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Laranjeira AB, Hollingshead M, Nguyen D, Kinders R, Difilippantonio M, Doroshow JH, Yang SX. Abstract LB192: Demethylation, DNA damage and antitumor activity of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in models with intact and disrupted DNMT1 gene. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-lb192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 is an enzyme responsible for maintaining DNA methylation pattern during DNA replication. However, its role on the methylation of tumor suppressor genes and DNA damage in relation to antitumor activity of DNMT inhibitors remains controversial. Here, we investigated the effects of DNMT inhibitors in human colorectal and breast cancer cell lines and animal models with intact (DNMT1+/+) and disrupted DNMT1 (DNMT1-/-) gene. Treatment with 5 µM of 4’-thio-5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (aza-TdC), decitabine and azacytidine all inhibited DNMT1 expression and cell growth (94.0%/97.1%, 39.9%/58.6% and 69.2/91.3), and induced apoptosis (66.9%/62.5%, 30.9%/23.8% and 66.2/43.1%) in DNMT1+/+ HCT116/MCF7 cells; in contrast, the DNMT inhibitors had less/little activities in DNMT1-/- HCT116/MCF7 cells (P<0.001 each). γH2AX and G2/M cell-cycle arrest were induced by the inhibitors and greater degree of induction was produced by aza-TdC than decitabine in DNMT1+/+ cells (P<0.001), with activation of checkpoint kinase 1 and upregulation of p21. Both demethylation and increased acetylation of CDKN2A and CDKN2B gene promoters together with re-expression of p16INK4A and p15INK4B proteins were detected in DNMT1-/- versusDNMT1+/+ (demethylation only) cells upon exposure to decitabine for 72h. Compared with saline treatment, tumor growth was significantly inhibited by aza-TdC (90%; n=18 mice) and decitabine (62%; n=18) in DNMT1+/+ colorectal xenograft tumors, alongside decreasing expression of DNMT1 (51% and 44%) and an increase in p21 (85% and 48%). Similarly, tumor growth delays (86%; n=15 and 57%; n=14) were associated with the reduction of DNMT1 and augmentation of p21 in bladder PDX tumors. The findings suggest that DNMT inhibitors induce DNA damage and higher anti-tumor activity of aza-TdC is proportional to a greater magnitude of induction of DNA damage, p21 and cell cycle arrest without reactivating the expression of p16INK4A and p15INK4B. The gene re-expression coupled to demethylation and acetylation corresponds to the less anti-tumor activity by decitabine in DNMT1-/- cells. Thus, it is the DNA damage effects, rather than re-expression of the tumor suppressors, that are associated with antitumor activity of the DNMT inhibitors in cancer cells and/or xenograft and PDX tumors.
Citation Format: Angelo B. Laranjeira, Melinda Hollingshead, Dat Nguyen, Robert Kinders, Michael Difilippantonio, James H. Doroshow, Sherry X. Yang. Demethylation, DNA damage and antitumor activity of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in models with intact and disrupted DNMT1 gene [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr LB192.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo B. Laranjeira
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Melinda Hollingshead
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Dat Nguyen
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | | | | | - James H. Doroshow
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Sherry X. Yang
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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Akturk G, Parra ER, Gjini E, Lako A, Lee JJ, Neuberg D, Zhang J, Yao S, Laface I, Rogic A, Chen PH, Sanchez-Espiridion B, Valle DMD, Moravec R, Kinders R, Hudgens C, Wu C, Wistuba II, Thurin M, Hewitt SM, Rodig S, Gnjatic S, Tetzlaff MT. Multiplex Tissue Imaging Harmonization: A Multicenter Experience from CIMAC-CIDC Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Network. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5072-5083. [PMID: 34253580 PMCID: PMC9777693 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Cancer Immune Monitoring and Analysis Centers - Cancer Immunologic Data Commons (CIMAC-CIDC) network supported by the NCI Cancer Moonshot initiative was established to provide correlative analyses for clinical trials in cancer immunotherapy, using state-of-the-art technology. Fundamental to this initiative is implementation of multiplex IHC assays to define the composition and distribution of immune infiltrates within tumors in the context of their potential role as biomarkers. A critical unanswered question involves the relative fidelity of such assays to reliably quantify tumor-associated immune cells across different platforms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Three CIMAC sites compared across their laboratories: (i) image analysis algorithms, (ii) image acquisition platforms, (iii) multiplex staining protocols. Two distinct high-dimensional approaches were employed: multiplexed IHC consecutive staining on single slide (MICSSS) and multiplexed immunofluorescence (mIF). To eliminate variables potentially impacting assay performance, we completed a multistep harmonization process, first comparing assay performance using independent protocols followed by the integration of laboratory-specific protocols and finally, validating this harmonized approach in an independent set of tissues. RESULTS Data generated at the final validation step showed an intersite Spearman correlation coefficient (r) of ≥0.85 for each marker within and across tissue types, with an overall low average coefficient of variation ≤0.1. CONCLUSIONS Our results support interchangeability of protocols and platforms to deliver robust, and comparable data using similar tissue specimens and confirm that CIMAC-CIDC analyses may therefore be used with confidence for statistical associations with clinical outcomes largely independent of site, antibody selection, protocol, and platform across different sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guray Akturk
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Edwin R Parra
- Translational Molecular Pathology-Dermatopathology Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Evisa Gjini
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana Lako
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Jack Lee
- Translational Molecular Pathology-Dermatopathology Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jiexin Zhang
- Translational Molecular Pathology-Dermatopathology Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shen Yao
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Ilaria Laface
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Anita Rogic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | | | - Beatriz Sanchez-Espiridion
- Translational Molecular Pathology-Dermatopathology Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Diane M Del Valle
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Radim Moravec
- Kelly Services; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert Kinders
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Courtney Hudgens
- Translational Molecular Pathology-Dermatopathology Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Catherine Wu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Translational Molecular Pathology-Dermatopathology Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Scott Rodig
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Michael T Tetzlaff
- Translational Molecular Pathology-Dermatopathology Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Benton GJ, Ferry-Galow KV, Lonsberry VE, Mohandoss M, Stotler H, Trail D, Georgius K, Hollingshead M, Wilsker D, Kinders R, Doroshow JH, Parchment RE. Abstract 6495: Development of robust and reproducible controls to support clinical implementation of quantitative immunofluorescence assays for pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-6495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Robust pharmacodynamic (PD) assays are valuable to confirm putative drug mechanisms and downstream effects in support of early phase clinical trials. Evolving methods to achieve consistent performance across patients, clinical trials, and laboratories is critical for the success of clinical pharmacodynamic measurements. We have developed integral quality control tools to support clinical implementation of quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence assays (qmIFAs) that include xenograft tissue reference calibrators. These reference slides help to provide confirmation that the pharmacodynamic assay is reporting biomarker levels within designated target ranges with expected subcellular localization, helping to control for run-to-run issues with the assay procedures, reagents, or equipment; however, significant challenges are faced in producing these key reagents. Compared to conventional cell pellets, xenograft controls require more time, expense and specialized facilities; however, the tumor tissues are much more representative of the heterogeneity found in clinical biopsies. The challenges associated with xenograft controls include tissue and biomarker variability attributed to necrotic areas, fixation artifacts, and variable drug distribution. During our qualification process, xenografts undergo multiple rounds of selection and analysis to identify specimens that exhibit good tissue quality, adequate regions of interest (ROI), and appropriate target signal levels to support the intended biomarker measurements. Slide lots are produced, qualified, and stored in a manner that ensures adequate lot sizes, robust and reproducible slide to slide performance, and appropriate shelf life. Xenograft tissue reference standards representing a range of basal or drug-induced biomarker expression in appropriate models have been developed for several informative PD markers including Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) markers such as E-Cadherin, Vimentin, and Beta-Catenin; DNA damage response markers γH2AX, pNBS1 and Rad51; apoptosis induction markers for colocalized γH2AX/cleaved Caspase 3; and the cell cycle markers pY15cdk and pHH3 among others and have been used as important tools to support ongoing clinical pharmacodynamic analyses of research biopsies at the NCI and other institutions (PMIDs 25964244, 29682208, 30792217, 31732654). In summary, generalized methods and workflows that will be made public have been developed by the NCI to optimize the production of qualified reference slide lots of sufficient reproducibility, stability, and quantity to support ongoing NCI-supported clinical trial pharmacodynamic assays for several key biomarkers. Funded by NCI Contract No HHSN261200800001E.
Citation Format: Gabriel J. Benton, Katherine V. Ferry-Galow, Victor E. Lonsberry, Manisha Mohandoss, Howard Stotler, Debbie Trail, Kyle Georgius, Melinda Hollingshead, Deborah Wilsker, Robert Kinders, James H. Doroshow, Ralph E. Parchment. Development of robust and reproducible controls to support clinical implementation of quantitative immunofluorescence assays for pharmacodynamic biomarkers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6495.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J. Benton
- 1Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Katherine V. Ferry-Galow
- 1Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Victor E. Lonsberry
- 1Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Manisha Mohandoss
- 1Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Howard Stotler
- 1Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Debbie Trail
- 1Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Kyle Georgius
- 1Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | | | - Deborah Wilsker
- 1Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Robert Kinders
- 1Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - James H. Doroshow
- 3Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ralph E. Parchment
- 1Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
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Yang SX, Rubinstein L, Nguyen D, Larenjeira AB, Kinders R, Difilippantonio M, Doroshow JH. Abstract LB-107: TET2/ DNMT3A mutations and exceptional response to novel epigenetic agent in human malignancies. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-lb-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Challenges remain on the selection of patients who potentially respond to a class of drugs that target the epigenetics for cancer treatment. This study aims to investigate TET2/DNMT3A mutations, their role on prognosis, and relation between the mutations and antitumor activity of a novel epigenetic agent in multiple human cancer cell lines and animal models. Methods: TET2/DNMT3A mutation data in human malignancies were obtained from cBioPortal. Eighteen cancer cell lines and multiple mouse models bearing representative human solid tumors were subjected to 4'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine (T-dCyd) or saline treatment. Gene mutations were examined by whole exome and/or Sanger sequencing in these cell lines. Pharmacodynamic modulation of specific gene expression was analyzed in xenograft tumor samples by immunohistochemistry. Results: TET2 and DNMT3A were frequently mutated in angioimmunoblastic/peripheral T-cell lymphomas, several types of leukemias and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and mutated in lung, breast, skin, and kidney cancers. T-dCyd significantly reduced cell survival in lung NCI-H23, breast BT549, melanoma SKMEL5 and renal ACHN cancer cells that harbor deleterious TET2 and nonsynonymous DNMT3A mutations compared to 14 lines without such pattern of alterations (P = 0.006; 2-sided T-test). Anti-tumor effect was validated in vivo; T-dCyd significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice with TET2/DNMT3A mutation-positive tumors. Histological evaluation revealed a near eradication of tumor cells by T-dCyd in NCI-H23 xenografts. T-dCyd administrations led to a remarkable and persistent p21Waf1/Cip1 increase during treatment (P < 0.0001). In contrast, little activity was observed in xenograft models without this pattern of gene mutations. Conclusions: Cancer cells and animal models examined with TET2 and DNMT3A-mutant genotype are sensitive to T-dCyd treatment.
Citation Format: Sherry X. Yang, Larry Rubinstein, Dat Nguyen, Angelo B. Larenjeira, Robert Kinders, Michael Difilippantonio, James H. Doroshow. TET2/DNMT3A mutations and exceptional response to novel epigenetic agent in human malignancies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-107.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dat Nguyen
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Selby M, Delosh R, Laudeman J, Ogle C, Reinhart R, Silvers T, Lawrence S, Kinders R, Parchment R, Teicher BA, Evans DM. 3D Models of the NCI60 Cell Lines for Screening Oncology Compounds. SLAS Discov 2017; 22:473-483. [PMID: 28288283 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217697434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The NCI60 cell line panel screen includes 60 human tumor cell lines derived from nine tumor types that has been used over the past 20+ years to screen small molecules, biologics, and natural products for activity. Cells in monolayer culture in 96-well plates are exposed to compounds for 48 h, and Sulforhodamine B is used to determine cell viability. Data analysis tools such as COMPARE allow classification of compounds based on the pattern of cell line response. However, many compounds highly active in monolayer cell culture fail to show efficacy in vivo. Therefore, we explored 3D culture of the NCI60 panel as a strategy to improve the predictive accuracy of the screen. 3D cultures more closely resemble tumors than monolayer cultures with tighter cell-cell contact and nutrient and oxygen gradients between the periphery and the center. We optimized the NCI60 cell line panel for generating 3D spheroids of a prespecified diameter (300-500 µm) in ultra-low attachment (ULA) plates. Spheroids were classified into four categories based on imaging, and concentration response of select agents in 2D and 3D models is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Selby
- 1 Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rene Delosh
- 1 Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Julie Laudeman
- 1 Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Chad Ogle
- 1 Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Russell Reinhart
- 1 Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Silvers
- 1 Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Scott Lawrence
- 1 Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert Kinders
- 1 Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ralph Parchment
- 1 Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Beverly A Teicher
- 2 Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M Evans
- 1 Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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Ferry-Galow K, Makhlouf H, Kinders R, Chen A, Doroshow J, Parchment R. Suitability of post-diagnostic core needle tumor biopsies for correlative studies of molecular drug action (pharmacodynamics). Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)32784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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O'Sullivan Coyne G, Chen A, Kummar S, Collins J, Meehan R, Suto M, Rubinstein L, Kinders R, Moore N, Parchment R, Horneffer Y, Juwara L, Difilippantonio M, Piekarz R, Doroshow J. First-in-human trial of 4'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine (TdCyd) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw368.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Jeong W, Do K, Chen A, Zlott J, Juwara L, Horneffer Y, Kinders R, Wang L, Balasubramanian P, Anderson L, Sharon E, Streicher H, Piekarz R, Conley B, Collins J, Doroshow JH, Kummar S. Abstract CT316: A phase I trial of oral TRC102 (methoxyamine HCl) in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) in patients with relapsed solid tumors. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-ct316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Base excision repair (BER), one of the pathways of DNA damage repair, has been implicated in chemoresistance. TRC102 acts through a novel mechanism to inhibit BER and cause DNA strand breaks, potentiating the antitumor activity of TMZ in preclinical models. We conducted a phase I trial of TRC102 in combination with TMZ to determine the safety, tolerability, and maximum tolerated dose of the combination; to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of each agent alone and in combination; and to assess DNA damage response (percent nuclear area of γH2AX foci) in circulating tumor cells (CTCs).
Methods: Eligible pts were required to have refractory advanced solid tumors that had progressed following standard therapy; ≥ 18 yrs of age; ECOG PS 0-2; and adequate organ function. TRC102 and TMZ were administered orally once daily, D1-5 of q28d cycles; Starting dose level (DL 1) was TRC102 25 mg and TMZ 125mg/m2. Accrual to DL6 (TRC102 125 mg; TMZ 150 mg/m2) is ongoing. CTCs were obtained during C1 and on C2D1. Blood samples for PK analysis were obtained during C1.
Results: Twenty pts have been enrolled to date; median age 59 yrs (range 45-78 yrs); median # of prior therapies: 3.5 (1-9); Dx: GI (6), H&N (4), breast (3), GYN (3), lung (2), soft tissue sarcoma (2). Fourteen pts are evaluable for response; 2 partial responses by RECIST have been observed to date (≥ 6 cycles; NSCLC and granulosa cell tumor of the ovary). Grade 3/4 toxicities (#pts): neutropenia (2), thrombocytopenia (1), lymphopenia (1), anemia (1), leucopenia (1), hypophosphatemia (1). PK in combination was similar to single agent PK reported for both drugs, with no evidence of a PK interaction. TRC102 levels required for preclinical activity (50ng/mL) were achieved at DL1. T1/2 of TRC102 was 26 hr. CTC analysis is ongoing.
Conclusions: Combination of TRC102 with TMZ is well tolerated and clinical activity was observed with 2 partial responses to date. MTD has not been reached; accrual is ongoing. Paired tumor biopsies to assess for evidence of DNA damage response and apoptosis are planned at the MTD in the expansion phase.
Citation Format: Woondong Jeong, Khanh Do, Alice Chen, Jennifer Zlott, Lamin Juwara, Yvonne Horneffer, Robert Kinders, Lihua Wang, Priya Balasubramanian, Larry Anderson, Elad Sharon, Howard Streicher, Richard Piekarz, Barbara Conley, Jerry Collins, James H. Doroshow, Shivaani Kummar. A phase I trial of oral TRC102 (methoxyamine HCl) in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) in patients with relapsed solid tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr CT316. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-CT316
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Affiliation(s)
- Woondong Jeong
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Khanh Do
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alice Chen
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jennifer Zlott
- 2Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lamin Juwara
- 3Leidos-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Yvonne Horneffer
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Kinders
- 3Leidos-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Lihua Wang
- 3Leidos-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- 3Leidos-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Larry Anderson
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elad Sharon
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Howard Streicher
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard Piekarz
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Barbara Conley
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jerry Collins
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - James H. Doroshow
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Ferry-Galow KV, Lawrence SM, Navas T, Makhlouf HR, Butcher DO, Gouker BA, Yutzy WH, Ji J, Kinders R, Parchment RE, Kummar S, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. Abstract 5279: Establishing robust pharmacodynamic (PD) immunofluorescence assays of clinical biopsies at the National Cancer Institute: Optimized quality control procedures for the evaluation of DNA damage response and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-5279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Robust PD assay results are valuable for informing decisions about continued preclinical and clinical development of new agents and for identifying effective combinations of targeted agents. The National Cancer Institute's Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (DCTD) develops and validates PD assays to obtain accurate information about drug effect on intended molecular targets in first-in-human clinical trials. Our group utilizes quantitative immunofluorescence assays (qIFA) of PD biomarkers in FFPE slides prepared from pre- and post-dose tumor biopsies collected from patients on early phase clinical trials. Paired biopsies are fixed and paraffin embedded, in parallel with tissue controls, such that all tissues are sectioned onto the same slide. Stringent methods to maintain the biopsy orientation are utilized during fixation, blocking and microtomy. A large number of sections are generated to increase the likelihood of finding optimal tumor regions of interest for biomarker analyses. Flanking H&E slides are utilized to assess the quality of the tumor biopsies. Whole slide scans of the H&E slides are shared with a clinical pathologist who determines whether the sections are sufficient or insufficient for the intended analysis. The pathology review allows the assay operator to select the optimal range of slides to stain and quantitatively analyze for the biomarker(s) of interest. Pathology-guided regions allow the operator to focus on tumor regions of interest and avoid normal tissue and/or confounding regions compromised by handling and processing artifacts. For nuclear biomarkers such as γH2AX and related DNA damage response biomarkers the pathologist annotates areas of sufficient tumor content and viability. For biomarker changes in tissue architecture such as that seen in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition biomarkers, including E-Cadherin, Vimentin and β-catenin, the pathology annotation denotes areas of normal tissue and necrosis to eliminate from the qIFA analysis. All other areas of sufficient tumor cellularity from the entire slide are evaluated for the EMT biomarkers. Use of the pathology-annotated whole slide image as a tool for guidance of the operator performing the quantitative evaluation of the PD biomarker helps to ensure a non-subjective analysis. Finally, steps are taken to ensure proper storage of the paraffin slides, including paraffin dipping after microtomy, which is critical for preservation of labile epitopes such as phosphorylated proteins. We will present details of these optimized methods as well as key lessons learned during the preclinical and clinical implementation of qIFA measurements of PD biomarkers for various molecular targeted agents. Funded by NCI Contract No HHSN261200800001E.
Citation Format: Katherine V. Ferry-Galow, Scott M. Lawrence, Tony Navas, Hala R. Makhlouf, Donna O. Butcher, Brad A. Gouker, William H. Yutzy, Jiuping Ji, Robert Kinders, Ralph E. Parchment, Shivaani Kummar, Joseph E. Tomaszewski, James H. Doroshow. Establishing robust pharmacodynamic (PD) immunofluorescence assays of clinical biopsies at the National Cancer Institute: Optimized quality control procedures for the evaluation of DNA damage response and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5279. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5279
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tony Navas
- 1Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD
| | - Hala R. Makhlouf
- 2Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Rockville, MD
| | | | | | | | - Jiuping Ji
- 1Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD
| | | | | | - Shivaani Kummar
- 3Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joseph E. Tomaszewski
- 4Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - James H. Doroshow
- 5Center for Cancer Research and Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Kinders R, Ferry-Galow K, Wang L, Srivastava AK, Ji JJ, Parchment RE. Implementation of validated pharmacodynamic assays in multiple laboratories: challenges, successes, and limitations. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:2578-86. [PMID: 24831280 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a "life cycle" of pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker assays that guides the development and clinical implementation in our laboratories. The well-recognized elements of analytical assay validation and demonstration of fitness-for-purpose of the biomarker, specimen collection, handling, and assay methods are only a part of the required activities. Assay transfer across laboratories and testing on actual human clinical specimens are vital for understanding assay performance and robustness. In our experience, this patient specimen-centered approach has required assay method modifications, some unexpected, but which were critical to successful implementation in clinical trials. In addition, dispersing assays throughout the National Cancer Institute's clinical trials network has required the development of calibrator and control materials as well as formal training courses for smooth implementation. One measure of success of this approach has been that a number of the assays developed at NCI's Frederick National Laboratory have ultimately reached the stage of commercialization, enabling wide accessibility of the PD biomarker assays by the research community. See all articles in this ccr focus section, "Progress in pharmacodynamic endpoints."
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kinders
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology; National Cancer Target Validation Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Kate Ferry-Galow
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology; National Cancer Target Validation Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lihua Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology; National Cancer Target Validation Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Apurva K Srivastava
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology; National Cancer Target Validation Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jiuping Jay Ji
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology; National Cancer Target Validation Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology; National Cancer Target Validation Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
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Jeong W, Park SR, Rapisarda A, Eugeni M, Kinders R, Chen A, Melillo G, Turkbey B, Doroshow JH, Kummar S. Abstract 2416: Weekly EZN-2208 (pegylated SN-38) in combination with bevacizumab in patients with refractory solid tumors. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Anti-angiogenic therapies such as bevacizumab (Bev) have been shown to up-regulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a possible mechanism of resistance. Camptothecin analogues, including SN-38, have been shown to reduce the expression and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α in preclinical models. Thus, co-administration of pegylated SN 38 (EZN 2208) could offset the induction of HIF-1α following administration of Bev, resulting in synergistic anti-tumor effects. We are conducting a trial of the combination of EZN 2208 (E) with Bev in patients with refractory solid tumors to determine the safety and tolerability of the combination, and to evaluate modulation of HIF-1α protein in tumor biopsies following administration of study drugs. Methods: Eligible pts have refractory advanced solid tumors that have progressed following standard therapy; ≥ 18 yrs of age; ECOG PS 0-2; adequate organ function. Bev at 5mg/kg is administered on D-7 and D15 for cycle 1 only and on D1, 15 for each subsequent cycle; q28d cycles. E(9mg/kg) is administered on D1, 8, and 15. Tumor biopsies and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) are obtained on D1 prior to EZN administration (7 days post Bev) and on C2D15 post Bev and E. An additional DCE-MRI is also performed at baseline prior to Bev on D-7. Tumor biopsies are analyzed for HIF-1α protein levels using a validated immunoassay, and HIF-1α response genes, Hexokinase 2(HK), vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGF), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1(PDK1), carbonic anhydrase IX(CA9), solute carrier family 2 (GLUT1), are assessed using RTPCR.
Results: Twelve pts have been enrolled to date; median age 50 (range 27-76 yrs); median # prior therapies 3 (1-6); Dx: Soft tissue sarcoma (4), colorectal cancer (2), parotid gland cancer (1), malignant hurthle cell tumor (1), HCC (1), melanoma (1), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (1), Head and neck cancer (1). Grade 3/4 toxicities (#pts): neutropenia (8), leucopenia (3), lymphopenia (2), hypertension (1). Eight pts are evaluable for response; prolonged stable disease was observed in 2 pts: HCC 16 cycles, desmoplastic round cell tumor 7 cycles. HIF-1α protein and mRNA levels of HIF-1α dependent genes were assessed in 5 pts who had paired biopsies. Reduction in HIF-1α protein levels compared to baseline (post Bev alone) was seen in 4 of 5 pts (range 24% - 64%), with evidence of modulation of mRNA in 3 of 5 pt tumors evaluated. Quantitative analysis of DCE MRI from 3 pts revealed changes in Ktrans and kep maps following drug administration. Correlation of observed changes with tumor response is ongoing.
Conclusions: This clinical trial provides preliminary proof of mechanism demonstrating modulation of HIF-1α levels in tumors following administration of a camptothecin analog, EZN 2208. Accrual is ongoing to establish safety, efficacy, and further proof of target modulation.
Citation Format: Woondong Jeong, Sook Ryun Park, Annamaria Rapisarda, Michelle Eugeni, Robert Kinders, Alice Chen, Giovanni Melillo, Baris Turkbey, James H. Doroshow, Shivaani Kummar. Weekly EZN-2208 (pegylated SN-38) in combination with bevacizumab in patients with refractory solid tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2416. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2416
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Affiliation(s)
- Woondong Jeong
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis. NCI, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sook Ryun Park
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis. NCI, Bethesda, MD
| | - Annamaria Rapisarda
- 2SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | - Robert Kinders
- 2SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Alice Chen
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis. NCI, Bethesda, MD
| | - Giovanni Melillo
- 2SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | - Shivaani Kummar
- 1Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis. NCI, Bethesda, MD
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Ji J, Zhang Y, Kinders R, Redon C, Solier S, Agama K, Pommier Y, Bonner W, Hollingshead M, Rubinstein L, Chen A, Kummar S, Parchment RE, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. Abstract A46: A novel immunoassay (ELISA) for quantitative gamma-H2AX detection and pharmacodynamic monitoring of DNA damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents and PARP inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-11-a46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A 96-well plate-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantifying gamma-H2AX as a biomarker to monitor DNA damage was developed and compared with gamma-H2AX detection by both Western blot (WB) and quantitative immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Using a pair of high-affinity gamma-H2AX antibodies for protein capture and detection and a synthetic peptide calibrator, this chemiluminescence ELISA can quantify gamma-H2AX concentrations as low as 16 pg/mL in crude extracts from cancer cells and solid tumors. The assay has a lower limit of detection of less than 4 pg/mL, upper limit of quantitation of 2000 pg/mL, and coefficient of variation of 20%. Treatments under evaluation using the gamma-H2AX ELISA include the topoisomerase 1 inhibitors topotecan and irinotecan, the apoptosis-inducing biomolecule TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), and ionizing irradiation. The gamma-H2AX ELISA showed utility for drug discovery screening, molecular pharmacology studies, and pharmacodynamic monitoring. In a mouse xenograft model (A375 melanoma), the assay detected dose- and time-dependent changes in gamma-H2AX in response to treatment with irinotecan administrated alone or in combination with the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors ABT-888 (veliparib), AZD-2281 (olaparib), or MK-4827. Overall quantitative correlation was 0.96 between the ELISA and IFA, and 0.66 between ELISA and WB. This assay format should prove useful in situations when higher throughput and accurate quantitation are needed and gamma-H2AX analysis does not need to be restricted to nuclear foci.
Funded, in part, by NCI Contract No. HHSN261201100001E and by the Center for Cancer Research, Intramural Program of the National Cancer Institute.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A46.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Ji
- 1National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Yiping Zhang
- 1National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | | | - Christophe Redon
- 3Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephanie Solier
- 3Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Keli Agama
- 3Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yves Pommier
- 3Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - William Bonner
- 3Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Melinda Hollingshead
- 4Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Larry Rubinstein
- 4Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alice Chen
- 4Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- 4Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Joseph E. Tomaszewski
- 4Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - James H. Doroshow
- 5Center for Cancer Research and Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Kummar S, Chen A, Ji J, Zhang Y, Reid JM, Ames M, Jia L, Weil M, Speranza G, Murgo AJ, Kinders R, Wang L, Parchment RE, Carter J, Stotler H, Rubinstein L, Hollingshead M, Melillo G, Pommier Y, Bonner W, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. Phase I study of PARP inhibitor ABT-888 in combination with topotecan in adults with refractory solid tumors and lymphomas. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5626-34. [PMID: 21795476 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A phase I trial of ABT-888 (veliparib), a PARP inhibitor, in combination with topotecan, a topoisomerase I-targeted agent, was carried out to determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the combination in patients with refractory solid tumors and lymphomas. Varying schedules and doses of intravenous topotecan in combination with ABT-888 (10 mg) administered orally twice a day (BID) were evaluated. Plasma and urine pharmacokinetics were assessed and levels of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) and the DNA damage marker γH2AX were measured in tumor and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Twenty-four patients were enrolled. Significant myelosuppression limited the ability to coadminister ABT-888 with standard doses of topotecan, necessitating dose reductions. Preclinical studies using athymic mice carrying human tumor xenografts also informed schedule changes. The MTD was established as topotecan 0.6 mg/m²/d and ABT-888 10 mg BID on days one to five of 21-day cycles. Topotecan did not alter the pharmacokinetics of ABT-888. A more than 75% reduction in PAR levels was observed in 3 paired tumor biopsy samples; a greater than 50% reduction was observed in PBMCs from 19 of 23 patients with measurable levels. Increases in γH2AX response in circulating tumor cells (CTC) and PBMCs were observed in patients receiving ABT-888 with topotecan. We show a mechanistic interaction of a PARP inhibitor, ABT-888, with a topoisomerase I inhibitor, topotecan, in PBMCs, tumor, and CTCs. Results of this trial reveal that PARP inhibition can modulate the capacity to repair topoisomerase I-mediated DNA damage in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaani Kummar
- Center for Cancer Research and Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
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Rubinstein LV, Steinberg SM, Kummar S, Kinders R, Parchment RE, Murgo AJ, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. The statistics of phase 0 trials. Stat Med 2010; 29:1072-6. [PMID: 20419759 DOI: 10.1002/sim.3840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The PD-driven phase 0 trial is a new form, designed to be a first-in-man study, often of a new agent, conducted to assess drug effect on a molecular target, by means of a pharmacodynamic (PD) assay, in a very small number (10-15) of patients. Such a study is meant to be a proof of principle trial to determine whether the agent yields the PD effect predicted by pre-clinical studies. The dosage is meant to be pharmacologically active, but is neither toxic nor likely to yield clinical benefit. Such a trial may be used to serve as a very early test of an agent's biologic effect, allowing for early weeding out of ineffective agents, or as an early means of determining the most promising of competing analogue agents. This manuscript will present designs for such PD-driven studies that are statistically efficient and rigorous, focusing on non-comparative trials. The phase 0 trial promises to become an increasingly important tool for facilitating and speeding the development of new therapeutic agents, particularly in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry V Rubinstein
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Paoloni MC, Mazcko C, DiPaolo T, Parchment R, Kinders R, Tomaszewski J, Khanna C. Abstract 4207: Pharmacodynamic comparisons of novel cryobiopsy instrumentation compared to standard techniques through comparative oncology modeling. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of novel and targeted cancer drugs requires innovative clinical trial designs to define drug (pharmacokinetic) and host (pharmacodynamic) relationships early in the development process. For most new cancer agents there is increased emphasis on pharmacodynamic (PD) endpoints measured in tumor and surrogates as biomarkers of response. Accordingly, novel tissue collection procedures and instruments are needed to ensure that PD endpoint assessments are representative of their actual in vivo “state”. The Cassi Rotational Core Biopsy Device (Cryobiopsy) (Sanarus Medical, Inc, Pleasanton, California) is a biopsy instrument capable of incisional tissue collection and simultaneous freezing. In rodent xenograft models it demonstrated superiority in consistency for tumor analyte detection compared to traditional biopsy techniques. Whether this value would translate to the clinical setting was unknown. Use of naturally occurring cancers in pet dogs provides a model system to validate and optimize instrumentation techniques prior to use in human trials. A prospective clinical trial in dogs with lymphoma was conducted through the National Cancer Institute-Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium (NCI-COTC) to 1) determine if Cyrobiopsy provides sample quality advantages over conventional tru-cut, and open biopsy procedures, and 2) validate a “practice setting” Cryobiopsy Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) that could be followed by multiple users providing consistent high-quality biopsy samples. Ten dogs with newly diagnosed lymphoma enrolled. Cryobiopsy and tru-cut samples were collected in each patient from two lymph nodes in three planes via alternating techniques. A whole lymph node was then removed via excisional biopsy from the same dog. No adverse events were reported with Cryobiopsy or standard biopsy methods. The SOP for cryobiopsy collection of tissues was successfully implemented in a relevant clinical setting. Cryobiopsy collected samples successfully preserved target phospho-proteins (p-AKT: tAKT, p-ERK: tERK, p-MEK: tMEK) collected from tumor tissue. No difference in phospho-protein detection by Western was seen across biopsy techniques. In conclusion, this effort highlights the utility of the comparative approach to model medical device evaluation and PD biomarker assay validation in the clinical theatre.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4207.
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Reinhold WC, Mergny JL, Liu H, Ryan M, Pfister TD, Kinders R, Parchment R, Doroshow J, Weinstein JN, Pommier Y. Exon array analyses across the NCI-60 reveal potential regulation of TOP1 by transcription pausing at guanosine quartets in the first intron. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2191-203. [PMID: 20215517 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Because topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) is critical for the relaxation of DNA supercoils and because it is the target for the anticancer activity of camptothecins, we assessed TOP1 transcript levels in the 60 cell line panel (the NCI-60) of the National Cancer Institute's anticancer drug screen. TOP1 expression levels varied over a 5.7-fold range across the NCI-60. HCT116 colon and MCF-7 breast cancer cells were the highest expressers; SK-MEL-28 melanoma and HS578T breast carcinoma cells were the lowest. TOP1 mRNA expression was highly correlated with Top1 protein levels, indicating that TOP1 transcripts could be conveniently used to monitor Top1 protein levels and activity in tissues. Assessment of the TOP1 locus by array comparative genomic hybridization across the NCI-60 showed copy numbers ranging from 1.71 to 4.13 and a statistically significant correlation with TOP1 transcript levels (P < 0.01). Further analyses of TOP1 expression on an exon-specific basis revealed that exon 1 expression was generally higher and less variable than expression of the other exons, suggesting some form of transcriptional pausing regulation between exons 1 and 2. Accordingly, we found the presence of multiple evolutionarily conserved potential G-quadruplex-forming sequences in the first TOP1 intron. Physicochemical tests for actual quadruplex formation by several of those sequences yielded quadruplex formation for two of them and duplex formation for one. The observations reported here suggest the hypothesis that there is a conserved negative transcription regulator within intron 1 of the TOP1 gene associated with a quadruplex-prone region.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Reinhold
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA.
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Reinhold WC, Mergny JL, Liu H, Ryan M, Pfister TD, Kinders R, Parchment R, Doroshow J, Weinstein JN, Pommier Y. Abstract C149: Exon array analyses across the NCI-60 reveals potential regulation of TOP1 by transcription pausing at guanosine quartets in the first intron. Mol Cancer Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-09-c149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Because Topoisomerase I (TOP1) is critical for the relaxation of DNA supercoils and because it is the target for anticancer activity of camptothecins, we assessed TOP1 transcript levels in the 60 cell line panel (the NCI-60) of the National Cancer Institute's anticancer drug screen. TOP1 expression levels varied over a 5.7-fold range across the NCI-60. HCT116 colon and MCF-7 breast cancer cells were the highest expressers; SK-MEL-28 melanoma and HS578T breast carcinoma cells were the lowest. TOP1 mRNA expression was highly correlated with Top1 protein levels, indicating that TOP1 transcripts could be conveniently used to monitor Top1 protein levels and activity in tissues. Assessment of the TOP1 locus by array comparative genomic hybridization across the NCI-60 showed copy numbers ranging from 1.71 to 4.13 and a statistically significant correlation with TOP1 transcript levels (p<0.01). Further analyses of TOP1 expression on an exon-specific basis revealed that exon 1 expression appeared to be generally higher, and less variable than the other exons, suggesting some form of transcriptional pausing regulation between exons one and two. Accordingly, we found the presence of multiple evolutionarilly-conserved potential G-quadruplex-forming sequences in the first TOP1 intron. Physico-chemical tests for actual quadruplex formation by several of those sequences yielded quadruplex formation for two of them and duplex formation for one. The observations reported here suggest the hypothesis that there is a conserved negative transcription regulator within intron 1 of the TOP1 gene, and the regulator is a quadruplex-prone region.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C149.
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Kummar S, Kinders R, Gutierrez ME, Rubinstein L, Parchment RE, Phillips LR, Ji J, Monks A, Low JA, Chen A, Murgo AJ, Collins J, Steinberg SM, Eliopoulos H, Giranda VL, Gordon G, Helman L, Wiltrout R, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. Phase 0 clinical trial of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor ABT-888 in patients with advanced malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:2705-11. [PMID: 19364967 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.19.7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted the first phase 0 clinical trial in oncology of a therapeutic agent under the Exploratory Investigational New Drug Guidance of the US Food and Drug Administration. It was a first-in-human study of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor ABT-888 in patients with advanced malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS ABT-888 was administered as a single oral dose of 10, 25, or 50 mg to determine the dose range and time course over which ABT-888 inhibits PARP activity in tumor samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and to evaluate ABT-888 pharmacokinetics. Blood samples and tumor biopsies were obtained pre- and postdrug administration for evaluation of PARP activity and pharmacokinetics. A novel statistical approach was developed and utilized to study pharmacodynamic modulation as the primary end point for trials of limited sample size. RESULTS Thirteen patients with advanced malignancies received the study drug; nine patients underwent paired tumor biopsies. ABT-888 demonstrated good oral bioavailability and was well tolerated. Statistically significant inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) levels was observed in tumor biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells at the 25-mg and 50-mg dose levels. CONCLUSION Within 5 months of study activation, we obtained pivotal biochemical and pharmacokinetic data that have guided the design of subsequent phase I trials of ABT-888 in combination with DNA-damaging agents. In addition to accelerating the development of ABT-888, the rapid conclusion of this trial demonstrates the feasibility of conducting proof-of-principle phase 0 trials as part of an alternative paradigm for early drug development in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaani Kummar
- Center for Cancer Research and the Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Liu X, Palma J, Kinders R, Shi Y, Donawho C, Ellis PA, Rodriguez LE, Colon-Lopez M, Saltarelli M, LeBlond D, Lin CT, Frost DJ, Luo Y, Giranda VL. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase biomarker assay for clinical trials of PARP inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2008; 381:240-7. [PMID: 18674509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many established cancer therapies involve DNA-damaging chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The DNA repair capacity of the tumor represents a common mechanism used by cancer cells to survive DNA-damaging therapy. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a nuclear enzyme that is activated by DNA damage and has critical roles in DNA repair. Inhibition of PARP potentiates the activity of DNA-damaging agents such as temozolomide, topoisomerase inhibitors and radiation in both in vitro and in vivo preclinical models. Recently, several PARP inhibitors have entered clinical trials either as single agents or in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapy. Because PARP inhibitors are not cytotoxic, a biomarker assay is useful to guide the selection of an optimal biological dose. We set out to develop an assay that enables us to detect 50% PAR reduction in human tumors with 80% power in a single-plate assay while assuring no more than a 10% false-positive rate. We have developed and optimized an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure PARP activity that meets the above-mentioned criterion. This robust assay is able to detect PAR levels of 30-2000 pg/ml in both tumor and peripheral blood monocyte samples. In a B16F10 mouse syngeneic tumor model, PARP inhibitor ABT-888 potentiates the effect of temozolomide in suppressing tumor growth, and PARP activity is greatly reduced by ABT-888 at efficacious doses. In summary, the ELISA assay described here is suitable for biomarker studies in clinical trials of PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Liu
- Cancer Research, GPRD, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Murgo AJ, Kummar S, Rubinstein L, Gutierrez M, Collins J, Kinders R, Parchment RE, Ji J, Steinberg SM, Yang SX, Hollingshead M, Chen A, Helman L, Wiltrout R, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. Designing phase 0 cancer clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3675-82. [PMID: 18559582 PMCID: PMC2435428 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phase 0 trials are designed primarily to evaluate the pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic properties of selected investigational agents before initiating more traditional phase I testing. One of the major objectives of phase 0 trials is to interrogate and refine a target or biomarker assay for drug effect in human samples implementing procedures developed and validated in preclinical models. Thus, close collaboration between laboratory scientists and clinical investigators is essential to the design and conduct of phase 0 trials. Given the relatively small number of patients and tissue samples, showing a significant drug effect in phase 0 trials requires precise and reproducible assay procedures and innovative statistical methodology. Furthermore, phase 0 trials involving limited exposure of a study agent administered at low doses and/or for a short period allow them to be initiated under the Food and Drug Administration exploratory investigational new drug guidance with less preclinical toxicity data than usually required for traditional first-in-human studies. Because of the very limited drug exposure, phase 0 trials offer no chance of therapeutic benefit, which can impede patient enrollment, particularly if invasive tumor biopsies are required. The challenges to accrual are not insurmountable, however, and well-designed and executed phase 0 trials are feasible and have great potential for improving the efficiency and success of subsequent trials, particularly those evaluating molecularly targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Murgo
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis and Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2440, USA.
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Kinders R, Parchment RE, Ji J, Kummar S, Murgo AJ, Gutierrez M, Collins J, Rubinstein L, Pickeral O, Steinberg SM, Yang S, Hollingshead M, Chen A, Helman L, Wiltrout R, Simpson M, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. Phase 0 Clinical Trials in Cancer Drug Development: From FDA Guidance to Clinical Practice. Mol Interv 2007; 7:325-34. [DOI: 10.1124/mi.7.6.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ji J, Redon C, Pommier Y, Kinders R, Parchment R, Hollingshead M, Yang S, Murgo A, Tomaszewski J, Doroshow J. Poly-adeninosinediphosphate-ribose polymerase inhibitors as sensitizers for therapeutic treatments in human tumor and blood mononuclear cells. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
14024 Background: Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a molecular sensor of DNA breaks that facilitates DNA repair and controls genomic stability. Treatment with single doses of ABT-888, a novel potent PARP-1 inhibitor, reduced PAR levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor biopsies in an on-going Phase-0 trial at the NIH Clinical Center. As a corollary to this study, we investigated whether ABT-888 can act as a sensitizer for radiation therapy and chemotherapy in human cancer cell culture, xenograft tumors and PBMCs to support future combination clinical trials. Methods: Inhibition of PARP-1 by ABT-888 was determined by a quantitative PAR chemiluminescence immunoassay validated for the Phase 0 trial. Since gamma-H2AX (?-H2AX) is a marker of DNA damage, we also developed and validated ?H2AX assays to monitor the effects of PARP-1 inhibition during treatment with Topo I inhibitors and radiation. Human monocytic leukemia (THP-1) and breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines were treated with Topo I inhibitors including indenoisoquinoline, camptothecin and topotecan or irradiated with 0.5 to 10 Gy in the presence of ABT 888. We further evaluated these effects in human blood ex vivo to confirm the observations made in cell culture. Results: We found that ABT-888 inhibited PAR, but did not significantly increase DNA damage. Combination of ABT-888 with a Topo I inhibitor produced over 275% increase of DNA damage in THP-1 leukemia cells compared to indenoisoquinoline alone. ?H2AX foci per cell were 9.5 ± 0.8 in MCF-7 treated with 0.5 Gy/50 nM ABT-888 in comparison to 4.0 ± 0.6 with radiation alone. When whole blood was treated in the presence of ABT-888, camptothecin- induced DNA damage in PBMCs was also increased 2–3 fold, with maximum ?H2AX expression at 2 hours post treatment. Conclusions: We conclude that ABT-888 is a highly potent PARP-1 inhibitor that can enhance the DNA damaging effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy of human cancer. Funded by NCI Contract N01-CO-12400. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ji
- SAIC-Frederick; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - C. Redon
- SAIC-Frederick; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Y. Pommier
- SAIC-Frederick; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - R. Kinders
- SAIC-Frederick; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - R. Parchment
- SAIC-Frederick; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - S. Yang
- SAIC-Frederick; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - A. Murgo
- SAIC-Frederick; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - J. Doroshow
- SAIC-Frederick; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Kummar S, Kinders R, Gutierrez M, Rubinstein L, Parchment RE, Phillips LR, Low J, Murgo AJ, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. Inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) by ABT-888 in patients with advanced malignancies: Results of a phase 0 trial. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3518 Background: Inhibition of PARP activity sensitizes tumor cells to the effects of DNA damaging agents. We conducted a phase 0 pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) study of ABT-888, an oral inhibitor of PARP. Methods: The objectives were to determine a dose range at which ABT-888 inhibits PARP in tumor tissue and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); and the PK of ABT-888. Patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to at least one line of therapy were eligible; patients with CLL or follicular lymphomas were also eligible if standard therapy was not currently indicated. A single oral dose of ABT-888 was administered per patient, dose escalations were planned in cohorts of 3 patients each (10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 150 mg). PBMC and tumor sampling were performed before and after drug administration for real time PK and PD analyses. All patients underwent PBMC sampling; tumor biopsies were planned once significant inhibition of PARP activity in PBMCs was seen in 1 of 3 patients in a cohort or plasma Cmax of 210 nM was achieved in at least 1 patient. Tumor biopsies were performed at baseline in the week prior to drug administration and then 3–6 hours post drug administration. Significant inhibition of PARP activity was defined as at least 0.69 reduction on the log scale, which also satisfied statistical significance. Results: A total of 6 patients have been studied so far, 3 each for the 10 mg and 25 mg cohorts. No treatment related adverse events have been observed. Target Cmax was exceeded in the first cohort, all patients in the next cohort underwent tumor biopsies in addition to PBMC sampling. A trend towards inhibition of PARP activity in PBMCs was observed in the first cohort. Significant inhibition of PAR levels was observed in tumor biopsies from all 3 patients in the second cohort (92%, 99%, 100% reductions respectively, as compared to baseline). Greater than 85% reduction of PAR levels was observed in PBMCs from 2 of the 3 patients in the second cohort (one patient was not evaluable). Conclusions: ABT-888 is orally bioavailable and inhibits PARP activity in PBMCs and tumor cells. Target assay feasibility was established in human samples. Funded in part by NCI Contract N01-CO-12400 No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kummar
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - R. Kinders
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - M. Gutierrez
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - L. Rubinstein
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - R. E. Parchment
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - L. R. Phillips
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - J. Low
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - A. J. Murgo
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - J. E. Tomaszewski
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - J. H. Doroshow
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
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Yang SX, Nguyen D, Steinberg SM, Ji J, Parchment R, Kinders R, Kummar S, Gutierrez M, Murgo A, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. Quantitative immunohistochemical detection of gamma-H2AX in paraffin-embedded human tumor samples at National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.10565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
10565 Background: DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) caused by exposure to DNA damaging agents initiate phosphorylation of histone H2AX to form gamma-H2AX, which is considered a surrogate marker of DSBs. However, it is a challenge to quantitatively measure gamma-H2AX in clinical samples such as tumor biopsies. The aim of this study was to develop an immunohistochemical detection method for gamma-H2AX and to quantitatively evaluate the levels of gamma-H2AX in paraffin-embedded tumor samples. Methods: Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells were treated with the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan at 1 μM or vehicle for 1 h, and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Staining with gamma-H2AX antibody was performed on sections of treated MCF-7 cells, tumor specimens, and biopsies at baseline and after doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy from cancer patients. Numbers of foci and level of gamma-H2AX expression per tumor nucleus were determined by manual counting under a light microscope and an Automated Cellular Imaging System. Results: There was a rise in the mean numbers of nuclear foci and intensity of gamma-H2AX in MCF-7 cells treated with irinotecan versus vehicle (19.9 ± 2.7 vs. 9.95 ± 3.6; P < 0.0001 and 61.2 ± 8.5 vs. 16.2 ± 13.6; P < 0.0001 by Wilcoxon rank sum test). The level of gamma-H2AX foci in human tumor samples was 18.8 ± 13.1, 44.8 ± 14.5, 51.2 ± 20.8, or 69.7 ± 21.2 in carcinomas of the breast, colon, ovary, or prostate. In a patient with stable disease, levels of gamma-H2AX foci were 62.7 ± 26.9 at baseline and 67.2 ± 25.3 after doxorubicin-containing regimen chemotherapy. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the quantitative immunohistochemical detection of gamma-H2AX levels is facilitated by a digital imaging system, and is a reliable method to measure the effects of DNA damaging agents in cells and paraffin-embedded human tumor samples. Its application may help evaluate tumor response to various DNA damaging agents currently in the clinic and those presently undergoing clinical development. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. X. Yang
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - D. Nguyen
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - S. M. Steinberg
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - J. Ji
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - R. Parchment
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - R. Kinders
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - S. Kummar
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - M. Gutierrez
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - A. Murgo
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - J. E. Tomaszewski
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - J. H. Doroshow
- NCI, Bethesda, MD; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
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Rubinstein LV, Steinberg SM, Kummar S, Low J, Parchment R, Kinders R, Gutierrez M, Murgo AJ, Doroshow JH, Tomaszewski J. Statistical considerations for a phase 0 trial. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
14038 Background: Phase ‘0’ clinical trials are small first in man studies to determine a dose or dose range which results in a desired biologic effect. Novel statistical designs are needed due to the limited number of patients and the complexities of analyzing primary pharmacodynamic endpoints. Methods: In general, the effect of the agent will be evaluated, based on a biologic endpoint(s), at two levels, the individual participant level (for a given dose amount), and the agent dose amount level (across individual participants). At the participant level, the effect is preferably defined as a dichotomous outcome. The statistical criteria should be such that the threshold is not surpassed with more than .10 probability, for a given participant, at a given dose amount, for the null hypothesis case of no true biologic effect. At the dose amount level, the effect rate is defined as the probability that a randomly chosen participant will satisfy the participant level threshold. The statistical criteria for declaring an observed effect rate to be significant should be such that the over-all probability of declaring the agent effective (summed across all dose amounts) should not exceed .10 for the null hypothesis case of no true biologic effect. A target effect rate, measured across participants, should be given, and the power to detect it, for a given dose amount, should be estimated. Ideally, there will be multiple pre-agent administration endpoint measurements, per participant, to define variability. Examples: 1. If 10 participants are accrued to a single dose amount, an observed effect rate for that dose amount could be defined to be significant if at least 2 of the 10 participants satisfy the participant threshold, yielding 85–90% power to detect a 35% effect rate. 2. If 5 participants are accrued to each of 2 dose amounts, an observed effect rate for a particular dose amount could be defined to be significant if at least 2 of the 5 participants satisfy the participant threshold, yielding approximately 90% power to detect a 60% effect rate. 3. If 3 participants are accrued to each of 4 dose amounts, an observed effect rate for a particular dose amount could be defined to be significant if at least 2 of the 3 participants satisfy the participant threshold, yielding approximately 90% power to detect an 80% effect rate. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. M. Steinberg
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC, Frederick, MD
| | - S. Kummar
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC, Frederick, MD
| | - J. Low
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC, Frederick, MD
| | - R. Parchment
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC, Frederick, MD
| | - R. Kinders
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC, Frederick, MD
| | - M. Gutierrez
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC, Frederick, MD
| | - A. J. Murgo
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC, Frederick, MD
| | - J. H. Doroshow
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC, Frederick, MD
| | - J. Tomaszewski
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; SAIC, Frederick, MD
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Kummar S, Kinders R, Rubinstein L, Parchment RE, Murgo AJ, Collins J, Pickeral O, Low J, Steinberg SM, Gutierrez M, Yang S, Helman L, Wiltrout R, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH. Compressing drug development timelines in oncology using phase '0' trials. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:131-9. [PMID: 17251919 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The optimal evaluation of molecularly targeted anticancer agents requires the integration of pharmacodynamic assays into early clinical investigations. Phase '0' trials conducted under the new Exploratory Investigational New Drug Guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration can provide a platform to establish the feasibility of assays for target modulation in human samples, evaluate biomarkers for drug effects and provide pharmacokinetic data. Phase 0 trials could facilitate rational drug selection, identify therapeutic failures early, and might compress timelines for anticancer drug development. We expect that such trials will become a routine part of early-phase oncological drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaani Kummar
- Center for Cancer Research, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Kinders R, Jones T, Root R, Bruce C, Murchison H, Corey M, Williams L, Enfield D, Hass GM. Complement factor H or a related protein is a marker for transitional cell cancer of the bladder. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4:2511-20. [PMID: 9796985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The BTAstat and BTA TRAK tests are new immunoassays that detect and measure an antigen in the urine of individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer. As described in this report, the monoclonal antibodies used in these kits were developed by immunizing mice with partially purified protein preparations derived from the urine of patients with bladder cancer. The antigen that is recognized by the monoclonal antibodies was purified from the urine of bladder cancer patients by immunoaffinity chromatography and identified as being either complement factor H (FH) or a closely related protein (CFHrp) by partial amino acid sequence analysis. Like serum FH, the urine antigen was demonstrated to have a complement factor C3b binding site and to accelerate the degradation of C3b in the presence of complement factor I. The culture supernatants from several human bladder, cervical, and renal cancer cell lines contained antigen as determined by immunoassay, and antigen affinity-purified from HeLaS3 culture media was shown to have FH activity. Moreover, the cell lines were shown to make products of the expected sizes by reverse transcription-PCR using FH-specific primers. In contrast, normal human epithelial keratinocytes, a myeloid leukemia cell line, and the colon cancer line LS174T were negative for production of a FH-like protein (CFHrp). We propose that the expression of proteins with FH-like activities may confer a selective growth advantage to cancer cells in vivo by decreasing complement activity, thus aiding their escape from lysis by immune surveillance. Identification of these proteins as cancer products also suggests avenues of chemotherapy or immunotherapy of some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kinders
- BION Diagnostic Sciences, Redmond, Washington 98052, USA
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Morrissey NE, Quadri SF, Kinders R, Brigham C, Rose S, Blend MJ. Modified Method for Determining Carcinoembryonic Antigen in the Presence of Human Anti-Murine Antibodies. Clin Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/39.11.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Vol. 39:
p. 527. In the article by N. E. Morrissey, S. F. Quadri, R. Kinders, C. Brigham, S. Rose, and M. J. Blend entitled "Modified method for determining carcinoembryonic antigen in the presence of anti-murine antibodies," 1993;39:522-9, the graphs A and B in the left-hand column of page 527 should be exchanged with graphs A and B in the right-hand column, so that the legend for Figure 2 refers to graphs for two HAMA-negative patients and the legend for Figure 3 refers to three HAMA-positive patients.
p. 1401. In the article by J. M. Queraltó, J. C. Boyd, and E. K. Harris entitled "On the calculation of reference change values, with examples from a long-term study," 1993;39:1398-403, the last two columns of Table 4 are incorrect: in the next-to-last column, a misprint occurred in the line for sodium; in the last column, a number was omitted, causing other numbers to be misplaced. The columns should have read as follows:
See table in the PDF file
p. 1901. In the Scientific Note by R. G. Parsons, R. Kowal, D. LeBlond, V. T. Yue, L. Neargarder, L. Bond, D. Garcia, D. Slater, and P. Rogers, entitled "Multianalyte assay system developed for drugs of abuse," 1993;39:1899-903, the word "trihexylphenidyl" in line 1 of the text in column 2, page 1901, should read "trihexyphenidyl."
p. 1942. In Oak Ridge Conference paper by R. Devlin, R. M. Studholme, W. D. Dandliker, K. Blumeyer, and S. S. Ghosh, entitled "Homogeneous detection of nucleic acids by transientstate polarized fluorescence," 1993;39:1939-43, the x-axis for Figure 5 should read: "Volume of 3SR product solution (1O-4 x µL)," not (10-3 x µL).
p. 1982. In the Oak Ridge Conference Poster Session, the paper by D. Crisan, M. J. Anstett, N. Matta, and D. H. Farkas entitled "Detection of bcl-2 oncogene rearrangement in follicular lymphoma: nucleic acid hybridization and polymerase chain reaction compared," 1993;39:1980-2, the word "bone" in the first line at the top of page 1982 should have read "bone marrow."
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Morrissey
- Humana Hospital-Michael Reese, Division of Nuclear Medicine, 2929 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60616
| | - Syed Farhat Quadri
- Humana Hospital-Michael Reese, Division of Nuclear Medicine, 2929 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60616
| | - Robert Kinders
- In Vivo Venture, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | | | - Steve Rose
- In Vivo Venture, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Michael J Blend
- Humana Hospital-Michael Reese, Division of Nuclear Medicine, 2929 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60616
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Morrissey NE, Quadri SF, Kinders R, Brigham C, Rose S, Blend MJ. Modified method for determining carcinoembryonic antigen in the presence of human anti-murine antibodies. Clin Chem 1993; 39:522-9. [PMID: 8448870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for disease diagnosis and therapy has created a class of patients at risk for systematic error in clinical testing due to interference by human anti-murine antibodies (HAMA). HAMA interference is often difficult to detect and can cause either an increase or a decrease in apparent concentrations of antigen present. We undertook a clinical study to test a HAMA-resistant enzyme immunoassay (EIA) format for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determination. Using the Food and Drug Administration-approved CEA-EIA Monoclonal One-Step Assay (Abbott) with the addition of an acid/heat extraction of patients' specimens, we found that the resulting CEA values accurately reflected the patients' status. We demonstrated that the acid/heat-extracted specimens yield linear dilution curves and show analytical recoveries of added CEA in the range of 76-123% in HAMA-positive specimens and 86-103% in HAMA-negative specimens. The correlation of CEA values in extracted vs unextracted specimens from 184 patients and control subjects was 0.9963. The CEA detection limit of the assay was 1.6 micrograms/L for the extracted samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Morrissey
- Humana Hospital-Michael Reese, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Chicago, IL 60616
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Morrissey NE, Quadri SF, Kinders R, Brigham C, Rose S, Blend MJ. Modified method for determining carcinoembryonic antigen in the presence of human anti-murine antibodies. Clin Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/39.3.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The increasing use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for disease diagnosis and therapy has created a class of patients at risk for systematic error in clinical testing due to interference by human anti-murine antibodies (HAMA). HAMA interference is often difficult to detect and can cause either an increase or a decrease in apparent concentrations of antigen present. We undertook a clinical study to test a HAMA-resistant enzyme immunoassay (EIA) format for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determination. Using the Food and Drug Administration-approved CEA-EIA Monoclonal One-Step Assay (Abbott) with the addition of an acid/heat extraction of patients' specimens, we found that the resulting CEA values accurately reflected the patients' status. We demonstrated that the acid/heat-extracted specimens yield linear dilution curves and show analytical recoveries of added CEA in the range of 76-123% in HAMA-positive specimens and 86-103% in HAMA-negative specimens. The correlation of CEA values in extracted vs unextracted specimens from 184 patients and control subjects was 0.9963. The CEA detection limit of the assay was 1.6 micrograms/L for the extracted samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Morrissey
- Humana Hospital-Michael Reese, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Chicago, IL 60616
| | - S F Quadri
- Humana Hospital-Michael Reese, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Chicago, IL 60616
| | - R Kinders
- Humana Hospital-Michael Reese, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Chicago, IL 60616
| | - C Brigham
- Humana Hospital-Michael Reese, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Chicago, IL 60616
| | - S Rose
- Humana Hospital-Michael Reese, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Chicago, IL 60616
| | - M J Blend
- Humana Hospital-Michael Reese, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Chicago, IL 60616
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Greene GL, Harris K, Bova R, Kinders R, Moore B, Nolan C. Purification of T47D human progesterone receptor and immunochemical characterization with monoclonal antibodies. Mol Endocrinol 1988; 2:714-26. [PMID: 2463480 DOI: 10.1210/mend-2-8-714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain steroid-independent probes for human progesterone receptor (PR), the A [88-93 kilodalton (kDa)] and B (109-119 kDa) forms of PR from T47D human breast cancer cells were partially purified and used to generate a series of 14 monoclonal antibodies. Initially, unoccupied PR was isolated from cytosol extracts by steroid affinity chromatography, followed by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Bio-Gel. The partially pure (3-15%) PR consisted of two steroid-binding components that migrated at 89 kDa and 109 kDa in reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate gels after being photoaffinity labeled with the synthetic progestin [3H]R5020. Two unique monoclonal antibodies to PR were derived from a male Lewis rat immunized with this material. One of these antibodies (JU601) was coupled to Sepharose 4B and used to purify T47D nuclear PR for additional immunizations. Highly purified (30-70%) PR migrated as 93 kDa and 119 kDa progestin-binding proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. In all, thirteen monoclonal antibodies were obtained that recognized epitopes shared by both receptor forms. One mouse immunoglobulin G (KC146) was completely specific for the larger B form. Interestingly, the epitope for this antibody was present on all PRs tested, including the B form of PR from chicken oviduct, whereas nine other antibodies recognized only human PR and the remaining four cross reacted with rabbit PR. With the exception of the JU145 and JU601 rat immunoglobulin Ms, all antibodies appeared to be completely specific for the A or B forms of PR. Each recognized the cytosol and nuclear forms of occupied as well as unoccupied PR. Although the relationship between B and A was not established, it is clear that an amino-terminal region of B is not present in A, and that a significant portion of A and B are either identical or very similar in amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Greene
- Ben May Institute, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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McGee JE, Johnson B, Kinders R, Johnson TC. Selective protection of nonmalignant cells by a novel cell surface glycopeptide. Cancer Res 1983; 43:2015-7. [PMID: 6831431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel glycopeptide inhibitor of cell division, isolated from bovine cerebral cortex cell surfaces, was shown to selectively protect nonmalignant cells from the cytoxic action of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (5-BrdUrd). When mouse LM-22 cells (nonmalignant and devoid of gangliosides) were preincubated with GM1 ganglioside (3.0 micrograms/ml), the cell surface glycopeptide inhibitor effectively arrested cell division. In contrast to LM-22 cells, transformed mouse fibrosarcoma (No. 1316) cells were insensitive to the glycopeptide inhibitor whether or not they were preincubated with GM1 ganglioside. Mixed cultures of LM-22 cells preincubated with GM1 ganglioside and 1316 fibrosarcoma cells at an approximate ratio of 1:1 were established. Since LM-22 cells are resistant and 1316 fibrosarcoma cells are sensitive to 3.0 mM ouabain, the identity of surviving cells following BrdUrd treatment could easily be determined. Three hr after the establishment of the mixed cell population, 250 ng protein per ml of the purified bovine glycopeptide inhibitor was added to selectively arrest the mitosis of the LM-22 cells. After an additional 3 hr of incubation, 5-BrdUrd was added to a final concentration of 5.0 mM. Twelve hr later, cells were serially diluted and seeded into duplicate plates with and without 3.0 mM ouabain. LM-22 cells were effectively protected from the cytotoxic action of 5-BrdUrd (92 to 94% survival) while the majority of the 1316 fibrosarcoma cells were killed (21 to 30% survival). The selective protection of LM-22 cells was shown to be independent of differences in plating efficiency, cytotoxicity of 5-BrdUrd in the absence of the glycopeptide inhibitor, and the generation time of the two cell lines.
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