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Martinez-Arroyo O, Ortega A, Flores-Chova A, Sanchez-Garcia B, Garcia-Garcia AB, Chaves FJ, Martin-Escudero JC, Forner MJ, Redon J, Cortes R. High miR-126-3p levels associated with cardiovascular events in a general population. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 113:49-56. [PMID: 37080818 PMCID: PMC10271715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is a forerunner of atherosclerosis, leading to cardiovascular disease, and albuminuria is a marker of endothelial dysfunction. Circulating levels of microRNAs are emerging as potential biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. Here we estimate the predictive value of a plasma microRNAs signature associated with albuminuria in the incidence of cardiovascular events. METHODS Plasma microRNAs quantified in hypertensive patients by next generation sequencing were validated in a cohort of patients and controls by real-time quantitative PCR. The microRNAs found to be associated with albuminuria were analysed for their prognostic value in predicting cardiovascular events incidence on a retrospective, population-based study (Hortega Study), using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS A plasma microRNA profile was identified in the discovery cohort (n = 48) associated with albuminuria and three microRNAs (miR-126-3p, miR-1260b and miR-374a-5p) were confirmed in the validation cohort (n = 98). The microRNA signature discriminates urinary albumin excretion at baseline (n = 1025), and predicts the incidence of cardiovascular events and coronary heart disease and stroke in a general population retrospective study within a 14-year follow-up (n = 926). High miR-126-3p levels were associated with a shorter time free of both cardiovascular events (HR=1.48, (1.36-1.62), p < 0.0001), as well as coronary artery disease and stroke combined (HR=2.49, (2.19-2.83), p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS An increased plasma microRNAs profile was identified in hypertensive patients with albuminuria. Increased miR-126-3p suggest it may serve as a prognostic marker for cardiovascular events in a long-term general population. Further studies will assess the potential role of miR-126-3p as a guide for the status of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; CIBERCV (CIBER of Cardiovascular Diseases), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Flores-Chova
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Belen Sanchez-Garcia
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Felipe J Chaves
- CIBERDEM (CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Genomics and Diabetes, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan C Martin-Escudero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rio Hortega Universitary Hospital, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Forner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Clinico, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Clinico, Valencia, Spain; CIBEROBN (CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition Physiopathology), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
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Martinez-Arroyo O, Flores-Chova A, Sanchez-Garcia B, Redon J, Cortes R, Ortega A. Rab3A/Rab27A System Silencing Ameliorates High Glucose-Induced Injury in Podocytes. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12050690. [PMID: 37237503 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication in diabetic patients. Podocytes undergo loss and detachment from the basal membrane. Intra- and intercellular communication through exosomes are key processes for maintaining function, and the Rab3A/Rab27A system is an important counterpart. Previously, we observed significant changes in the Rab3A/Rab27A system in podocytes under glucose overload, demonstrating its important role in podocyte injury. We investigated the implication of silencing the Rab3A/Rab27A system in high glucose-treated podocytes and analysed the effect on differentiation, apoptosis, cytoskeletal organisation, vesicle distribution, and microRNA expression in cells and exosomes. For this, we subjected podocytes to high glucose and transfection through siRNAs, and we isolated extracellular vesicles and performed western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry assays. We found that silencing RAB3A and RAB27A generally leads to a decrease in podocyte differentiation and cytoskeleton organization and an increase in apoptosis. Moreover, CD63-positive vesicles experienced a pattern distribution change. Under high glucose, Rab3A/Rab27A silencing ameliorates some of these detrimental processes, suggesting a differential influence depending on the presence or absence of cellular stress. We also observed substantial expression changes in miRNAs that were relevant in diabetic nephropathy upon silencing and glucose treatment. Our findings highlight the Rab3A/Rab27A system as a key participant in podocyte injury and vesicular traffic regulation in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Flores-Chova
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belen Sanchez-Garcia
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition Physiopathology), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Hospital Clinico de Valencia INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERCV (CIBER of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Flores-Chova A, Martinez-Arroyo O, Riffo-Campos AL, Ortega A, Forner MJ, Cortes R. Plasma Exosomal Non-Coding RNA Profile Associated with Renal Damage Reveals Potential Therapeutic Targets in Lupus Nephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087088. [PMID: 37108249 PMCID: PMC10139178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in our understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathophysiology, patient diagnosis is often deficient and late, and this has an impact on disease progression. The aim of this study was to analyze non-coding RNA (ncRNA) packaged into exosomes by next-generation sequencing to assess the molecular profile associated with renal damage, one of the most serious complications of SLE, to identify new potential targets to improve disease diagnosis and management using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. The plasma exosomes had a specific ncRNA profile associated with lupus nephritis (LN). The three ncRNA types with the highest number of differentially expressed transcripts were microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). We identified an exosomal 29-ncRNA molecular signature, of which 15 were associated only with LN presence; piRNAs were the most representative, followed by lncRNAs and miRNAs. The transcriptional regulatory network showed a significant role for four lncRNAs (LINC01015, LINC01986, AC087257.1 and AC022596.1) and two miRNAs (miR-16-5p and miR-101-3p) in network organization, targeting critical pathways implicated in inflammation, fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and actin cytoskeleton. From these, a handful of potential targets, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily binding proteins (activin-A, TGFB receptors, etc.), WNT/β-catenin and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been identified for use as therapeutic targets of renal damage in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flores-Chova
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Angela L Riffo-Campos
- Millennium Nucleus on Sociomedicine (SocioMed) and Universidad de La Frontera, Doctorado en Ciencias Medicas, Temuco 4780000, Chile
- Department of Computer Science, ETSE, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERCV (CIBER of Cardiovascular Diseases), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Forner
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Riffo-Campos AL, Perez-Hernandez J, Martinez-Arroyo O, Ortega A, Flores-Chova A, Redon J, Cortes R. Biofluid Specificity of Long Non-Coding RNA Profile in Hypertension: Relevance of Exosomal Fraction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095199. [PMID: 35563588 PMCID: PMC9101961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-mediated targeting of various genes regulates the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of hypertension (HTN). However, very few circulating long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be altered in essential HTN. The aim of our study was to identify a lncRNA profile in plasma and plasma exosomes associated with urinary albumin excretion in HTN by next-generation sequencing and to assess biological functions enriched in response to albuminuria using GO and KEGG analysis. Plasma exosomes showed higher diversity and fold change of lncRNAs than plasma, and low transcript overlapping was found between the two biofluids. Enrichment analysis identified different biological pathways regulated in plasma or exosome fraction, which were implicated in fatty acid metabolism, extracellular matrix, and mechanisms of sorting ncRNAs into exosomes, while plasma pathways were implicated in genome reorganization, interference with RNA polymerase, and as scaffolds for assembling transcriptional regulators. Our study found a biofluid specific lncRNA profile associated with albuminuria, with higher diversity in exosomal fraction, which identifies several potential targets that may be utilized to study mechanisms of albuminuria and cardiovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Riffo-Campos
- Millennium Nucleus on Sociomedicine (SocioMed) and Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Department of Computer Science, ETSE, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
- T-Cell Tolerance, Biomarkers and Therapies in Type 1 Diabetes Team, Institut Cochin CNRS, INSERM, Université de Paris Cité, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (R.C.); Tel.: +34-961973517 (R.C.)
| | - Ana Flores-Chova
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (R.C.); Tel.: +34-961973517 (R.C.)
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Martinez-Arroyo O, Ortega A, Forner MJ, Cortes R. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Non-Coding RNA Therapeutic Vehicles in Autoimmune Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040733. [PMID: 35456567 PMCID: PMC9028692 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the activation of the immune system against self-antigens. More common in women than in men and with an early onset, their incidence is increasing worldwide, and this, combined with their chronic nature, is contributing to an enlarged medical and economic burden. Conventional immunosuppressive agents are designed to alleviate symptoms but do not constitute an effective therapy, highlighting a need to develop new alternatives. In this regard, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated powerful immunosuppressive and regenerative effects. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown some advantages, such as less immunogenicity, and are proposed as novel therapies for ADs. In this review, we summarize current perspectives on therapeutic options for ADs based on MSCs and MSC-EVs, focusing particularly on their mechanism of action exerted through their non-coding RNA (ncRNA) cargo. A complete state-of-the-art review was performed, centralized on some of the most severe ADs (rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus, and systemic lupus erythematosus), giving evidence that a promising field is evolving to overcome the current knowledge and provide new therapeutic possibilities centered on MSC-EVs and their role as ncRNA delivery vehicles for AD gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (R.C.); Tel.: +34-96398-3916 (R.C.); Fax: +34-96398-7860 (R.C.)
| | - Maria J. Forner
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (R.C.); Tel.: +34-96398-3916 (R.C.); Fax: +34-96398-7860 (R.C.)
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Riffo-Campos AL, Perez-Hernandez J, Ortega A, Martinez-Arroyo O, Flores-Chova A, Redon J, Cortes R. Exosomal and Plasma Non-Coding RNA Signature Associated with Urinary Albumin Excretion in Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020823. [PMID: 35055008 PMCID: PMC8775608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), released into circulation or packaged into exosomes, plays important roles in many biological processes in the kidney. The purpose of the present study is to identify a common ncRNA signature associated with early renal damage and its related molecular pathways. Three individual libraries (plasma and urinary exosomes, and total plasma) were prepared from each hypertensive patient (with or without albuminuria) for ncRNA sequencing analysis. Next, an RNA-based transcriptional regulatory network was constructed. The three RNA biotypes with the greatest number of differentially expressed transcripts were long-ncRNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and piwi-interacting RNA (piRNAs). We identified a common 24 ncRNA molecular signature related to hypertension-associated urinary albumin excretion, of which lncRNAs were the most representative. In addition, the transcriptional regulatory network showed five lncRNAs (LINC02614, BAALC-AS1, FAM230B, LOC100505824 and LINC01484) and the miR-301a-3p to play a significant role in network organization and targeting critical pathways regulating filtration barrier integrity and tubule reabsorption. Our study found an ncRNA profile associated with albuminuria, independent of biofluid origin (urine or plasma, circulating or in exosomes) that identifies a handful of potential targets, which may be utilized to study mechanisms of albuminuria and cardiovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Riffo-Campos
- Millennium Nucleus on Sociomedicine (SocioMed) and Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Department of Computer Science, ETSE, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
- Departament of Nutrition and Health, Valencian International University (VIU), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- T-Cell Tolerance, Biomarkers and Therapies in Type 1 Diabetes Team, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
| | - Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
| | - Ana Flores-Chova
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-H.); (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (A.F.-C.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961973517
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Martinez-Arroyo O, Selma-Soriano E, Ortega A, Cortes R, Redon J. Small Rab GTPases in Intracellular Vesicle Trafficking: The Case of Rab3A/Raphillin-3A Complex in the Kidney. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7679. [PMID: 34299299 PMCID: PMC8303874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Rab GTPases, the largest group of small monomeric GTPases, regulate vesicle trafficking in cells, which are integral to many cellular processes. Their role in neurological diseases, such as cancer and inflammation have been extensively studied, but their implication in kidney disease has not been researched in depth. Rab3a and its effector Rabphillin-3A (Rph3A) expression have been demonstrated to be present in the podocytes of normal kidneys of mice rats and humans, around vesicles contained in the foot processes, and they are overexpressed in diseases with proteinuria. In addition, the Rab3A knockout mice model induced profound cytoskeletal changes in podocytes of high glucose fed animals. Likewise, RphA interference in the Drosophila model produced structural and functional damage in nephrocytes with reduction in filtration capacities and nephrocyte number. Changes in the structure of cardiac fiber in the same RphA-interference model, open the question if Rab3A dysfunction would produce simultaneous damage in the heart and kidney cells, an attractive field that will require attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (R.C.)
| | - Estela Selma-Soriano
- Physiopathology of Cellular and Organic Oxidative Stress Group, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (R.C.)
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (R.C.)
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (R.C.)
- CIBERObn, Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Lopez C, Holgado JL, Cortes R, Sauri I, Fernandez A, Calderon JM, Nuñez J, Redon J. Supervised Analysis for Phenotype Identification: The Case of Heart Failure Ejection Fraction Class. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8060085. [PMID: 34205745 PMCID: PMC8233943 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8060085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence is creating a paradigm shift in health care, with phenotyping patients through clustering techniques being one of the areas of interest. OBJECTIVE To develop a predictive model to classify heart failure (HF) patients according to their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), by using available data from Electronic Health Records (EHR). SUBJECTS AND METHODS 2854 subjects over 25 years old with a diagnosis of HF and LVEF, measured by echocardiography, were selected to develop an algorithm to predict patients with reduced EF using supervised analysis. The performance of the developed algorithm was tested in heart failure patients from Primary Care. To select the most influentual variables, the LASSO algorithm setting was used, and to tackle the issue of one class exceeding the other one by a large amount, we used the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE). Finally, Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost models were constructed. RESULTS The full XGBoost model obtained the maximum accuracy, a high negative predictive value, and the highest positive predictive value. Gender, age, unstable angina, atrial fibrillation and acute myocardial infarct are the variables that most influence EF value. Applied in the EHR dataset, with a total of 25,594 patients with an ICD-code of HF and no regular follow-up in cardiology clinics, 6170 (21.1%) were identified as pertaining to the reduced EF group. CONCLUSION The obtained algorithm was able to identify a number of HF patients with reduced ejection fraction, who could benefit from a protocol with a strong possibility of success. Furthermore, the methodology can be used for studies using data extracted from the Electronic Health Records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lopez
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research Group, INCLIVA Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.L.); (J.L.H.); (R.C.); (I.S.); (A.F.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Jose Luis Holgado
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research Group, INCLIVA Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.L.); (J.L.H.); (R.C.); (I.S.); (A.F.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research Group, INCLIVA Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.L.); (J.L.H.); (R.C.); (I.S.); (A.F.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Inma Sauri
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research Group, INCLIVA Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.L.); (J.L.H.); (R.C.); (I.S.); (A.F.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Antonio Fernandez
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research Group, INCLIVA Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.L.); (J.L.H.); (R.C.); (I.S.); (A.F.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Jose Miguel Calderon
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research Group, INCLIVA Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.L.); (J.L.H.); (R.C.); (I.S.); (A.F.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Julio Nuñez
- Cardiology Hospital Clínico of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research Group, INCLIVA Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (C.L.); (J.L.H.); (R.C.); (I.S.); (A.F.); (J.M.C.)
- Internal Medicine Hospital Clínico of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERObn, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Martínez-Arroyo O, Ortega A, Perez-Hernandez J, Chaves FJ, Redon J, Cortes R. EXOSOMAL MICRORNA-26A RESPONSE TO TGF-B1 STRESS IN HYPERTENSION. J Hypertens 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000747304.42426.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Perez-Hernandez J, Riffo-Campos AL, Ortega A, Martinez-Arroyo O, Perez-Gil D, Olivares D, Solaz E, Martinez F, Martínez-Hervás S, Chaves FJ, Redon J, Cortes R. Urinary- and Plasma-Derived Exosomes Reveal a Distinct MicroRNA Signature Associated With Albuminuria in Hypertension. Hypertension 2021; 77:960-971. [PMID: 33486986 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) is a marker of cardiovascular risk and renal damage in hypertension. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) packaged into exosomes function as paracrine effectors in cell communication and the kidney is not exempt. This study aimed to state an exosomal miRNA profile/signature associated to hypertension with increased UAE and the impact of profibrotic TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor β1) on exosomes miRNA release. Therefore, exosomes samples from patients with hypertension with/without UAE were isolated and characterized. Three individual and unique small RNA libraries from each subject were prepared (total plasma, urinary, and plasma-derived exosomes) for next-generation sequencing profiling. Differentially expressed miRNAs were over-represented in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, and selected miRNAs were validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a confirmation cohort. Thus, a signature of 29 dysregulated circulating miRNAs was identified in UAE hypertensive subjects, regulating 21 pathways. Moreover, changes in the levels of 4 exosomes-miRNAs were validated in a confirmation cohort and found associated with albuminuria. In particular miR-26a, major regulator of TGF-β signaling, was found downregulated in both type of exosomes when compared with healthy controls and to hypertension normoalbuminurics (P<0.01). Similarly, decreased miR-26a levels were found in podocyte-derived exosomes after TGF-β stress. Our results revealed an exosomes miRNA signature associated to albuminuria in hypertension. In particular, exosomes miR-26a seemed to play a key role in the regulation of TGF-β, a relevant effector in podocyte damage. These findings support the use of exosomes miRNAs as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk progression and therapeutic tools in early kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Hernandez
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (J.P.-H., A.O., O.M.-A., D.P.-G., D.O., E.S., F.M., J.R., R.C.)
| | - Angela L Riffo-Campos
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile (A.L.R.-C.)
| | - Ana Ortega
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (J.P.-H., A.O., O.M.-A., D.P.-G., D.O., E.S., F.M., J.R., R.C.)
| | - Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (J.P.-H., A.O., O.M.-A., D.P.-G., D.O., E.S., F.M., J.R., R.C.)
| | - Daniel Perez-Gil
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (J.P.-H., A.O., O.M.-A., D.P.-G., D.O., E.S., F.M., J.R., R.C.)
| | - Dolores Olivares
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (J.P.-H., A.O., O.M.-A., D.P.-G., D.O., E.S., F.M., J.R., R.C.)
| | - Elena Solaz
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (J.P.-H., A.O., O.M.-A., D.P.-G., D.O., E.S., F.M., J.R., R.C.).,Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain (E.S., F.M., J.R.)
| | - Fernando Martinez
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (J.P.-H., A.O., O.M.-A., D.P.-G., D.O., E.S., F.M., J.R., R.C.).,Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain (E.S., F.M., J.R.)
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervás
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital, Spain (S.M.-H.).,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.-H., F.J.C.).,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Spain (S.M.-H.)
| | - Felipe J Chaves
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Barcelona, Spain (S.M.-H., F.J.C.).,Genomics and Diabetes Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (F.J.C.)
| | - Josep Redon
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (J.P.-H., A.O., O.M.-A., D.P.-G., D.O., E.S., F.M., J.R., R.C.).,Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain (E.S., F.M., J.R.).,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain (J.R.)
| | - Raquel Cortes
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (J.P.-H., A.O., O.M.-A., D.P.-G., D.O., E.S., F.M., J.R., R.C.)
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Ortega A, Martinez-Arroyo O, Forner MJ, Cortes R. Exosomes as Drug Delivery Systems: Endogenous Nanovehicles for Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:pharmaceutics13010003. [PMID: 33374908 PMCID: PMC7821934 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nanometer-sized lipid-bilayer-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs), have attracted increasing attention due to their inherent ability to shuttle proteins, lipids and genes between cells and their natural affinity to target cells. Their intrinsic features such as stability, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and ability to overcome biological barriers, have prompted interest in using exosomes as drug delivery vehicles, especially for gene therapy. Evidence indicates that exosomes play roles in both immune stimulation and tolerance, regulating immune signaling and inflammation. To date, exosome-based nanocarriers delivering small molecule drugs have been developed to treat many prevalent autoimmune diseases. This review highlights the key features of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles, such as therapeutic cargo, use of targeting peptide, loading method and administration route with a broad focus. In addition, we outline the current state of evidence in the field of exosome-based drug delivery systems in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), evaluating exosomes derived from various cell types and engineered exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Maria J. Forner
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96398-3916; Fax: +34-96398-7860
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Abstract
Hypertension-mediated organ damage frequently includes renal function decline in which several mechanisms are involved. The present review outlines the state of the art on extracellular vesicles in hypertension and hypertension-related renal damage. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles, small vesicles secreted by most cell types and body fluids, are involved in cell-to-cell communication and are key players mediating biological processes such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction or fibrosis, mechanisms present the onset and progression of hypertension-associated kidney disease. We address the potential use of extracellular vesicles as markers of hypertension-mediated kidney damage severity and their application as therapeutic agents in hypertension-associated renal damage. The capacity of exosomes to deliver a wide variety of cargos to the target cell efficiently makes them a potential drug delivery system for treatment of renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (O.M.-A., A.O., J.R., R.C.)
| | - Ana Ortega
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (O.M.-A., A.O., J.R., R.C.)
| | - Josep Redon
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (O.M.-A., A.O., J.R., R.C.).,Internal Medicine, Clinic Universitary Hospital, Valencia, Spain (J.R.).,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain (J.R.)
| | - Raquel Cortes
- From the Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain (O.M.-A., A.O., J.R., R.C.)
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Martinez-Arroyo O, Ortega A, Perez-Hernandez J, Chaves FJ, Redon J, Cortes R. The Rab-Rabphilin system in injured human podocytes stressed by glucose overload and angiotensin II. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F178-F191. [PMID: 32567349 PMCID: PMC7473899 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00077.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney injury in hypertension and diabetes entails, among in other structures, damage in a key cell of the glomerular filtration barrier, the podocyte. Podocytes are polarized and highly differentiated cells in which vesicular transport, partly driven by Rab GTPases, is a relevant process. The aim of the present study was to analyze Rab GTPases of the Rab-Rabphilin system in human immortalized podocytes and the impact of high glucose and angiotensin II. Furthermore, alterations of the system in urine cell pellets from patients with hypertension and diabetes were studied. Apoptosis was analyzed in podocytes, and mRNA level quantification, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were developed to quantify podocyte-specific molecules and Rab-Rabphilin components (Rab3A, Rab27A, and Rabphilin3A). Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on urinary cell pellet from patients. The results showed that differentiated cells had reduced protein levels of the Rab-rabphillin system compared with undifferentiated cells. After glucose overload and angiotensin II treatment, apoptosis was increased and podocyte-specific proteins were reduced. Rab3A and Rab27A protein levels were increased under glucose overload, and Rabphilin3A decreased. Furthermore, this system exhibited higher levels under stress conditions in a manner of angiotensin II dose and time treatment. Immunofluorescence imaging indicated different expression patterns of podocyte markers and Rab27A under treatments. Finally, Rab3A and Rab27A were increased in patient urine pellets and showed a direct relationship with albuminuria. Collectively, these results suggest that the Rab-Rabphilin system could be involved in the alterations observed in injured podocytes and that a mechanism may be activated to reduce damage through the vesicular transport enhancement directed by this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe J Chaves
- Genomics and Diabetes Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
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Olivares D, Perez-Hernandez J, Perez-Gil D, Chaves FJ, Redon J, Cortes R. Optimization of small RNA library preparation protocol from human urinary exosomes. J Transl Med 2020; 18:132. [PMID: 32188466 PMCID: PMC7081560 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sequencing of miRNAs isolated from exosomes has great potential to identify novel disease biomarkers, but exosomes have low amount of RNA, hindering adequate analysis and quantification. Here, we have assessed several steps in developing an optimized small RNA (sRNA) library preparation protocol for next-generation sequencing (NGS) miRNA analysis from urinary exosomes. Methods A total of 24 urinary exosome samples from donors were included in this study. RNA was extracted by column-based methods. The quality of extracted RNA was assessed by spectrophotometric quantification and Bioanalyzer software analysis. All libraries were prepared using the CleanTag small RNA library preparation protocol and the effect of our additional modifications on adapter-dimer presence, sequencing data and tagged small RNA library population was also analyzed. Results Our results show that good quality sequencing libraries can be prepared following our optimized small RNA library preparation protocol from urinary exosomes. When the size selection by gel purification step was included within the workflow, adapter-dimer was totally removed from cDNA libraries. Furthermore, the inclusion of this modification step within small RNA library protocol augmented the small RNA mapped reads, with an especially significant 37% increase in miRNA reads, and the gel purification step made no difference to the tagged miRNA population. Conclusions This study provides researchers with an optimized small RNA library preparation workflow for next generation sequencing based exosome-associated miRNA analysis that yields a high amount of miRNA mapped reads without skewing the tagged miRNA population significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Olivares
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Perez-Gil
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Genomics England, Dawson Hall, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Felipe J Chaves
- Genomics and Diabetes Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Internal Medicine, Clinic Universitary Hospital, Avd. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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15
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Perez-Hernandez J, Olivares D, Forner MJ, Ortega A, Solaz E, Martinez F, Chaves FJ, Redon J, Cortes R. Urinary exosome miR-146a is a potential marker of albuminuria in essential hypertension. J Transl Med 2018; 16:228. [PMID: 30107841 PMCID: PMC6092786 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing interest in using extracellular vesicle-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers in renal dysfunction and injury. Preliminary evidence indicates that miRNAs regulate the progression of glomerular disease. Indeed, exosomes from the renal system have provided novel evidence in the clinical setting of albuminuria. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the urinary miRNAs present in exosome and microvesicles (MVs), and to assess their association with the presence of increased urinary albumin excretion in essential hypertension. Methods Exosomes were collected from urine specimens from a cohort of hypertensive patients with (n = 24) or without albuminuria (n = 28), and from 20 healthy volunteers as a control group. Urinary exosomes were phenotyped by Western blot, tunable resistive pulse sensing, and electronic microscopy. Expression of miR-146a and miR-335* was analysed by qRT-PCR and any associations between albuminuria and exosomal miRNAs were analysed. Results Urinary miRNAs are highly enriched in exosome subpopulations compared to MVs, both in patients with or without increased albuminuria (p < 0.001), but not in the control group. High albuminuria was associated with 2.5-fold less miR-146a in exosomes (p = 0.017), whereas miR-146a levels in MV did not change. In addition, exosome miR-146a levels were inversely associated with albuminuria (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001), and discriminated the presence of urinary albumin excretion presence [area under the curve = 0.80, 95% confidence interval: 0.66–0.95; p = 0.0013]. Conclusions Our results indicate that miRNAs were enriched in the urinary exosome subpopulation in hypertensive patients and that low miR-146a expression in exosomes was associated with the presence of albuminuria. Thus, urinary exosome miR-146a may be a potentially useful tool for studying early renal injury in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Olivares
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria J Forner
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Solaz
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Martinez
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe J Chaves
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, accesorio 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain. .,Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
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16
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Martínez-Barquero V, Marco GD, Martínez-Hervas S, Adam-Felici V, Pérez-Soriano C, Gonzalez-Albert V, Rojo G, Ascaso JF, Real JT, Garcia-Garcia AB, Martín-Escudero JC, Cortes R, Chaves FJ. Are IL18RAP gene polymorphisms associated with body mass regulation? A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017875. [PMID: 29146643 PMCID: PMC5695454 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between IL18RAP and body mass index (BMI) and obesity and to verify the effect of a polymorphism in the microRNA136 (MIR136) IL18RAP binding region. DESIGN We analysed samples from two Spanish cross-sectional studies, VALCAR (Spanish Mediterranean coast) and Hortega (Spanish centre). These studies aimed at analysing cardiovascular risk and development of cardiovascular disease in the general population. Both populations correspond to regions with different characteristics. SETTING Five IL18RAP single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected using the SYSNPs web tool and analysed by oligonucleotide ligation assay (SNPlex). For the MIR136 functional study, cells were transfected with plasmids containing different rs7559479 polymorphism alleles and analysed by luciferase reporter assays. PARTICIPANTS 1970 individuals (Caucasian, both genders): VALCAR (468) and Hortega (1502). RESULTS rs2293225, rs2272127 and rs7559479 showed the following associations: rs7559479 G allele correlated with a higher obesity risk (P=0.01; OR=1.82; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.87 for the VALCAR group; P=0.033; OR=1.35; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.79 for the Hortega population) and higher body mass index (BMI) values (P=0.0045; P=0.1 for VALCAR and Hortega, respectively); a significant association with obesity (P=0.0024, OR=1.44, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.82) and increased BMI values (P=0.008) was found when considering both populations together. rs2293225 T allele was associated with lower obesity risk (P=0.036; OR=0.60; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.96) and lower BMI values (P=0.0038; OR=1.41) while the rs2272127 G allele was associated with lower obesity risk (P=0.028; OR=0.66; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.97) only in the VALCAR population. A reporter assay showed that the presence of the A allele in rs7559479 was associated with increased MIR136 binding to IL18RAP. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that polymorphisms in IL18RAP influence susceptibility to obesity. We demonstrated that the A allele in rs7559479 increases MIR136 binding, which regulates IL-18 system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Martínez-Barquero
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Hospital Clínico Research Foundation (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Griselda de Marco
- Department of Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Hospital Clínico Research Foundation (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervas
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victoria Adam-Felici
- Department of Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Hospital Clínico Research Foundation (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Pérez-Soriano
- Department of Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Hospital Clínico Research Foundation (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Verónica Gonzalez-Albert
- Department of Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Hospital Clínico Research Foundation (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Gemma Rojo
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Regional Universitario, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Ascaso
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Tomás Real
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Barbara Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Hospital Clínico Research Foundation (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Cortes
- Department of Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Hospital Clínico Research Foundation (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe Javier Chaves
- Department of Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Hospital Clínico Research Foundation (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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Maitra R, Manke A, Wiethe R, Amato G, Snyder R, Vasukuttan V, Cortes R, Lefever T, Wiley J, Harris D, Runyon R. OR4-5DEVELOPMENT OF a peripherally restricted CB1 receptor antagonist FOR ALCOHOLIC STEATOSIS. Alcohol Alcohol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx074.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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18
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Perez-Hernandez J, Redon J, Cortes R. Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Agents in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040717. [PMID: 28350323 PMCID: PMC5412303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs. Currently, therapeutic molecules present adverse side effects and are only effective in some SLE patient subgroups. Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, are released by most cell types, carry nucleic acids, proteins and lipids and play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. EVs can stimulate or suppress the immune responses depending on the context. In SLE, EVs can work as autoadjuvants, enhance immune complex formation and maintaining inflammation state. Over the last years, EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells and antigen presenting cells have emerged as cell-free therapeutic agents to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the current therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles to regulate immune responses and to ameliorate disease activity in SLE and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Josep Redon
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Perez-Hernandez J, Olivares MD, Forner MJ, Chaves FJ, Cortes R, Redon J. Urinary dedifferentiated podocytes as a non-invasive biomarker of lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:780-9. [PMID: 26932688 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, renal biopsy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and prognosis of lupus nephritis (LN). However, it is an invasive method, and new non-invasive laboratory tests are needed to identify renal involvement without renal biopsy. Podocyte damage plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We characterize whether the phenotype of urinary podocytes (viability, apoptosis, mRNA and protein levels of the podocyte-associated molecules) is a novel marker of clinical and histological features in SLE patients with or without LN. METHODS We quantified in urinary sediments of 32 SLE patients and 20 controls, mRNA and protein levels of podocalyxin, synapotopodin, podocin, nephrin and WT-1 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis and correlated these with clinical and histological parameters. The viability of detached urine podocytes was analysed by flow cytometry with podocalyxin and annexin V/7-AAD double staining and immunofluorescence of urine podocyte cultures. RESULTS The degree of a poptotic podocytes from urine samples was significantly decreased in patients with LN, especially in the active state (33% compared with 75% in controls, P < 0.001), and the majority of the detached podocytes in the urine of patients with active LN were viable (70% grew in culture). Furthermore, urinary mRNA of podocyte-associated molecules was significantly lower in patients with active LN (P < 0.05) compared with healthy controls, and protein levels of podocyte markers were significantly increased in SLE patients, especially with LN compared with SLE without LN (P < 0.05) and the healthy control group (P < 0.01). Finally, urinary protein levels of podocyte-related markers were associated with proteinuria and histological features (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and receiver operating characteristics curves of protein levels discriminate between LN and healthy controls with an area under the curve (AUC) between 0.91 and 0.77 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Urinary dedifferentiated podocytes were shown in active LN, and their protein levels correlated with proteinuria and histological features in LN. These preliminary results suggest that it could be a potentially useful non-invasive marker for evaluating the progression of glomerular disease in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, acceso 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain Cardiometabolic and Renal Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, acceso 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria D Olivares
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, acceso 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain Cardiometabolic and Renal Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, acceso 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria J Forner
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, acceso 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe J Chaves
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, acceso 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, acceso 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain Cardiometabolic and Renal Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, acceso 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menéndez Pelayo, acceso 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain
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Cortes R, Ivorra C, Martínez-Hervás S, Pedro T, González-Albert V, Artero A, Adam V, García-García AB, Ascaso JF, Real JT, Chaves FJ. Postprandial Changes in Chemokines Related to Early Atherosclerotic Processes in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Subjects: A Preliminary Study. Arch Med Res 2016; 47:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bettencourt-Silva M, Cortes R, Velez Lapão L. Evaluation of the Quality of referral in Portugal: a three years analysis. Eur J Public Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv170.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Perez-Hernandez J, Forner MJ, Pinto C, Chaves FJ, Cortes R, Redon J. Increased Urinary Exosomal MicroRNAs in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138618. [PMID: 26390437 PMCID: PMC4577109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increased interest in using microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers in different diseases. Present in body fluids, it is controversial whether or not they are mainly enclosed in exosomes, thus we studied if urinary miRNAs are concentrated inside exosomes and if the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus with or without lupus nephritis modifies their distribution pattern. We quantified specific miRNAs in urine of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 38) and healthy controls (n = 12) by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR in cell-free urine, exosome-depleted supernatant and exosome pellet obtained by ultracentrifugation. In control group, miR-335* and miR-302d were consistently higher in exosomes than in exosome-depleted supernatant, and miR-200c and miR-146a were higher in cell-free fraction. In lupus patients, all urinary miRNAs tested were mainly in exosomes with lower levels outside them (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). This pattern is especially relevant in patients with active lupus nephritis compared to the control group or to the SLE patients in absence of lupus nephritis, with miR-146a being the most augmented (100-fold change, p<0.001). Among the exosomal miRNAs tested, only the miR-146a discriminates the presence of active lupus nephritis. In conclusion, urinary miRNAs are contained primarily in exosomes in systemic lupus erythematosus, and the main increment was found in the presence of active lupus nephritis. These findings underscore the attractiveness of exosomal miRNAs in urine, a non-invasive method, as potential renal disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria J. Forner
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Pinto
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe J. Chaves
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Minister of Health, Madrid, Spain
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Cortes R, Martinez-Hervas S, Ivorra C, De Marco G, Gonzalez-Albert V, Rojo-Martínez G, Saez G, Carmena R, Ascaso JF, Real JT, Chaves FJ. Enhanced reduction in oxidative stress and altered glutathione and thioredoxin system response to unsaturated fatty acid load in familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:291-7. [PMID: 25218830 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by increased oxidative stress (OS) levels. In the postprandial state, lipids and lipoproteins modulate OS status through their impact on pro-oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate in patients with FH the response to an unsaturated oral fat load test (OFLT) by analyzing the mRNA levels of genes involved in the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed 14 FH patients and 20 normolipidemic and normoglycemic controls. In both groups, mRNA values of antioxidant enzyme genes (glutathione and thioredoxin systems) were determined at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, and 8h after OFLT by real time PCR. RESULTS In the fasting state the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes GPX4 and the GSR, GSS, and GCLC enzymes (involved in glutathione regeneration and synthesis) and thioredoxin (TXN), were significantly increased in the FH group compared to the healthy controls. Some genes (GPX1 and GPX4) were increased at 4h in both groups, but values for the rest of the antioxidant enzyme mRNAs were decreased in FH patients after 4h from unsaturated OFLT and were increased in controls. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that an OFLT with predominantly unsaturated fat has a different effect on postprandial antioxidant enzyme mRNA levels in controls than in FH patients. Increased antioxidant enzyme mRNA is not the main way to reduce postprandial oxidative stress in FH. This difference could determine the influence of dietary patterns in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cortes
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 4 Accesorio, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Martinez-Hervas
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinico Universitario, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Carmen Ivorra
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 4 Accesorio, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Griselda De Marco
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 4 Accesorio, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Veronica Gonzalez-Albert
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 4 Accesorio, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema Rojo-Martínez
- UGCI of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IBIMA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Regional Universitario, Avd. Carlos Haya, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Guillermo Saez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-CIBEROBN Faculty of Medicine and Odontology-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Service of Clinic Analysis, Dr. Peset University Hospital, University of Valencia, 2, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Carmena
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinico Universitario, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Juan F Ascaso
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinico Universitario, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona 08017, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibañez, 17 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose T Real
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinico Universitario, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona 08017, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibañez, 17 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Felipe J Chaves
- Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 4 Accesorio, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona 08017, Spain
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Fiandra O, Barci A, Cortes R, Soto RL, Stanham J, Lombardero M. Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage. Acta Radiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/028418515805000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fiandra O, Barcia A, Cortes R, Stanham J. Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage into the Inferior Vena Cava. Acta Radiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/028418516205700408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dighiero J, Fiandra O, Barcia A, Cortes R, Stanham J. Multiple Pulmonary Stenoses with Pulmonary Hypertension: Report of a Case. Acta Radiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/028418515704800606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pereira S, Pinto AL, Cortes R, Fontaínhas-Fernandes A, Coimbra AM, Monteiro SM. Gill histopathological and oxidative stress evaluation in native fish captured in Portuguese northwestern rivers. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2013; 90:157-166. [PMID: 23352272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Northwestern Portuguese region is densely populated and highly industrialized, suffering from high anthropogenic pressure. To assess the biological effect of the several pollutants that are constantly released to the water, a biomarker-based biomonitoring is a promising approach that may provide early-warning signals of pollutants exposure. Fish gill is the first target of pollutants action, thus histopathological and biochemical changes may constitute potential biomarkers. To evaluate this hypothesis, three native fish species (barbel-Luciobarbus bocagei, chub-Squalius carolitertii and nase-Pseudochondrostoma sp.) were sampled in Northwestern Portuguese rivers, the gill histopathological changes were qualitative and quantitatively analyzed and the lipid peroxidation and glutathione-S-transferase activity were determined. A multivariate statistical analysis was performed to establish correlations between these biological responses, environmental variables and ecological status. The quantitative evaluation of the main histopathological changes and oxidative stress responses emphasize the differences, among species, in the responses to the presence of contaminants in water. Discriminant canonical analysis showed that filament epithelium proliferation, necrosis and GST activity were the main contributors to discriminate the ecological status classification. In addition, the results showed that a wide range of environmental factors are influencing fish physiology. In conclusion, the gill biological responses, although not reflecting specific contaminants, can be used as biomarkers of ecosystems perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Departamento de Biologia e Ambiente (DeBA), Escola de Ciências da Vida e Ambiente (ECVA), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
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Abstract
The ability to control the formation of interfaces between different materials has become one of the foundations of modern materials science. With the advent of two-dimensional (2D) crystals, low-dimensional equivalents of conventional interfaces can be envisioned: line boundaries separating different materials integrated in a single 2D sheet. Graphene and hexagonal boron nitride offer an attractive system from which to build such 2D heterostructures. They are isostructural, nearly lattice-matched, and isoelectronic, yet their different band structures promise interesting functional properties arising from their integration. Here, we use a combination of in situ microscopy techniques to study the growth and interface formation of monolayer graphene-boron nitride heterostructures on ruthenium. In a sequential chemical vapor deposition process, boron nitride grows preferentially at the edges of existing monolayer graphene domains, which can be exploited for synthesizing continuous 2D membranes of graphene embedded in boron nitride. High-temperature growth leads to intermixing near the interface, similar to interfacial alloying in conventional heterostructures. Using real-time microscopy, we identify processes that eliminate this intermixing and thus pave the way to graphene-boron nitride heterostructures with atomically sharp interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sutter
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States.
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Hojyo MT, Vega E, Domiongnez L, Cortes R, Texeira F. Replay. Int J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1997.tb03084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Christensen LH, Engholm G, Cortes R, Ceberg J, Tange U, Andersson M, Bladström A, Mouridsen HT, Möller T, Storm H. Reduced mortality for women with mammography-detected breast cancer in east Denmark and south Sweden. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:2773-80. [PMID: 16989996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 5-year relative survival from breast cancer in Denmark is 10 percentage points lower than in Sweden. This difference has been demonstrated previously as being caused partly by more involved lymph nodes and larger tumours in Denmark. Sweden has had nationwide mammography-screening coverage since 1991, whereas this is still in its infancy in Denmark. In the search for an explanation for the remaining survival difference, patient delay was a likely candidate. This study compared patient delay and mammography-detection between two national regions. Data on patient delay and mammography were obtained from hospital records from 1989 and 1994, and analysed using Cox proportional hazard analysis of death within the first 5 years, with the factors age, country, delay/mammography detection and established patho-anatomic variables. A comparison of patient delay and mammography detection in 1989 and 1994 showed more mammography-detected tumours in south Sweden and more women with long delay in east Denmark. Mammography detection, but not long patient delay, had a significant effect on the death hazard when adjusting for patho-anatomic risk factors. The hazard ratio was not eliminated in 1989, but in 1994, the hazard ratio between east Denmark and south Sweden was reduced from 1.3 to 1.1. In conclusion, patient delay did not appear to have any effect on 5-year survival when adjusting for patho-anatomic factors, but tumour detection by mammography affected survival favourably and partly explained the survival difference between east Denmark and south Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Coelho A, Fontaínhas-Fernandes A, Santos S, Cortes R, Rodrigues J. Mucormicose por Rhizopus sp. em peixes: apresentação do primeiro caso em Portugal. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352003000200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A.C. Coelho
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
| | | | - S. Santos
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
| | - R. Cortes
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
| | - J. Rodrigues
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
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Beaunier L, Cachet H, Cortes R, Froment M. Epitaxial electrodeposition of lead telluride films on indium phosphide single crystals. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)00758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lelieur JP, Goulon J, Cortes R, Friant P. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure studies of ytterbium-ammonia solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j150661a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Menushenkov AP, Konarev PV, Tsvyashchenko AV, Meyer-Klaucke W, Cortes R. Structural properties of Y1-xYbxNi2B2C synthesized at high pressure: EXAFS data analysis. J Synchrotron Radiat 2001; 8:910-912. [PMID: 11512975 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049500016733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2000] [Accepted: 11/08/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Local structure of Y(1-x)Yb(x)Ni2B2C series synthesized at high pressure 8 GPa has been studied using EXAFS. Measurements were performed at the Ni K-edge in temperature range 5-300 K. The results show that the Debye-Waller factor for Ni-Ni bond in the parent YNi2B2C compound is characterized by the Einstein temperature O(E) = 350 K, while a minimum value O(E) = 300 K is reached for the compound with = 0.025, which has the highest critical temperature T(c) = 12.5K of the superconductive transition. This correlates with the further suppressing of superconductivity and with the appearance of the local magnetic moments in the investigated Y(1-x)Yb(x)Ni2B2C series for x > or = 0.05 compounds. Observed changes in the local electronic and the local crystal structure of this system as a function of Yb concentration and of temperature were explained in the frame of the band filling effect.
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Menushenkov AP, Klementev KV, Cortes R, Purans J. Lattice softening in superconducting compositions of Ba(K)BiO3. J Synchrotron Radiat 2001; 8:845-847. [PMID: 11512952 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049501000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2000] [Accepted: 12/20/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Temperature dependent x-ray absorption spectra investigation were measured for Ba(1-x)K(x)BiO3 (Bi L3-edge) with x =0.0, 0.25, 0.4, 0.5 and for BaPbO3 (Pb L3-edge). It was found that at low temperatures the Debye-Waller factor of the square diagonal Bi-Bi bond has the maximum value near the insulator-metal phase transition for the compound with x = 0.25 and x = 0.4. Temperature dependence of the Debye-Waller factor of Bi-Bi bond strongly differs from the Einstein model curve that well describes the harmonic systems (for example BaPbO3). This behavior is consistent with the strong anharmonicity of the Bi-O shell due to the double-well vibration potential reported by us earlier. Presented results point to the essential lattice softening of the superconducting compositions, which is important for the understanding of superconductivity mechanism in perovskite type oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Muñoz
- General Hospital Dr Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
A 54-year-old male farmer was seen in May 1990 with a violaceous, exulcerated tumor, 2x1.5 cm in diameter, localized to the sternal area of the chest. The tumor had been present for 30 years, showing slow progressive growth; it was excised, but recurred 2 years before our initial evaluation. The tumor was again excised with a wide free margin. The histopathologic study showed an ill-defined, epithelial neoformation, formed by lobules of clear polygonal cells at the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue; there was a second group of smaller cells with a basaloid aspect, a few of them presenting slight atypia. The tumoral lobules were surrounded by a myxoid material with vascular proliferation. The epidermis was normal. The histopathologic report was of a malignant nodular hidradenoma. No evidence of lymph node or distant metastases was found. One year after the excision, the tumor recurred at the surgical site, and an axillary lymph node showed metastatic cells. The lesion was excised for a third time and the patient was lost to follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Waxtein
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City, Mexico, D.F
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Cachet H, Cortes R, Froment M, Maurin G. Epitaxial electrodeposition of cadmium selenide thin films on indium phosphide single crystal. J Solid State Electrochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s100080050029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
The distribution of the diadenosine tetraphosphate high-affinity binding sites has been studied in rat brain by an autoradiographic method using [3H]diadenosine tetraphosphate as the ligand. The binding characteristics are comparable to those described in studies performed on rat brain synaptosomes. White matter is devoid of specific binding. The range of binding site densities in gray matter varies from 3 to 15 fmol/mg of tissue, exhibiting a widespread but heterogeneous distribution. The highest densities correspond to the seventh cranial nerve, medial superior olive, pontine nuclei, glomerular and external plexiform layers of the olfactory bulb, and the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. Intermediate density levels of binding correspond to different cortical areas, several nuclei of the amygdala, and the oriens and pyramidal layers of the hippocampal formation. The localization of diadenosine tetraphosphate binding sites in the brain may provide information on the places where diadenosine polyphosphate compounds can be expected to function in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodríguez-Pascual
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Jensen PS, Watanabe HK, Richters JE, Cortes R, Roper M, Liu S. Prevalence of mental disorder in military children and adolescents: findings from a two-stage community survey. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:1514-24. [PMID: 8543520 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199511000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because previous reports have suggested that children of military families are at greater risk for psychopathology, this study examines the levels of psychopathology in an epidemiological community sample of military children all living on a military post. METHOD Standardized psychopathology rating scales and a structured diagnostic interview (the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children [DISC], version 2.1) were used in a multimethod, multistage survey; 294 six- to seventeen-year-old military children and their parents participated in the study. RESULTS Parent- and child-administered structured DSM-III-R DISC interviews indicated that children's levels of psychopathology were at levels consistent with studies of other normal samples. In addition, parents' and children's symptom checklist ratings of children were at national norms, as were parents' ratings of their own symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Overall results do not support the notion that levels of psychopathology are greatly increased in military children. Further studies of military families should address the effects of rank and socioeconomic status, housing, and the current impact of life stressors on the parents as well as the children, in order to avoid drawing erroneous conclusions about parts or all of the military community.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Jensen
- Child and Adolescent Disorders Research Branch, NIMH, Rockville, MD 20857, USA
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Carreras D, Imaz C, Navajas R, Garcia MA, Rodriguez C, Rodriguez AF, Cortes R. Comparison of derivatization procedures for the determination of diuretics in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1994; 683:195-202. [PMID: 7952012 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(94)89116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Three different GC-MS screening procedures, which use different ways of derivatization (methylation), are compared. In the first one, derivatization with iodomethane in acetone and a previous solid-liquid extraction is used; the second one is based on an extractive alkylation method using iodomethane in toluene (liquid-liquid extraction); and the last one is flash methylation by pyrolysis of tetraalkylammonium salts in the injector of the gas chromatograph using trimethylanilinium as the derivatization agent. The speed of the extraction, reproducibility and accuracy have been compared for 20 diuretics including the ones most often used in sports, such as bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, furosemide, hydroflumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone; they have also been applied to the two uricosuric agents probenecid and benzbromarone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carreras
- Laboratorio de Control de Dopaje, C.N.I.C.D., Madrid, Spain
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Garcia-Jaca J, Insausti M, Cortes R, Rojo T, Pizarro J, Arriortua M. A new perspective of vanadyl-tartrate dimers. Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic and magnetic properties of the chain compound: {[BaVO(C4H2O6)(H2O)4]2}];n. Polyhedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)81646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Aguilar LC, Islas A, Rosique P, Hernandez B, Portillo E, Herrera JM, Cortes R, Cruz S, Alfaro F, Martin R. Psychometric analysis in children with mental retardation due to perinatal hypoxia treated with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and showing improvement in mental development. J Intellect Disabil Res 1993; 37 ( Pt 6):507-520. [PMID: 8123997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.1993.tb00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has shown a neurotrophic effect in the neurons of several CNS areas. In vivo, it contributes to restore neurochemical and morphological deficits in different rodent models of brain damage, including rats with brain damage induced by hypoxia/ischemia when FGF was intramuscularly (i.m.) administered. Toxicological and immunological studies performed in rats, mice and volunteers showed no evidence of side-effects. Bovine FGF was i.m. administered in children with mental retardation caused by perinatal hypoxia, aged 1-15 years, at dosages of 0.4 or 0.28 microgram kg-1, once or twice a month, over 7-12 months. Group A [n = 12; 6 treated (T), 6 controls (Ct)], group B (n = 16; 8 T, 8 Ct) and group C (n = 67; 45 T, 22 Ct) were evaluated with the P. A. R. scale, the WISC-RM and the Gesell scale, respectively. Development increased significantly in treated children from groups A (P < 0.02) and C (P < 0.001), and IQ rose by more than 10 points (P < 0.001) in group B patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Aguilar
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Neuroplasticidad y Desarrollo Celular, Guadalajara, Jal. Mexico
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