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Anderson N, Krishnan RG, Kumar M, Ayres T, Slater D, Neelakantapuram AV, Bowie P, Carson-Stevens A. Mapping Processes in the Emergency Department Using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 82:288-297. [PMID: 36797134 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Emergency departments (EDs) are dynamic, complex, and demanding environments. Introducing changes that lead to improvements in EDs can be challenging owing to the high staff turnover and mix, high patient volume with different needs, and being the front door to the hospital for the sickest patients. Quality improvement is a methodology applied routinely in EDs to instigate change to improve several outcomes such as waiting times, time to definitive treatment, and patient safety. Introducing the changes needed to transform the system in this way is seldom straightforward with the risk of "not seeing the forest for the trees" when attempting to change the system. In this article, we demonstrate how the functional resonance analysis method can be used to capture the experiences and perceptions of frontline staff to identify the key functions in the system (the trees), to understand the interactions and dependencies between them to make up the ED ecosystem ("the forest") and to support quality improvement planning, identifying priorities and patient safety risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Anderson
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Maneesh Kumar
- Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tim Ayres
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Slater
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Carson-Stevens
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Krishnan RG, Cenci S, Bourouiba L. Mitigating bias in estimating epidemic severity due to heterogeneity of epidemic onset and data aggregation. Ann Epidemiol 2022; 65:1-14. [PMID: 34419601 PMCID: PMC8375253 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as influenza, are a major societal burden. Mitigation policies during an outbreak or pandemic are guided by the analysis of data of ongoing or preceding epidemics. The reproduction number, R0, defined as the expected number of secondary infections arising from a single individual in a population of susceptibles is critical to epidemiology. For typical compartmental models such as the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) R0 represents the severity of an epidemic. It is an estimate of the early-stage growth rate of an epidemic and is an important threshold parameter used to gain insights into the spread or decay of an outbreak. Models typically use incidence counts as indicators of cases within a single large population; however, epidemic data are the result of a hierarchical aggregation, where incidence counts from spatially separated monitoring sites (or sub-regions) are pooled and used to infer R0. Is this aggregation approach valid when the epidemic has different dynamics across the regions monitored? We characterize bias in the estimation of R0 from a merged data set when the epidemics of the sub-regions, used in the merger, exhibit delays in onset. We propose a method to mitigate this bias, and study its efficacy on synthetic data as well as real-world influenza and COVID-19 data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Krishnan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - S Cenci
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Imperial College London, UK
| | - L Bourouiba
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Health Sciences & Technology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Abstract
Aim To determine whether gradually increasing the peritoneal dialysate fill volume from 10 to 40 mL/kg over 6 days, rather than commencing at 40 mL/kg, prevents hydrothorax in children and reverses it if present. Methods A review of children peritoneally dialyzed in a single center. Results During the 20 years beginning June 1985, 416 children were peritoneally dialyzed, of which 327 (79%) had acute and 89 had end-stage renal failure. Among 253 children who had gradually increasing fill volumes, none developed acute hydrothoraces, but 13/163 (8%) who began with 40 mL/kg cycles did ( p < 0.000, Fisher's exact test). These were diagnosed after a median (range) of 48 (6 – 72) hours and were predominantly right sided. Initially, we readily abandoned peritoneal dialysis; 2 were changed to hemodialysis. Subsequently, we found that peritoneal dialysis could be continued by using small volumes with the patients sitting up; cycle volumes were then gradually increased again. One pre-term baby died soon after developing an acute hydrothorax. One patient on chronic peritoneal dialysis developed an acute hydrothorax after forceful vomiting, but recovered after being dialyzed sitting up with low fills. Conclusion Acute hydrothorax can be prevented and treated using graduated cycle volumes, and is not a contraindication for peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh G. Krishnan
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Milos V. Ognjanovic
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Crosier
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm G. Coulthard
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Gupta A, Campion-Smith J, Hayes W, Deal JE, Gilbert RD, Inward C, Judd BA, Krishnan RG, Marks SD, O'Brien C, Shenoy M, Sinha MD, Tse Y, Tyerman K, Mallik M, Hussain F. Positive trends in paediatric renal biopsy service provision in the UK: a national survey and re-audit of paediatric renal biopsy practice. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:613-21. [PMID: 26525201 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric renal biopsy standards introduced in the UK in 2010 were intended to reduce variation and improve practice. A concurrent national drive was aimed at building robust paediatric nephrology networks to ensure services cater for the needs of the family and minimise time away from home. We aimed to identify current national practice since these changes on behalf of the British Association for Paediatric Nephrology. METHODS All UK paediatric nephrology centres were invited to complete a survey of their biopsy practice, including advance preparation. From 1 January to 30 June 2012, a national prospective audit of renal biopsies was undertaken at participating centres comparing practice with the British Association for Paediatric Nephrology (BAPN) standards and audit results from 2005. RESULTS Survey results from 11 centres demonstrated increased use of pre-procedure information leaflets (63.6 % vs 45.5 %, P = 0.39) and play preparation (90.9 % vs 9.1 %, P = 0.0001). Audit of 331 biopsies showed a move towards day-case procedures (49.5 % vs 32.9 %, P = 0.17) and reduced major complications (4.5 % vs 10.4 %, P = 0.002). Biopsies with 18-gauge needles had significantly higher mean pass rates (3.2 vs 2.3, P = 0.0008) and major complications (15.3 % vs 3.3 %, P = 0.0015) compared with 16-gauge needles. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous renal biopsy remains a safe procedure in children, thus improving family-centered service provision in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheeta Gupta
- Birmingham Childrens Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, UK, B4 6NH.
| | | | - Wesley Hayes
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | - Brian A Judd
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital in Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Catherine O'Brien
- Birmingham Childrens Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, UK, B4 6NH
| | - Mohan Shenoy
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Yincent Tse
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Krishnan RG, Coulthard MG. Minimising changes in plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations during plasmapheresis. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:1763-6. [PMID: 17647024 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypocalcaemic tetany is a known complication of plasmapheresis. It has two causes. Intravenously administered 4.5% human albumin solution (HAS) has no calcium or magnesium, so the replacement of plasma with this fluid depletes these ions. The citrate in fresh frozen plasma (FFP) chelates divalent cations, so the exchange with this at the end reduces the proportion of calcium and magnesium that is ionised. We studied the effect of supplementing HAS with 2 mmol/l calcium chloride and 0.8 mmol/l magnesium sulphate on the changes in ionised and total calcium and magnesium concentrations throughout plasmapheresis. The supplements prevented the falls in these concentrations that is otherwise seen during the HAS infusion, and, thus, the transient fall in ionised calcium concentration induced by the citrate in the FFP was not so profound, reaching 0.92 instead of 0.78 mmol/l (P = 0.002). Supplementation with calcium and magnesium during HAS maintains their balance and prevents tetany during the FFP infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh G Krishnan
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle NE1 4LP, UK
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Krishnan RG, Ognjanovic MV, Crosier J, Coulthard MG. Acute hydrothorax complicating peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2007; 27:296-9. [PMID: 17468478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether gradually increasing the peritoneal dialysate fill volume from 10 to 40 mL/kg over 6 days, rather than commencing at 40 mL/kg, prevents hydrothorax in children and reverses it if present. METHODS A review of children peritoneally dialyzed in a single center. RESULTS During the 20 years beginning June 1985, 416 children were peritoneally dialyzed, of which 327 (79%) had acute and 89 had end-stage renal failure. Among 253 children who had gradually increasing fill volumes, none developed acute hydrothoraces, but 13/163 (8%) who began with 40 mL/kg cycles did (p < 0.000, Fisher's exact test). These were diagnosed after a median (range) of 48 (6-72) hours and were predominantly right sided. Initially, we readily abandoned peritoneal dialysis; 2 were changed to hemodialysis. Subsequently, we found that peritoneal dialysis could be continued by using small volumes with the patients sitting up; cycle volumes were then gradually increased again. One pre-term baby died soon after developing an acute hydrothorax. One patient on chronic peritoneal dialysis developed an acute hydrothorax after forceful vomiting, but recovered after being dialyzed sitting up with low fills. CONCLUSION Acute hydrothorax can be prevented and treated using graduated cycle volumes, and is not a contraindication for peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh G Krishnan
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator was used for a blocked peritoneal dialysis catheter in a child with no vascular access. The catheter was salvaged using tissue plasminogen activator and dialysis could be carried out without any difficulty.
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Kumar P, Shankaran S, Krishnan RG. Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy for treatment of anemia of prematurity in very low birth weight infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Perinatol 1998; 18:173-7. [PMID: 9659643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in very low birth weight infants with anemia of prematurity. STUDY DESIGN Thirty infants were randomly assigned to receive either rHuEPO (300 U/kg per dose) or placebo twice a week. Hematologic parameters, transfusion requirements, caloric intake, and growth were monitored. RESULTS The number and volume of erythrocyte transfusions were significantly lower in infants treated with rHuEPO. Serum ferritin levels, similar in both groups at study entry, fell and were significantly lower in rHuEPO-group infants at the completion of the study. An inverse correlation was observed between reticulocyte count and absolute neutrophil count both at entry and at completion of the study. CONCLUSION Twice-a-week administration of rHuEPO significantly reduces the need for erythrocyte transfusion in very low birth weight infants in stable condition. A significant decrease in serum ferritin levels in infants receiving rHuEPO suggests the need to determine the optimal dose of iron supplementation in these infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Hutzel Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Mich., USA
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