions and the selective pressures in changing environments over evolutionary timescales. Building on our previous work (Mavor et al., 2016), we used deep mutational scanning to determine how twelve new chemicals (3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole, 5-fluorocytosine, Amphotericin B, CaCl2, Cerulenin, Cobalt Acetate, Menadione, Nickel Chloride, p-Fluorophenylalanine, Rapamycin, Tamoxifen, and Tunicamycin) reveal novel mutational sensitivities of ubiquitin residues. Collectively, our experiments have identified eight new sensitizing conditions for Lys63 and uncovered a sensitizing condition for every position in Ub except Ser57 and Gln62. By determining the ubiquitin fitness landscape under different chemical constraints, our work helps to resolve the inconsistencies between deep mutational scanning experiments and sequence conservation over evolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mavor
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Kyle A Barlow
- Bioinformatics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Asarnow
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Yuliya Birman
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Derek Britain
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Weilin Chen
- Bioinformatics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Evan M Green
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Lillian R Kenner
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Bruk Mensa
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Leanna S Morinishi
- Bioinformatics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Charlotte A Nelson
- Bioinformatics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Erin M Poss
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Pooja Suresh
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Ruilin Tian
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Taylor Arhar
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Beatrice E Ary
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - David P Bauer
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Ian D Bergman
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Rachel M Brunetti
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Cynthia M Chio
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Shizhong A Dai
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Miles S Dickinson
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Susanna K Elledge
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Cole V M Helsell
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Nathan L Hendel
- Bioinformatics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Emily Kang
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Nadja Kern
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Matvei S Khoroshkin
- Bioinformatics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Lisa L Kirkemo
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Greyson R Lewis
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Kevin Lou
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Wesley M Marin
- Bioinformatics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Alison M Maxwell
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Peter F McTigue
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | | | - Tamas L Nagy
- Bioinformatics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Andrew M Natale
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Keely Oltion
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Sergei Pourmal
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Gabriel K Reder
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rettko
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Peter J Rohweder
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Daniel M C Schwarz
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Sophia K Tan
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Paul V Thomas
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Ryan W Tibble
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Jason P Town
- Bioinformatics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Mary K Tsai
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Fatima S Ugur
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Douglas R Wassarman
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Alexander M Wolff
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Taia S Wu
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Derek Bogdanoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer Li
- Department of Chemistry Undergraduate Program, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | - Kurt S Thorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Shane O'Conchúir
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QBI), San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QBI), San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Eric D Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Hiten D Madhani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Sy Redding
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Daniel N Bolon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
| | - Tanja Kortemme
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QBI), San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA .,Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco 94158, USA
| | - James S Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QBI), San Francisco 94158, USA
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