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Fine A, Mahler A, Simmons C, Chen C, Moyzis R, Cauffman E. Relations between three dopaminergic system genes, school attachment, and adolescent delinquency. Dev Psychol 2016; 52:1893-1903. [DOI: 10.1037/dev0000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chen C, Xiu D, Chen C, Moyzis R, Xia M, He Y, Xue G, Li J, He Q, Lei X, Wang Y, Liu B, Chen W, Zhu B, Dong Q. Regional Homogeneity of Resting-State Brain Activity Suppresses the Effect of Dopamine-Related Genes on Sensory Processing Sensitivity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133143. [PMID: 26308205 PMCID: PMC4550269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is an intrinsic personality trait whose genetic and neural bases have recently been studied. The current study used a neural mediation model to explore whether resting-state brain functions mediated the effects of dopamine-related genes on SPS. 298 healthy Chinese college students (96 males, mean age = 20.42 years, SD = 0.89) were scanned with magnetic resonance imaging during resting state, genotyped for 98 loci within the dopamine system, and administered the Highly Sensitive Person Scale. We extracted a “gene score” that summarized the genetic variations representing the 10 loci that were significantly linked to SPS, and then used path analysis to search for brain regions whose resting-state data would help explain the gene-behavior association. Mediation analysis revealed that temporal homogeneity of regional spontaneous activity (ReHo) in the precuneus actually suppressed the effect of dopamine-related genes on SPS. The path model explained 16% of the variance of SPS. This study represents the first attempt at using a multi-gene voxel-based neural mediation model to explore the complex relations among genes, brain, and personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Daiming Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Institute of Psychology, Division of Psychopathology and Clinic Intervention, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8050, Switzerland
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QD); (Chuansheng Chen)
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
| | - Mingrui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xuemei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
| | - Yunxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875,China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- * E-mail: (QD); (Chuansheng Chen)
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Gehricke JG, Swanson J, Duong S, Nguyen J, Wigal T, Fallon J, Caburian C, Muftuler LT, Moyzis R. Increased brain activity to unpleasant stimuli in individuals with the 7R allele of the DRD4 gene. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:58-63. [PMID: 25481571 PMCID: PMC4272659 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine functional brain activity in response to unpleasant images in individuals with the 7-repeat (7R) allele compared to individuals with the 4-repeat (4R) allele of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene (VNTR in exon 3). Based on the response ready hypothesis, individuals with the DRD4-4R/7R genotype were expected to show greater functional brain activity in response to unpleasant compared to neutral stimuli in specific regions of the frontal, temporal, parietal and limbic lobes, which form the networks involved in attentional, emotional, and preparatory responses. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging activity was studied in 26 young adults (13 with the DRD4-4R/7R genotype and 13 with the DRD4-4R/4R genotype). Participants were asked to look at and subjectively rate unpleasant and neutral images. Results showed increased brain activity in response to unpleasant images compared to neutral images in the right temporal lobe in participants with the DRD4-4R/7R genotype versus participants with the DRD4-4R/4R genotype. The increase in right temporal lobe activity in individuals with DRD4-4R/7R suggests greater involvement in processing negative emotional stimuli. Intriguingly, no differences were found between the two genotypes in the subjective ratings of the images. The findings corroborate the response ready hypothesis, which suggests that individuals with the 7R allele are more responsive to negative emotional stimuli compared to individuals with the 4R allele of the DRD4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-G. Gehricke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine,
Irvine CA, USA,The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental
Disorders, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA,Corresponding author: University of California,
Irvine, The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2500 Red
Hill Avenue, Ste. 100, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA. Tel.: + 1 949-267-0484.
(J.-G. Gehricke)
| | - James Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine,
Irvine CA, USA
| | - Sophie Duong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine,
Irvine CA, USA
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental
Disorders, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - Timothy Wigal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine,
Irvine CA, USA
| | - James Fallon
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of
California, Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Cyrus Caburian
- The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental
Disorders, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - L. Tugan Muftuler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Medicine and
Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine
CA, USA
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Chen C, Liu C, Chen C, Moyzis R, Chen W, Dong Q. Genetic variations in the serotoninergic system and environmental factors contribute to aggressive behavior in Chinese adolescents. Physiol Behav 2014; 138:62-8. [PMID: 25447480 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior is a major public health problem worldwide and has been associated with many gene variants, especially those related to the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system, and environmental factors. However, the overall contribution of serotonin-related genes to aggressive behavior is not well understood. With a sample of 478 healthy Chinese volunteers, this study investigated the relation between aggressive behavior and genetic variations of the serotoninergic system (as characterized by 129 representative polymorphisms) interacting with environmental factors (parental warmth and acceptance; stressful life events). We adopted a system-level approach to identify SNPs and environmental factors associated with aggressive behavior, and estimated their overall contribution to aggressive behavior using multiple regression, which was then verified by permutation analysis. We identified 12 SNPs that made statistically significant contributions to aggressive behavior. Next, main effects, interactions among these SNPs, and interactions between these SNPs and environmental factors were assessed using multiple regression. The final model accounted for approximately 19% of the variance for aggressive behavior. Permutation analysis confirmed that the probability of obtaining these findings by chance was low (p=0.045, permuted for 1000 times). These results showed that genetic variations in the serotoninergic system, combined with environmental risk factors, made a moderate contribution to individual differences in aggressive behavior among a healthy population sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Chen C, Chen W, Chen C, Moyzis R, He Q, Lei X, Li J, Wang Y, Liu B, Xiu D, Zhu B, Dong Q. Genetic variations in the serotoninergic system contribute to body-mass index in Chinese adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58717. [PMID: 23554917 PMCID: PMC3598805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity has become a worldwide health problem in the past decades. Human and animal studies have implicated serotonin in appetite regulation, and behavior genetic studies have shown that body mass index (BMI) has a strong genetic component. However, the roles of genes related to the serotoninergic (5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT) system in obesity/BMI are not well understood, especially in Chinese subjects. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN With a sample of 478 healthy Chinese volunteers, this study investigated the relation between BMI and genetic variations of the serotoninergic system as characterized by 136 representative polymorphisms. We used a system-level approach to identify SNPs associated with BMI, then estimated their overall contribution to BMI by multiple regression and verified it by permutation. RESULTS We identified 12 SNPs that made statistically significant contributions to BMI. After controlling for gender and age, four of these SNPs accounted for 7.7% additional variance of BMI. Permutation analysis showed that the probability of obtaining these findings by chance was low (p = 0.015, permuted for 1000 times). CONCLUSION These results showed that genetic variations in the serotoninergic system made a moderate contribution to individual differences in BMI among a healthy Chinese sample, suggesting that a similar approach can be used to study obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qinghua He
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xuemei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Daiming Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Chen C, Chen C, Moyzis R, He Q, Li H, Li J, Zhu B, Lessard J, Stern H, Dong Q. Genetic variations in the dopaminergic system and alcohol use: a system-level analysis. Addict Biol 2012; 17:479-89. [PMID: 21812867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use is highly heritable and has been associated with many gene variants, including those related to dopamine (DA). However, single gene association studies have shown inconsistent and small effects. Using a system-level approach, the current study aimed to estimate the overall effect of genetic variations in the DA system on alcohol use among male drinkers. One hundred seventy-six male college students who reported to have ever drunk alcohol were enrolled. Alcohol use was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Ninety-eight representative polymorphisms in all major DA neurotransmitter genes were genotyped. Using analysis of variance, we identified six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)s that made statistically significant contributions to alcohol use. Next, main effects and interactions of these SNPs were assessed using multiple regression. The final model accounted for approximately 20% of the variance for alcohol use. Finally, permutation analyses ascertained the probability of obtaining these findings by chance to be low, p ranging from 0.024 to 0.048. These results confirmed that DA-related gene variants made strong contributions to reported alcohol use and suggest that multiple regression can be a promising way to explore the genetic basis for multi-gene-determined human behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Chen C, Chen C, Moyzis R, Stern H, He Q, Li H, Li J, Zhu B, Dong Q. Contributions of dopamine-related genes and environmental factors to highly sensitive personality: a multi-step neuronal system-level approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21636. [PMID: 21765900 PMCID: PMC3135587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional behavioral genetic studies (e.g., twin, adoption studies) have shown that human personality has moderate to high heritability, but recent molecular behavioral genetic studies have failed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) with consistent effects. The current study adopted a multi-step approach (ANOVA followed by multiple regression and permutation) to assess the cumulative effects of multiple QTLs. Using a system-level (dopamine system) genetic approach, we investigated a personality trait deeply rooted in the nervous system (the Highly Sensitive Personality, HSP). 480 healthy Chinese college students were given the HSP scale and genotyped for 98 representative polymorphisms in all major dopamine neurotransmitter genes. In addition, two environment factors (stressful life events and parental warmth) that have been implicated for their contributions to personality development were included to investigate their relative contributions as compared to genetic factors. In Step 1, using ANOVA, we identified 10 polymorphisms that made statistically significant contributions to HSP. In Step 2, these polymorphism's main effects and interactions were assessed using multiple regression. This model accounted for 15% of the variance of HSP (p<0.001). Recent stressful life events accounted for an additional 2% of the variance. Finally, permutation analyses ascertained the probability of obtaining these findings by chance to be very low, p ranging from 0.001 to 0.006. Dividing these loci by the subsystems of dopamine synthesis, degradation/transport, receptor and modulation, we found that the modulation and receptor subsystems made the most significant contribution to HSP. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of a multi-step neuronal system-level approach in assessing genetic contributions to individual differences in human behavior. It can potentially bridge the gap between the high heritability estimates based on traditional behavioral genetics and the lack of reproducible genetic effects observed currently from molecular genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hal Stern
- Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qinghua He
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - He Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Chen C, Chen C, Moyzis R, Dong Q, He Q, Zhu B, Li J, Li H, Li J, Lessard J. Sex modulates the associations between the COMT gene and personality traits. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1593-8. [PMID: 21471954 PMCID: PMC3138659 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown inconsistent findings regarding the relations between the functional Val158Met polymorphisms of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and individual differences in personality traits. This study attempts to overcome some of the weaknesses of previous research, namely, small sample sizes, clinical samples, ethnic stratification, wide age ranges, neglecting sex differences, and single measures of personality traits. A large sample (n = 556, 250 male, 306 female) of healthy Chinese college students (mean age = 20.5 ± 1 years) was given a battery of personality scales, including the temperament and character inventory-revised, the behavioral inhibition system and behavioral approach system scale, the Beck depression inventory, and the Beck anxiety inventory. Factor analysis of the affect-related personality traits revealed two factors that corresponded to positive (PEM) and negative emotionality (NEM). We found a consistent COMT-by-sex interaction effect on affect-related personality traits. Compared with males with Met/Met alleles, males with Val/Val alleles showed significantly higher scores on NEM, but lower scores on PEM. Females, however, showed an opposite but nonsignificant pattern. Our results supported the role of the COMT gene in personality traits for males and contributed to the growing literature on sex differences in gene-behavior connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Tel: +86 105 880 7615, Fax: +86 105 880 8470, E-mail:
| | - Qinghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jared Lessard
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Reist C, Ozdemir V, Wang E, Hashemzadeh M, Mee S, Moyzis R. Novelty seeking and the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) revisited in Asians: haplotype characterization and relevance of the 2-repeat allele. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:453-7. [PMID: 17474081 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) to the behavioral trait of novelty seeking has not been uniformly consistent. A methodological shortcoming in previous studies may relate to the way different DRD4 variants were categorized. Because of evolutionary and functional (e.g., diminished potency to reduce cAMP) similarities between the 2- and 7-repeat (2R, 7R) alleles of the DRD4, we suggest grouping of these two alleles together may facilitate detection of biologically meaningful and reproducible association findings with behavioral traits. We measured novelty seeking with the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) in a community sample of Caucasian, Korean, and Filipino subjects (N = 171) who were subsequently characterized for the DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR). In the Korean sample, those with a 2R and/or 7R allele scored significantly higher on novelty seeking scale (P < 0.05). By contrast, grouping the VNTR alleles by size (2, 3, 4 vs. 5, 6, 7), as has been done in similar studies of Asian subjects, was not significant. Using the extreme discordant phenotype (EDP) strategy in the pooled sample and selecting the individuals within the upper and lower decile, we observed a trend for association with higher novelty seeking in individuals who carry the 2R and/or 7R alleles (P = 0.06). We also confirmed that the 2R allele in the Korean and Filipino subjects was the result of a one-step recombination event between the 4R and 7R alleles. This study suggests that genetic association analyses can benefit by consideration of the shared functional and evolutionary attributes of the DRD4 2R and 7R alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Reist
- Biomarker and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Long Beach VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, California 90822, USA.
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McGOUGH J, McCRACKEN J, Swanson J, Riddle M, Kollins S, Greenhill L, Abikoff H, Davies M, Chuang S, Wigal T, Wigal S, Posner K, Skrobala A, Kastelic E, Ghuman J, Cunningham C, Shigawa S, Moyzis R, Vitiello B. Pharmacogenetics of methylphenidate response in preschoolers with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45:1314-1322. [PMID: 17023870 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000235083.40285.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors explored genetic moderators of symptom reduction and side effects in methylphenidate-treated preschool-age children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD DNA was isolated from 81 subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover methylphenidate titration. Parents and teachers completed ADHD symptom scales and side effect ratings for each of five randomly administered weekly conditions that included immediate-release methylphenidate 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 mg and placebo given three times daily. Candidate genes hypothesized to influence stimulant effects or individual risks for ADHD were genotyped. RESULTS Although the primary analysis did not indicate significant genetic effects, secondary analyses revealed associations between symptom response and variants at the dopamine receptor (DRD4) promoter (p=.05) and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) allelesT1065G (p=.03) andT1069C (p=.05). SNAP25 variants were also associated with tics (p=.02), buccal-lingual movements (p=.01), and irritability (p=04). DRD4 variants were also associated with picking (p=.03). Increasing dose predicted irritability (p=.05) and social withdrawal (p=.03) with DRD4 variants. There were no significant effects for the dopamine transporter (DAT1). CONCLUSIONS Emerging evidence suggests the potential for understanding the individual variability of response to and side effects of ADHD medications from the study of genetics, although additional research is required before these findings are proven to have clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McGOUGH
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD..
| | - James McCRACKEN
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James Swanson
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Riddle
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott Kollins
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laurence Greenhill
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Howard Abikoff
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Davies
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shirley Chuang
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tim Wigal
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sharon Wigal
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kelly Posner
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anne Skrobala
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elizabeth Kastelic
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jaswinder Ghuman
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles Cunningham
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sharon Shigawa
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benedetto Vitiello
- Drs. McGough and McCracken and Ms. Shigawa are with the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles; Drs. Swanson, T. Wigal, and S. Wigal are with the University of California, Irvine; Drs. Greenhill and Posner, Mr. Davies (retired), Ms. Chuang, and Ms. Skrobala are with New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York; Drs. Riddle and Kastelic are with Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Dr. Kollins is with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dr. Abikoff is with the New York University Child Study Center, New York; Dr. Ghuman is with the University of Arizona, Tucson; Dr. Cunningham is with the McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Dr. Moyzis is with the University of California, Irvine; and Dr. Vitiello is with the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
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Leung PWL, Lee CC, Hung SF, Ho TP, Tang CP, Kwong SL, Leung SY, Yuen ST, Lieh-Mak F, Oosterlaan J, Grady D, Harxhi A, Ding YC, Chi HC, Flodman P, Schuck S, Spence MA, Moyzis R, Swanson J. Dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene in Han Chinese children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): increased prevalence of the 2-repeat allele. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 133B:54-6. [PMID: 15578612 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased prevalence of the 7-repeat (7R) allele of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the population prevalence of the 7R allele varies considerably across ethnicity and is very low in Asians. To test whether this 7R allele/ADHD association still held in a Chinese clinical sample, 32 Han Chinese children with a confirmed ADHD diagnosis and normal IQ who were methylphenidate-responders were genotyped. None of them had a DRD4 7R allele. Instead, we observed a significantly increased prevalence of the 2-repeat (2R) allele in this clinical sample (33%) compared to ethnically-matched controls (20%) (chi(2)(1d.f.) = 5.90, P = 0.015). This approximately 1.65-fold increase of the 2R allele in our probands is close to the observed increase of the 7R allele in European-ancestry ADHD children. Recent genetic studies have indicated that the 2R allele in Asians is likely derived from the 7R allele. Further, available biochemical data indicate that both the 2R and 7R protein have blunted responses to dopamine compared to the 4R protein. Based on these results, we propose that the observed increased prevalence of the 2R allele in our Han Chinese ADHD probands is still consistent with the 7R allele hypothesis of ADHD in European-ancestry children. Recent studies have suggested that any variant from the conserved ancestral 4R allele might potentially alter biochemistry/phenotype. We hypothesize that an increased frequency of any non-4R allele may define the association of the DRD4 gene with ADHD that holds across ethnicity. The present findings, however, obtained with a small ADHD sample size, should be replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W L Leung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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13
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Ding YC, Wooding S, Harpending HC, Chi HC, Li HP, Fu YX, Pang JF, Yao YG, Yu JG, Moyzis R, Zhang Y. Population structure and history in East Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:14003-6. [PMID: 11095712 PMCID: PMC17690 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.240441297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeological, anatomical, linguistic, and genetic data have suggested that there is an old and significant boundary between the populations of north and south China. We use three human genetic marker systems and one human-carried virus to examine the north/south distinction. We find no support for a major north/south division in these markers; rather, the marker patterns suggest simple isolation by distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Ding
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China
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14
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Swanson J, Oosterlaan J, Murias M, Schuck S, Flodman P, Spence MA, Wasdell M, Ding Y, Chi HC, Smith M, Mann M, Carlson C, Kennedy JL, Sergeant JA, Leung P, Zhang YP, Sadeh A, Chen C, Whalen CK, Babb KA, Moyzis R, Posner MI. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder children with a 7-repeat allele of the dopamine receptor D4 gene have extreme behavior but normal performance on critical neuropsychological tests of attention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4754-9. [PMID: 10781080 PMCID: PMC18305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.080070897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene located on chromosome 11p15.5 and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been demonstrated and replicated by multiple investigators. A specific allele [the 7-repeat of a 48-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in exon 3] has been proposed as an etiological factor in attentional deficits manifested in some children diagnosed with this disorder. In the current study, we evaluated ADHD subgroups defined by the presence or absence of the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene, using neuropsychological tests with reaction time measures designed to probe attentional networks with neuroanatomical foci in D4-rich brain regions. Despite the same severity of symptoms on parent and teacher ratings for the ADHD subgroups, the average reaction times of the 7-present subgroup showed normal speed and variability of response whereas the average reaction times of the 7-absent subgroup showed the expected abnormalities (slow and variable responses). This was opposite the primary prediction of the study. The 7-present subgroup seemed to be free of some of the neuropsychological abnormalities thought to characterize ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Swanson JM, Flodman P, Kennedy J, Spence MA, Moyzis R, Schuck S, Murias M, Moriarity J, Barr C, Smith M, Posner M. Dopamine genes and ADHD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24:21-5. [PMID: 10654656 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Family, twin, and adoption studies have documented a strong genetic basis for ADHD/HKD, but these studies do not identify specific genes linked to the disorder. Molecular genetic studies can identify allelic variations of specific genes that are functionally associated with ADHD/HKD, and dopamine genes have been the initial candidates based on the site of action of the stimulants drugs, which for a half century have provided the primary pharmacological treatment for ADHD/HKD. Two candidate dopamine genes have been investigated and reported to be associated with ADHD/HKD: the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene [Cook et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 1995;56:993-998, Gill et al., Molecular Psychiatry 1997;2:311-313] and the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene [LaHoste et al., Molecular Psychiatry 1996;1:121-124: Smalley et al., 1998;3:427-430; Swanson et al., Molecular Psychiatry 1998;3:38-41]. Speculative hypotheses [Swanson and Castellanos, NIH Consensus Development Conference: Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, November 1998. p. 37-42] have suggested that specific alleles of these dopamine genes may alter dopamine transmission in the neural networks implicated in ADHD/HKD (e.g. that the 10-repeat allele of the DAT1 gene may be associated with hyperactive re-uptake of dopamine or that the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene may be associated with a subsensitive postsynaptic receptor). These and other variants of the dopamine hypothesis of ADHD will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Swanson
- Child Development Center, University of California at Irvine, 92715, USA.
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Donaldson L, Fordyce C, Gilliland F, Smith A, Feddersen R, Joste N, Moyzis R, Griffith J. Association between outcome and telomere DNA content in prostate cancer. J Urol 1999. [PMID: 10524936 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)68239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform an initial retrospective investigation of the relationship between outcome in patients with organ confined prostate adenocarcinoma and the tumor cells' content of telomere DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS The case-controlled study group was composed of eighteen men diagnosed with prostatic adenocarcinoma prior to 1993. The group was selected so that approximately one half died within ten years of diagnosis and one half survived ten years or longer. Archival, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue was recovered for each patient. DNA was extracted from newly cut sections, fixed to nylon membranes and hybridized with P32-labeled centromere- and telomere-specific probes. Telomere DNA contents were quantitated from the hybridized radioactivities. The relationships between telomere DNA content and survival, and telomere DNA content and disease recurrence in men receiving prostatectomies were determined. RESULTS Death and disease recurrence were associated with reduced telomere DNA content (p <0.0001, p <0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Telomere DNA content may differentiate high-risk patients with metastatic prostate cancer from men with indolent disease who can be spared the unnecessary side effects and expense of treatment by management with "watchful waiting."
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Affiliation(s)
- L Donaldson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131-5221, USA
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Donaldson L, Fordyce C, Gilliland F, Smith A, Feddersen R, Joste N, Moyzis R, Griffith J. Association between outcome and telomere DNA content in prostate cancer. J Urol 1999; 162:1788-92. [PMID: 10524936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform an initial retrospective investigation of the relationship between outcome in patients with organ confined prostate adenocarcinoma and the tumor cells' content of telomere DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS The case-controlled study group was composed of eighteen men diagnosed with prostatic adenocarcinoma prior to 1993. The group was selected so that approximately one half died within ten years of diagnosis and one half survived ten years or longer. Archival, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue was recovered for each patient. DNA was extracted from newly cut sections, fixed to nylon membranes and hybridized with P32-labeled centromere- and telomere-specific probes. Telomere DNA contents were quantitated from the hybridized radioactivities. The relationships between telomere DNA content and survival, and telomere DNA content and disease recurrence in men receiving prostatectomies were determined. RESULTS Death and disease recurrence were associated with reduced telomere DNA content (p <0.0001, p <0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Telomere DNA content may differentiate high-risk patients with metastatic prostate cancer from men with indolent disease who can be spared the unnecessary side effects and expense of treatment by management with "watchful waiting."
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Affiliation(s)
- L Donaldson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131-5221, USA
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Cai L, Chen L, Raghavan S, Ratliff R, Moyzis R, Rich A. Intercalated cytosine motif and novel adenine clusters in the crystal structure of the Tetrahymena telomere. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:4696-705. [PMID: 9753739 PMCID: PMC147884 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.20.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosine-rich strand of the Tetrahymena telomere consists of multiple repeats of sequence d(AACCCC). We have solved the crystal structure of the crystalline repeat sequence at 2.5 A resolution. The adenines form two different and previously unknown clusters (A clusters) in orthogonal directions with their counterparts from other strands, each containing a total of eight adenines. The clusters appear to be stable aggregates held together by base stacking and three different base-pairing modes. Two different types of cytosine tetraplexes are found in the crystal. Each four-stranded complex is composed of two intercalated parallel-stranded duplexes pointing in opposite directions, with hemiprotonated cytosine-cytosine (C.C+) base pairs. The outermost C.C+base pairs are from the 5'-end of each strand in one cytosine tetraplex and from the 3'-end of each strand in the other. The A clusters and the cytosine tetraplexes form two alternating stacking patterns, creating continuous base stacking in two perpendicular directions along the x - and z -axes. The adenine clusters could be organizational motifs for macromolecular RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cai
- Department of Biology, Room 68-233, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Gersh M, Grady D, Rojas K, Lovett M, Moyzis R, Overhauser J. Development of diagnostic tools for the analysis of 5p deletions using interphase FISH. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1997; 77:246-51. [PMID: 9284926 DOI: 10.1159/000134586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cri-du-chat syndrome is associated with a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. Through the phenotypic and molecular analyses of individuals with a subset of the features associated with the syndrome, the genes involved in the syndrome have been mapped to two distinct critical regions. Deletion of a critical region in 5p15.2 results in the distinct facial features associated with the syndrome as well as the severe mental and developmental delay, while a deletion of 5p15.3 is associated only with the characteristic cat-like cry, the key diagnostic feature of the syndrome. Therefore, subtle differences in the extent of the 5p deletion can have a profound affect on the prognosis of the patient. In order to more easily differentiate between deletions that lead to the cri-du-chat syndrome phenotype and deletions that lead only to the isolated cat-like cry, we have constructed YAC contigs that span both critical regions. The YAC clones have been used to isolate cosmids mapping to each critical region and cosmids that lie just within the two critical region boundaries have been identified. We report here on the use of these cosmids as probes for fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments on interphase nuclei as a means of more accurately differentiating between small 5p deletions that coincide with a complete cri-du-chat syndrome phenotype and the severe mental and developmental delay that is associated with it and deletions that only delete the distal critical region that coincide with the isolated cat-like cry and a much improved prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gersh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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20
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Takiguchi Y, Kurimasa A, Chen F, Pardington PE, Kuriyama T, Okinaka RT, Moyzis R, Chen DJ. Genomic structure and chromosomal assignment of the mouse Ku70 gene. Genomics 1996; 35:129-35. [PMID: 8661113 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) consists of three polypeptide subunits: Ku70, Ku80, and the DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). Mammalian mutants deficient in either Ku80 or DNA-PKcs function have been shown to be lacking in DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination, respectively. The precise role of the Ku70 gene in this process has not yet been determined, in part because no cell lines, animals, or human diseases involved with deficiencies in this gene have yet been identified. Both the human and the mouse Ku70 cDNAs have been cloned, and the human gene has been mapped to chromosome 22q13. The original mouse cDNA clones, however, lacked a complete 5'-region, and none of the mammalian Ku70 genomic sequences have been characterized. This report contains an analysis of the 5'-region of the mouse cDNA sequence, a characterization of the mouse Ku70 genomic structure, and fluorescence in situ hybridization data that map the mouse gene to chromosome 15. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mouse gene consists of 608 amino acids compared to 609 for the human gene. The genomic sequence is 24 kb and consists of 13 exons, including an untranslated first exon. Sequences from the upstream region of exon 1 revealed four consensus GC box sequences and a strong transcription initiation site at a reasonable location. The assignment of the mouse Ku70 gene to chromosome 15 is consistent with the syntenic relationship of this gene in human (chromosome 22q13) and mouse and adds to the comparative mapping data for the genes involved in the SCID phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takiguchi
- Life Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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21
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Berger I, Kang C, Fredian A, Ratliff R, Moyzis R, Rich A. Extension of the four-stranded intercalated cytosine motif by adenine.adenine base pairing in the crystal structure of d(CCCAAT). Nat Struct Biol 1995; 2:416-25. [PMID: 7664099 DOI: 10.1038/nsb0595-416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of d(CCCAAT), refined at 2.0 A resolution, shows a four stranded molecule in which two parallel duplexes intercalate with opposite polarity, using cytosine.protonated cytosine base pairs. The intercalation motif in this structure is extended by adenine.adenine base pairs. Two topologically distinct broad grooves are found in the lath-like central part of the molecule with the phosphate groups on one side bent over towards each other, stabilized by bridging water molecules. At the 3' ends, two arrangements of intermolecular A.A.T base triplets are found, involving both asymmetric and symmetric A.A base pairs joined to thymine residues by Watson-Crick and reverse Hoogsteen base pairing, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Berger
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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22
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Kang C, Berger I, Lockshin C, Ratliff R, Moyzis R, Rich A. Stable loop in the crystal structure of the intercalated four-stranded cytosine-rich metazoan telomere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:3874-8. [PMID: 7731999 PMCID: PMC42064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.9.3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In most metazoans, the telomeric cytosine-rich strand repeating sequence is d(TAACCC). The crystal structure of this sequence was solved to 1.9-A resolution. Four strands associate via the cytosine-containing parts to form a four-stranded intercalated structure held together by C.C+ hydrogen bonds. The base-paired strands are parallel to each other, and the two duplexes are intercalated into each other in opposite orientations. One TAA end forms a highly stabilized loop with the 5' thymine Hoogsteen-base-paired to the third adenine. The 5' end of this loop is in close proximity to the 3' end of one of the other intercalated cytosine strands. Instead of being entirely in a DNA duplex, this structure suggests the possibility of an alternative conformation for the cytosine-rich telomere strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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23
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Kang CH, Berger I, Lockshin C, Ratliff R, Moyzis R, Rich A. Crystal structure of intercalated four-stranded d(C3T) at 1.4 A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:11636-40. [PMID: 7972115 PMCID: PMC45286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.24.11636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of d(C3T), solved at 1.4 A resolution, reveals that the molecule forms a four-stranded intercalated complex. It consists of two parallel-stranded duplexes, each of which is held together by cytosine-protonated cytosine base pairs. The two duplexes are intercalated with each other and have opposite strand orientation. The molecule has a flat, lath-like appearance, and the covalently bonded cytosines have a slow right-handed twist of 17.1 degrees. However, there is considerable asymmetry. On one of the flat sides, the phosphate groups are rotated away from the center of the molecule. They are held in this orientation by bridging water molecules that bind the NH of cytosine and a phosphate group of an opposite chain. There is also considerable microheterogeneity in the structure. The cytosine hemiprotonation occurs even at pH 7 where stable crystals form.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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24
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Kouprina N, Eldarov M, Moyzis R, Resnick M, Larionov V. A model system to assess the integrity of mammalian YACs during transformation and propagation in yeast. Genomics 1994; 21:7-17. [PMID: 8088818 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1994.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) containing mammalian DNA potentially can undergo deletions during transformation and propagation, possibly due to interactions between repeat DNAs. To study factors involved in such rearrangements, we developed a genetic system that can signal physical changes. An Alu-HIS3-Alu cassette has been targeted to a mitotically stable YAC containing a 360-kb DNA insert of human chromosome 2. Five YACs with the cassette integrated at different positions were examined for loss of the internal HIS3 marker during transformation into yeast and subsequent growth. The average frequency of the internal marker loss in mitotically growing cells was approximately 1.0 x 10(-4). Physical analysis of His- YACs retaining both telomeric markers demonstrated that loss of the marker was due to deletions (20-90 kb). These results contrast with those obtained with YACs following transformation. Nearly 33% of the retransformed YACs lacked the internal HIS3 marker. The transformation-associated loss was also due to deletions varying from 80 to 260 kb. Similar results were obtained following retransformation with the parent human YAC and another mitotically stable YAC containing a 390-kb insert of mouse DNA. The high level of transformation-associated deletions in the human YACs was reduced over 10-fold when the host was a recombination-deficient strain deleted for the RAD52 gene. The level of internal human YAC instability during mitotic growth was also significantly decreased in the rad52 mutant strain compared to that in the isogenic Rad+ strain. However, retransformation of the rad52 mutant with a YAC-containing mouse DNA yielded comparable levels of alterations to those observed for the wildtype strain. Thus, there must be additional genetic factors involved in transformation-associated deletions in YACs. We propose that these YACs and strains can be useful tools for investigating YAC integrity. During the course of these studies a unique category of deletions was identified in mitotically propagated YACs that result from recombination between identical sequences in the telomeric region and the HIS3 cassette. In addition to the known YAC "fragmentation" method, this may provide a means for generating internal deletions as well as an alternative method for mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kouprina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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25
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McCormick MK, Buckler A, Bruno W, Campbell E, Shera K, Torney D, Deaven L, Moyzis R. Construction and characterization of a YAC library with a low frequency of chimeric clones from flow-sorted human chromosome 9. Genomics 1993; 18:553-8. [PMID: 8307565 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human chromosome 9 DNA, flow-sorted from somatic cell hybrid PK-87-9, has been used to construct two complete digest YAC libraries. The combined representation of chromosome 9 in these libraries, estimated by hybridization of chromosome 9-specific sequences to YAC colony grids, is approximately 95%. The frequency of chimeric clones, analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization of chromosome 9 YACs to human metaphase chromosomes, was estimated to be approximately 4%. These libraries provide a resource for physical mapping and for moving from genetic markers to disease loci on chromosome 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K McCormick
- Center for Human Genome Studies and Life Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545
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26
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McCormick MK, Campbell E, Deaven L, Moyzis R. Low-frequency chimeric yeast artificial chromosome libraries from flow-sorted human chromosomes 16 and 21. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:1063-7. [PMID: 8430075 PMCID: PMC45811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.3.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Construction of chromosome-specific yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) libraries from sorted chromosomes was undertaken (i) to eliminate drawbacks associated with first-generation total genomic YAC libraries, such as the high frequency of chimeric YACs, and (ii) to provide an alternative method for generating chromosome-specific YAC libraries in addition to isolating such collections from a total genomic library. Chromosome-specific YAC libraries highly enriched for human chromosomes 16 and 21 were constructed. By maximizing the percentage of fragments with two ligatable ends and performing yeast transformations with less than saturating amounts of DNA in the presence of carrier DNA, YAC libraries with a low percentage of chimeric clones were obtained. The smaller number of YAC clones in these chromosome-specific libraries reduces the effort involved in PCR-based screening and allows hybridization methods to be a manageable screening approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K McCormick
- Life Sciences Division, University of California, M880 Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87544
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27
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Abstract
The sequence d(GGGGTTTTGGGG) from the 3' overhang of the Oxytricha telomere has been crystallized and its three-dimensional structure solved to 2.5 A resolution. The oligonucleotide forms hairpins, two of which join to make a four-stranded helical structure with the loops containing four thymine residues at either end. The guanine residues are held together by cyclic hydrogen bonding and an ion is located in the centre. The four guanine residues in each segment have a glycosyl conformation that alternates between anti and syn. There are two four-stranded molecules in the asymmetric unit showing that the structure has some intrinsic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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28
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Dietz-Band J, Riethman H, Hildebrand CE, Moyzis R. Characterization of polymorphic loci on a telomeric fragment of DNA from the long arm of human chromosome 7. Genomics 1990; 8:168-70. [PMID: 2081591 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90240-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The 240-kb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) HTY146 (D7S427) containing the telomere from the q arm of human chromosome 7 was subcloned into the cosmid vector sCOS-1. Cosmid subclones were screened for DNA polymorphisms by Southern blot analysis of restriction digests of DNA from random individuals. Four distinct polymorphisms were characterized. These markers provide a resource for defining the end of the genetic map for the long arm of human chromosome 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dietz-Band
- Genetics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545
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29
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Leavitt J, Moyzis R. Changes in gene expression accompanying neoplastic transformation of Syrian hamster cells. J Biol Chem 1978; 253:2497-500. [PMID: 632281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins solubilized from the chemically transformed, highly tumorigenic Syrian hamster cell line, BP6T, and the untransformed parental embryo cells, have been analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Differences in seven major polypeptides have been identified in cytoplasmic and nuclear cell fractions from these two related cell types. The tumorigenic cells have lost the ability to synthesize detectable amounts of five major polypeptides which are found in untransformed cells; in addition, the tumorigenic cells synthesize two new major polypeptide species not found in the untransformed cells. Butyric acid, an agent which suppresses in vitro cellular properties frequently associated with neoplasia, induces in a reversible fashion synthesis of two of these missing polypeptide species in the tumorigenic cells. The results indicate that a change in the synthesis of less than 1% of the major polypeptide species is associated with a chemical mediated induction of the high tumorigenic state of Syrian hamster cells.
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