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Percoma L, Rayaissé JB, Gimonneau G, Bengaly Z, Pooda SH, Pagabeleguem S, Ganaba R, Sow A, Argilés R, Bouyer J, Ouedraogo M, Zhao W, Paone M, Sidibé I, Gisele O, Cecchi G. An atlas to support the progressive control of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomosis in Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:72. [PMID: 35246216 PMCID: PMC8895521 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), transmitted by tsetse flies, is arguably the main disease constraint to integrated crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and African heads of state and governments adopted a resolution to rid the continent of this scourge. In order to sustainably reduce or eliminate the burden of AAT, a progressive and evidence-based approach is needed, which must hinge on harmonized, spatially explicit information on the occurrence of AAT and its vectors. Methods A digital repository was assembled, containing tsetse and AAT data collected in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2019. Data were collected either in the framework of control activities or for research purposes. Data were systematically verified, harmonized, georeferenced and integrated into a database (PostgreSQL). Entomological data on tsetse were mapped at the level of individual monitoring traps. When this was not possible, mapping was done at the level of site or location. Epidemiological data on AAT were mapped at the level of location or village. Results Entomological data showed the presence of four tsetse species in Burkina Faso. Glossina tachinoides, present from the eastern to the western part of the country, was the most widespread and abundant species (56.35% of the catches). Glossina palpalis gambiensis was the second most abundant species (35.56%), and it was mainly found in the west. Glossina morsitans submorsitans was found at lower densities (6.51%), with a patchy distribution in the southern parts of the country. A single cluster of G. medicorum was detected (less than 0.25%), located in the south-west. Unidentified tsetse flies accounted for 1.33%. For the AAT component, data for 54,948 animal blood samples were assembled from 218 geographic locations. The samples were tested with a variety of diagnostic methods. AAT was found in all surveyed departments, including the tsetse-free areas in the north. Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense infections were the dominant ones, with a prevalence of 5.19 ± 18.97% and 6.11 ± 21.56%, respectively. Trypanosoma brucei infections were detected at a much lower rate (0.00 ± 0.10%). Conclusions The atlas provides a synoptic view of the available information on tsetse and AAT distribution in Burkina Faso. Data are very scanty for most of the tsetse-free areas in the northern part of the country. Despite this limitation, this study generated a robust tool for targeting future surveillance and control activities. The development of the atlas also strengthened the collaboration between the different institutions involved in tsetse and AAT research and control in Burkina Faso, which will be crucial for future updates and the sustainability of the initiative. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05131-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassane Percoma
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Ecole de Lutte Anti-Tsétsé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France.,INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Sié Hermann Pooda
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rasmané Ganaba
- Agence de Formation, de Recherche et d'Expertise en Santé pour l'Afrique (AFRICSanté), 01 BP 298, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sow
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Conakry, Guinea
| | - Rafael Argilés
- Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France.,Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria.,CIRAD, UMR, ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Moussa Ouedraogo
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Weining Zhao
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Paone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ouedraogo/Sanon Gisele
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso-Campagne Panafricaine d'Eradication de la Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
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Gato R, Menéndez Z, Prieto E, Argilés R, Rodríguez M, Baldoquín W, Hernández Y, Pérez D, Anaya J, Fuentes I, Lorenzo C, González K, Campo Y, Bouyer J. Sterile Insect Technique: Successful Suppression of an Aedes aegypti Field Population in Cuba. Insects 2021; 12:insects12050469. [PMID: 34070177 PMCID: PMC8158475 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a species-specific and environment-friendly method of insect control that relies on the release of large numbers of sterile insects. Mating released sterile males with wild females leads to a decrease in the reproductive potential and to the local suppression of the target population. There is increased interest in applying this approach to manage disease-transmitting mosquito populations. The main focus of this pilot trial was to assess the efficacy of the SIT for the suppression of Aedes aegypti populations. Two areas in Havana city, Cuba, were selected as control and release trial sites. The presence, density and fertility of the target wild population were monitored through a network of ovitraps. Approximately 1,270,000 irradiated Ae. aegypti males were released in the 50 ha target area over a period of 20 weeks. The released mosquitoes showed excellent mating competitiveness and induced high levels of sterility in the wild Ae. aegypti population. The target natural population was suppressed as reflected in the ovitrap index and in the mean number of eggs/trap values which dropped to zero by the last 3 weeks of the trial. We conclude that the released sterile male Ae. aegypti competed successfully and induced significant sterility in the local target Ae. aegypti population, resulting in suppression of the vector. Abstract Dengue virus infections are a serious public health problem worldwide. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue in Cuba. As there is no vaccine or specific treatment, the control efforts are directed to the reduction of mosquito populations. The indiscriminate use of insecticides can lead to adverse effects on ecosystems, including human health. The sterile insect technique is a species-specific and environment-friendly method of insect population control based on the release of large numbers of sterile insects, ideally males only. The success of this technique for the sustainable management of agricultural pests has encouraged its evaluation for the population suppression of mosquito vector species. Here, we describe an open field trial to evaluate the effect of the release of irradiated male Ae. aegypti on a wild population. The pilot trial was carried out in a suburb of Havana and compared the mosquito population density before and after the intervention, in both untreated control and release areas. The wild population was monitored by an ovitrap network, recording frequency and density of eggs as well as their hatch rate. A significant amount of sterility was induced in the field population of the release area, as compared with the untreated control area. The ovitrap index and the mean number of eggs/trap declined dramatically after 12 and 5 weeks of releases, respectively. For the last 3 weeks, no eggs were collected in the treatment area, clearly indicating a significant suppression of the wild target population. We conclude that the sterile males released competed successfully and induced enough sterility to suppress the local Ae. aegypti population.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Gato
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +53-5346-3992
| | - Zulema Menéndez
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Enrique Prieto
- Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear, Calle 30 y 5ta ave. Miramar, La Habana 11300, Cuba;
| | - Rafael Argilés
- Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Vienna, Wagramer Strasse 5, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (R.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Misladys Rodríguez
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Waldemar Baldoquín
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yisel Hernández
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Dennis Pérez
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jorge Anaya
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ilario Fuentes
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Claudia Lorenzo
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Keren González
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yudaisi Campo
- Instituto Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, La Lisa, La Habana 11400, Cuba; (Z.M.); (M.R.); (W.B.); (Y.H.); (D.P.); (J.A.); (I.F.); (C.L.); (K.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Vienna, Wagramer Strasse 5, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (R.A.); (J.B.)
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Plá I, García de Oteyza J, Tur C, Martínez MÁ, Laurín MC, Alonso E, Martínez M, Martín Á, Sanchis R, Navarro MC, Navarro MT, Argilés R, Briasco M, Dembilio Ó, Dalmau V. Sterile Insect Technique Programme against Mediterranean Fruit Fly in the Valencian Community (Spain). Insects 2021; 12:insects12050415. [PMID: 34066344 PMCID: PMC8148114 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), is one of the most destructive fruit pests in the world. In the Valencian Community, it has become a key pest affecting many fruits, but mainly citrus, the most important crop cultivated. Traditionally, control of C. capitata has been based on the use of insecticides. In line with the trend in recent years to minimize the use of insecticides and promote environment-friendly techniques, in 2007 the Department of Agriculture of Valencia implemented an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme for the suppression of C. capitata, in which the sterile insect technique (SIT) is the primary method of application integrated with other suppression methods. As a result, there has been a large reduction in the aerial spraying of insecticides as well as a growth trend in exports of citrus and fresh fruits from the Valencian Community in recent years. Abstract The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), is an endemic pest in fruit-growing areas of the Spanish Mediterranean coast. In the Valencian Community, it represents a serious problem in the cultivation of citrus and numerous species of fruit, such as peach, cherry, apricot, persimmon, etc. For over 50 years, the Department of Agriculture of Valencia has led, promoted, and carried out a C. capitata control programme to protect crops, especially citrus fruits, because this community is the largest national producer and the leading region for fresh citrus exports in the world. Traditionally, pest control has been based on the use of insecticides. However, a reduction of more than 90% of a target wild population was achieved in the frame of a pilot integrated pest management (IPM) project based on the sterile insect technique (SIT), which was implemented from 2003 to 2006. Based on this successful result, in 2007 the Department of Agriculture of Valencia initiated an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme for the suppression of C. capitata, using the SIT as the primary control method. Complementary activities are implemented periodically in hotspots and during different time periods depending on the pest population dynamics. As a result, there has been a reduction of more than 90% in the use of insecticides by aerial means to control C. capitata, as well as a growth trend in exports of citrus and fresh fruits from the Valencian Community in recent years. This paper provides a historical review of the Valencian programme and briefly describes how technological innovations and decision-making tools have contributed to programme efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Plá
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Jaime García de Oteyza
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - Carlos Tur
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - María Carmen Laurín
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - Ester Alonso
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - Marta Martínez
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - Ángel Martín
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - Román Sanchis
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - María Carmen Navarro
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - María Teresa Navarro
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - Rafael Argilés
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - Marta Briasco
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - Óscar Dembilio
- Empresa de Transformación Agraria S.A., S.M.E., M.P. (TRAGSA), Avenida de la Industria 26, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.G.d.O.); (C.T.); (M.Á.M.); (M.C.L.); (E.A.); (M.M.); (Á.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.N.); (M.T.N.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (Ó.D.)
| | - Vicente Dalmau
- Servicio de Sanidad Vegetal, Conselleria de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Emergencia Climática y Transición Ecológica, Ctra. Alicante-Valencia, s/n Apdo. Correos 125, 46460 Silla, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (V.D.)
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Shereni W, Neves L, Argilés R, Nyakupinda L, Cecchi G. An atlas of tsetse and animal African trypanosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:50. [PMID: 33446276 PMCID: PMC7807824 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the 1980s and 1990s, great strides were taken towards the elimination of tsetse and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) in Zimbabwe. However, advances in recent years have been limited. Previously freed areas have been at risk of reinvasion, and the disease in tsetse-infested areas remains a constraint to food security. As part of ongoing control activities, monitoring of tsetse and AAT is performed regularly in the main areas at risk. However, a centralized digital archive is missing. To fill this gap, a spatially explicit, national-level database of tsetse and AAT (i.e. atlas) was established through systematic data collation, harmonization and geo-referencing for the period 2000–2019. Methods The atlas covers an area of approximately 70,000 km2, located mostly in the at-risk areas in the north of the country. In the tsetse component, a total of 33,872 entomological records were assembled for 4894 distinct trap locations. For the AAT component, 82,051 samples (mainly dry blood smears from clinically suspicious animals) were collected at 280 diptanks and examined for trypanosomal infection by microscopy. Results Glossina pallidipes (82.7% of the total catches) and Glossina morsitans morsitans (17.3%) were the two tsetse species recorded in the north and northwest parts of the country. No fly was captured in the northeast. The distribution of AAT follows broadly that of tsetse, although sporadic AAT cases were also reported from the northeast, apparently because of transboundary animal movement. Three trypanosome species were reported, namely Trypanosoma brucei (61.7% of recorded infections), Trypanosoma congolense (28.1%) and Trypanosoma vivax (10.2%). The respective prevalences, as estimated in sentinel herds by random sampling, were 2.22, 0.43 and 0.30%, respectively. Discussion The patterns of tsetse and AAT distributions in Zimbabwe are shaped by a combination of bioclimatic factors, historical events such as the rinderpest epizootic at the turn of the twentieth century and extensive and sustained tsetse control that is aimed at progressively eliminating tsetse and trypanosomiasis from the entire country. The comprehensive dataset assembled in the atlas will improve the spatial targeting of surveillance and control activities. It will also represent a valuable tool for research, by enabling large-scale geo-spatial analyses.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- William Shereni
- Division of Tsetse Control Services, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water and Rural Resettlement, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Luis Neves
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Centro de Biotecnlogia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rafael Argilés
- Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency Programme, Vienna, Austria
| | - Learnmore Nyakupinda
- Division of Tsetse Control Services, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water and Rural Resettlement, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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Zacarés M, Salvador-Herranz G, Almenar D, Tur C, Argilés R, Bourtzis K, Bossin H, Pla I. Exploring the potential of computer vision analysis of pupae size dimorphism for adaptive sex sorting systems of various vector mosquito species. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:656. [PMID: 30583722 PMCID: PMC6304766 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several mosquito population suppression strategies based on the rearing and release of sterile males have provided promising results. However, the lack of an efficient male selection method has hampered the expansion of these approaches into large-scale operational programmes. Currently, most of these programmes targeting Aedes mosquitoes rely on sorting methods based on the sexual size dimorphism (SSD) at the pupal stage. The currently available sorting methods have not been developed based on biometric analysis, and there is therefore potential for improvement. We applied an automated pupal size estimator developed by Grupo Tragsa with laboratory samples of Anopheles arabiensis, Aedes albopictus, Ae. polynesiensis, and three strains of Ae. aegypti. The frequency distribution of the pupal size was analyzed. We propose a general model for the analysis of the frequency distribution of mosquito pupae in the context of SSD-sorting methods, which is based on a Gaussian mixture distribution functions, thus making possible the analysis of performance (% males recovery) and purity (% males on the sorted sample). Results For the three Aedes species, the distribution of the pupae size can be modeled by a mixture of two Gaussian distribution functions and the proposed model fitted the experimental data. For a given population, each size threshold is linked to a specific outcome of male recovery. Two dimensionless parameters that measure the suitability for SSD-based sorting of a specific batch of pupae are provided. The optimal sorting results are predicted for the highest values of SSD and lowest values of intra-batch variance. Rearing conditions have a strong influence in the performance of the SSD-sorting methods and non-standard rearing can lead to increase pupae size heterogeneity. Conclusions Sex sorting of pupae based on size dimorphism can be achieved with a high performance (% males recovery) and a reasonably high purity (% males on the sorted sample) for the different Aedes species and strains. The purity and performance of a sex sorting operation in the tested Aedes species are linked parameters whose relation can be modeled. The conclusions of this analysis are applicable to all the existing SSD-sorting methods. The efficiency of the SSD-sorting methods can be improved by reducing the heterogeneity of pupae size within rearing containers. The heterogeneity between batches does not strongly affect the quality of the sex sorting, as long as a specific separation threshold is not pre-set before the sorting process. For new developments, we recommend using adaptive and precise threshold selection methods applied individually to each batch or to a mix of batches. Adaptive and precise thresholds will allow the sex-sorting of mixed batches in operational conditions maintaining the target purity at the cost of a reduction in performance. We also recommend a strategy whereby an acceptable level of purity is pre-selected and remains constant across the different batches of pupae while the performance varies from batch to batch to fit with the desired purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Zacarés
- Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y Matemáticas, Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", C/Guillem de Castro 94, 46003, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gustavo Salvador-Herranz
- Departamento de Expresión Gráfica, Proyectos y Urbanismo, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Almenar
- Grupo Tragsa, Avda. de la Industria 26, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carles Tur
- Grupo Tragsa, Avda. de la Industria 26, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Rafael Argilés
- Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagramerstrasse 5, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagramerstrasse 5, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hervé Bossin
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.,IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée infection, Univ. Aix Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Ignacio Pla
- Grupo Tragsa, Avda. de la Industria 26, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Juan-Blasco M, Sabater-Muñoz B, Pla I, Argilés R, Castañera P, Jacas JA, Ibáñez-Gual MV, Urbaneja A. Estimating SIT-driven population reduction in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, from sterile mating. Bull Entomol Res 2014; 104:233-242. [PMID: 24444376 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485313000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Area-wide sterile insect technique (SIT) programs assume that offspring reduction of the target population correlates with the mating success of the sterile males released. However, there is a lack of monitoring tools to prove the success of these programs in real-time. Field-cage tests were conducted under the environmental conditions of the Mediterranean coast of Spain to estimate: (a) the mating success of sterile Vienna-8 (V8) Ceratitis capitata males using molecular markers and (b) their efficacy to reduce C. capitata populations under six release ratios of wild females to wild males to V8 males (1:0:0, 1:1:0, 1:1:1, 1:1:5, 1:1:10, and 1:1:20). Statistical models were developed to predict: (a) the number of females captured in traps, (b) sperm ID (sterile or not) in spermathecae of the trapped females, and (c) the viable offspring produced, using release ratio and temperature as predictors. The number of females captured was affected by relative humidity. However, its influence in the model was low. Female captures were significantly higher in ratios 1:0:0 compared to ratios where V8 males were released. The proportion of V8 sperm in spermathecae increased with temperature and with the number of V8 males released, but leveled off between ratios 1:1:10 and 1:1:20. In all seasons, except winter (no offspring), viable offspring increased with temperature and was lowest for ratio 1:1:20. For the first time, a strong negative relationship between proportion of V8 sperm detected by molecular tools and C. capitata offspring was established. The models obtained should contribute to enhance the efficacy of SIT programs against this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Juan-Blasco
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA-CIB (CSIC), E-46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - B Sabater-Muñoz
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA-CIB (CSIC), E-46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - I Pla
- Departamento de Plagas, Transformaciones Agrarias SA (TRAGSA), E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - R Argilés
- Departamento de Plagas, Transformaciones Agrarias SA (TRAGSA), E-46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - P Castañera
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Unidad Asociada de Entomología IVIA-CIB (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Jacas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Unitat Associada d'Entomologia UJI-IVIA, Campus del Riu Sec, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - M V Ibáñez-Gual
- Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Campus del Riu Sec, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - A Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA-CIB (CSIC), E-46113 Moncada, Spain
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Juan-Blasco M, Sabater-Muñoz B, Argilés R, Jacas JA, Castañera P, Urbaneja A. Molecular tools for sterile sperm detection to monitor Ceratitis capitata populations under SIT programmes. Pest Manag Sci 2013; 69:857-864. [PMID: 23355333 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of an area-wide sterile insect technique (SIT) programme against Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) relies on the mating success of sterile males in the field. Limited information is available about the effectiveness of sterile males in achieving mates with wild females and how these matings contribute to reducing wild populations. To this end, firstly a mating competition test was performed in the laboratory with different release ratios (1:1:0, 1:1:1, 1:1:5, 1:1:10 and 1:1:20 for wild females:wild males:sterile VIENNA-8 males respectively) and different host fruit. Secondly, the same release ratios were evaluated under semi-natural conditions on caged trees and on sentinel host. RESULTS By means of molecular markers, VIENNA-8 male sperm was positively detected in those females exposed to the male ratios 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20 in the laboratory. In the field test, sterile VIENNA-8 male matings and the C. capitata progeny on apples were positively correlated with the ratio of sterile males released and with the percentage of sterile matings respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the validity of using the molecular detection of VIENNA-8 male sperm to predict the C. capitata population under semi-natural conditions. Implications of these results in measuring the efficacy of an SIT programme are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Juan-Blasco
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA-CIB CSIC, Moncada, Spain
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Juan-Blasco M, Sabatier-Muñoz B, Argilés R, Jacas JA, Ortego F, Urbaneja A. Effects of pesticides used on citrus grown in Spain on the mortality of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Vienna-8 strain sterile males. J Econ Entomol 2013; 106:1226-1233. [PMID: 23865187 DOI: 10.1603/ec12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vienna-8 sterile males are currently released in Spain to reduce wild populations of the medfly. Because pesticides are required to maintain populations of some citrus key pests below economic thresholds, there is a need to evaluate the effects of pesticides commonly used in citrus on Vienna-8 males. Males were exposed to differently aged residues of eight pesticides. Abamectin, etofenprox, etoxazole, petroleum spray oil, pymetrozine, and pyriproxyfen resulted harmless to Vienna-8 males. However, fresh residues of chlorpyrifos and spinosad caused high mortalities and had residual effects until 21 and 28 d after treatment, respectively. Following the same method, the lethal effects of chlorpyrifos and spinosad on Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) wild-type (wt) males were determined. Surprisingly, these pesticides resulted more toxic for wt than for Vienna-8 males. To determine whether these results could be attributed to intrinsic characteristics of the pesticides or to behavioral differences among Vienna-8 and wt males, a topical application trial was conducted. Vienna-8 males were twice as susceptible to chlorpyrifos as wt males, whereas their susceptibility to spinosad was slightly lower. These results in intrinsic toxicity did not directly explain the differences observed in the extended-laboratory tests with these pesticides. We hypothesize that the lower flight activity ofVienna-8 males relative to wt conspecifics can explain the lower risk observed for Vienna-8 males in the residual tests. Our results should be taken into account when planning area-wide Sterile Insect Technique programs against C. capitata especially in those areas where treatments with chlorpyrifos are approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Juan-Blasco
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Proteceión Vegetal y Biotecnología, Unidad Asociada de Entomología, UJI-IVIA-CIB CSIC, E-46113-Moncada, Spain
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Blasco J, Gómez-Sanchís J, Gutierrez A, Chueca P, Argilés R, Moltó E. Automatic sex detection of individuals of Ceratitis capitata by means of computer vision in a biofactory. Pest Manag Sci 2009; 65:99-104. [PMID: 18823066 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sterile insect technique (SIT) is acknowledged around the world as an effective method for biological pest control of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Sterile insects are produced in biofactories where one key issue is the selection of the progenitors that have to transmit specific genetic characteristics. Recombinant individuals must be removed as this colony is renewed. Nowadays, this task is performed manually, in a process that is extremely slow, painstaking and labour intensive, in which the sex of individuals must be identified. The paper explores the possibility of using vision sensors and pattern recognition algorithms for automated detection of recombinants. RESULTS An automatic system is proposed and tested to inspect individual specimens of C. capitata using machine vision. It includes a backlighting system and image processing algorithms for determining the sex of live flies in five high-resolution images of each insect. The system is capable of identifying the sex of the flies by means of a program that analyses the contour of the abdomen, using fast Fourier transform features, to detect the presence of the ovipositor. Moreover, it can find the characteristic spatulate setae of males. Simulation tests with 1000 insects (5000 images) had 100% success in identifying male flies, with an error rate of 0.6% for female flies. CONCLUSION This work establishes the basis for building a machine for the automatic detection and removal of recombinant individuals in the selection of progenitors for biofactories, which would have huge benefits for SIT around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Blasco
- Centro de AgroIngeniería, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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