INTRAVITREAL DEXAMETHASONE FOR THE TREATMENT OF MACULAR EDEMA SECONDARY TO HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE TOXICITY

PURPOSE

Cystoid macular edema is a vision-threatening complication infrequently associated with hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity. There are limited data on the best treatment for this pathology.

METHODS

A retrospective case series is presented.

RESULTS

In this series, we present three cases of cystoid macular edema in patients with diagnosed hydroxychloroquine maculopathy successfully treated with intravitreal dexamethasone implantation.

CONCLUSION

Minimal literature has been published regarding the best management of cystoid macular edema related to hydroxychloroquine toxicity. Our case series suggests a possible new agent in the treatment of this rare occurrence.

Direct thrombin inhibitors: novel antithrombotics on the horizon in the thromboprophylactic management of atrial fibrillation

Antithrombotic agents have verified efficacy in reducing the thromboembolic risk associated with atrial fibrillation. This article focuses on the emergence of a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran, into the arena of atrial fibrillation thromboprophylaxis. This review does not cover atrial fibrillation in the context of valvular heart disease. The efficacy of aspirin and warfarin will be discussed briefly.

Antiplatelet use in interventional cardiology

Thrombosis within the target vessel is one of the most feared complications associated with coronary intervention, as it is often associated with severe adverse clinical sequelae. This thrombosis is mediated via the activation and aggregation of platelets and therefore considerable effort has been directed at ways of inhibiting platelet function. It is now mandatory to consider the use of two and often three different antiplatelet agents, particularly when intracoronary stents are inserted. Using these regimes, many of the adverse clinical outcomes associated with platelet activation can be reduced.

Do Indo-Asians have smaller coronary arteries?

There is a widespread belief that coronary arteries are smaller in Indo-Asians. The aim of the present study was to compare the size of atheroma-free proximal and distal epicardial coronary arteries of Indo-Asians and Caucasians. We analysed normal coronary angiograms from 77 Caucasians and 39 Indo-Asians. The two groups were comparable for dominance of the coronary arteries. Indo-Asian patients had generally smaller coronary arteries, with a statistically significant difference in the mean diameters of the left main coronary artery, proximal, mid and left anterior descending, and proximal and distal right coronary artery segments. There was a non-significant trend towards smaller coronary artery segment diameters for the distal left anterior descending, proximal and distal circumflex, and obtuse marginal artery segments. However, after correction for body surface area, none of these differences in size were statistically significant. Thus, the smaller coronary arteries in Indo-Asian patients were explained by body size alone and were not due to ethnic origin per se. This finding nevertheless has important therapeutic implications, since smaller coronary arteries may give rise to technical difficulties during bypass graft and intervention procedures such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, stents and atherectomy. On smaller arteries, atheroma may also give an impression of more severe disease than on larger diameter arteries.

Changes in renal function with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

There is concern about adverse effects on renal function in patients with prolonged cardiac intervention procedures, when contrast media is used. To investigate this further we studied changes in renal function in 104 patients (79 male, 25 female; mean age 59.2, SD 9.8) undergoing routine elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), where 28 (27%) patients had concomitant stent implantation. There was associated diabetes in 15 patients (14%) and previous hypertension in 44 (blood pressure >160/90 mmHg, 44%). None of the patients were known to have congestive heart failure at the time of procedure or chronic renal failure (defined as serum creatinine >200 pmol/l). There was no significant change in mean serum urea pre- and post-PTCA (mean change -0.04 mmol/l, paired t-test P=0.90). However, there was a small rise in serum creatinine pre- and post-PTCA of borderline significance (mean change +5.8 micromol/l, P=0.051). Of the whole cohort, 65 patients (63%) had a rise in mean serum creatinine, whilst 45 (43%) showed a rise in serum urea levels. This deterioration in renal function was related to a difference in the procedure duration, but there were no statistically significant differences in mean age or volume of contrast media (Iopamide 340) between patients with or without deterioration in renal function. Patients with a rise in serum creatinine had lower baseline (pre-PTCA) serum urea and serum creatinine levels. In patients undergoing stent implantation, there was a higher quantity of contrast media, screening time and procedure duration. There were no significant differences in age, pre-PTCA serum urea and creatinine levels, and mean change in serum urea or creatinine levels in patients with and without stent usage. Whilst severe renal dysfunction following PTCA is uncommon, we suggest that some caution is necessary during PTCA or other cardiac interventions where more complex or prolonged procedures necessitating large volumes of contrast media use.

Pyogenic meningitis

Fifty cases with pyogenic meningitis, aged 15 to 72 years, with a male:female ratio of 5:1, were studied. The majority of cases (70%) were in the 15 to 25 years age group. The organisms detected in the 29 culture-positive cases included S aureus (12), pneumococci (9) and meningococci (8). Thirteen patients died; the poor prognostic factors included old age, the presence of coma or shock, CSF sugar below 10 mg/dl or protein above 750 mg/dl and the presence of gram negative organisms in the CSF.

A study of aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning with special reference to electrocardiographic changes

Ninety patients with aluminum phosphide poisoning have been studied over a period of 3 years. Epigastric pain and vomiting were the common initial clinical features, followed 12 to 24 hours later by cardiogenic shock, oliguria, altered mental state and respiratory distress. Death occurred within 24 to 72 hours presumably due to poison-induced toxic chemical myocarditis as reflected by electrocardiographic changes. The overall mortality was 63.3%. Intravenous magnesium sulphate, probably due to its membrane stabilizing action, appears to be related to the reduction in mortality from 90% to 52% in the latter 62 cases.