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Losavio R, Contemori S, Bartoli S, Dieni CV, Panichi R, Biscarini A. Electromyographic and Stabilometric Analysis of the Static and Dynamic "Standing Bird Dog" Exercise. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:119. [PMID: 37368569 DOI: 10.3390/sports11060119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The "bird dog" exercise is considered one of the most effective therapeutic exercises for lumbopelvic rehabilitation and the prevention and treatment of low back pain. The "standing bird dog" (SBD) exercise, executed in a single-leg stance, constitutes a natural and challenging variation in the "bird dog"; nevertheless, this exercise has not yet been investigated. This study provides a stabilometric and electromyographic analysis of the SBD performed in static and dynamic conditions and in ipsilateral and contralateral variations; (2) Methods: A time-synchronized motion capture system, wireless electromyography sensors, and triaxial force platform were used to analyze the selected SBD exercises; (3) Results: In dynamic conditions, the gluteus maximum, multifidus, lumbar erector spinae, and gluteus medius reached a mean activation level higher than in the static condition, with peak activation levels of 80%, 60%, 55%, and a 45% maximum voluntary isometric contraction, respectively. In the static condition, balance control was more challenging in the mediolateral compared to the anteroposterior direction. In the dynamic condition, the balance challenge was higher in the anteroposterior direction and higher than the static condition in both directions; (4) Conclusions: The SBD was proved to be effective for strengthening the hip and lumbar extensor muscles and provided a powerful challenge to single-leg balance control in both mediolateral and anteroposterior directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Losavio
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Samuele Contemori
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4071, Australia
| | - Stefano Bartoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina V Dieni
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Biscarini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Pettorossi VE, Occhigrossi C, Panichi R, Botti FM, Ferraresi A, Ricci G, Faralli M. Induction and Cancellation of Self-Motion Misperception by Asymmetric Rotation in the Light. Audiol Res 2023; 13:196-206. [PMID: 36960980 PMCID: PMC10037580 DOI: 10.3390/audiolres13020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrical sinusoidal whole-body rotation sequences with half-cycles at different velocities induce self-motion misperception. This is due to an adaptive process of the vestibular system that progressively reduces the perception of slow motion and increases that of fast motion. It was found that perceptual responses were conditioned by four previous cycles of asymmetric rotation in the dark, as the perception of self-motion during slow and fast rotations remained altered for several minutes. Surprisingly, this conditioned misperception remained even when asymmetric stimulation was performed in the light, a state in which vision completely cancels out the perceptual error. This suggests that vision is unable to cancel the misadaptation in the vestibular system but corrects it downstream in the central perceptual processing. Interestingly, the internal vestibular perceptual misperception can be cancelled by a sequence of asymmetric rotations with fast/slow half-cycles in a direction opposite to that of the conditioning asymmetric rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Enrico Pettorossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Occhigrossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabio Massimo Botti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Aldo Ferraresi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giampietro Ricci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Faralli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Panichi R, Dieni CV, Sullivan JA, Biscarini A, Contemori S, Faralli M, Pettorossi VE. Inhibition of androgenic pathway impairs encoding of cerebellar‐dependent motor learning in male rats. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2014-2032. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.25318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Panichi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Cristina V. Dieni
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
| | | | - Andrea Biscarini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Samuele Contemori
- Center for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Mario Faralli
- Department of Medical‐Surgical Specialization, Otolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery Division University of Perugia Perugia Italy
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Faralli M, Ori M, Ricci G, Roscini M, Panichi R, Pettorossi VE. Disruption of self-motion perception without vestibular reflex alteration in ménière's disease. J Vestib Res 2021; 32:193-203. [PMID: 34151876 DOI: 10.3233/ves-201520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-motion misperception has been observed in vestibular patients during asymmetric body oscillations. This misperception is correlated with the patient's vestibular discomfort. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether or not self-motion misperception persists in post-ictal patients with Ménière's disease (MD). METHODS Twenty-eight MD patients were investigated while in the post-ictal interval. Self-motion perception was studied by examining the displacement of a memorized visual target after sequences of opposite directed fast-slow asymmetric whole body rotations in the dark. The difference in target representation was analyzed and correlated with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) score. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and clinical tests for ocular reflex were also evaluated. RESULTS All MD patients showed a noticeable difference in target representation after asymmetric rotation depending on the direction of the fast/slow rotations. This side difference suggests disruption of motion perception. The DHI score was correlated with the amount of motion misperception. In contrast, VOR and clinical trials were altered in only half of these patients. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetric rotation reveals disruption of self-motion perception in MD patients during the post-ictal interval, even in the absence of ocular reflex impairment. Motion misperception may cause persistent vestibular discomfort in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Faralli
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Ori
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Giampietro Ricci
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Roscini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Vito Enrico Pettorossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Italy
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Occhigrossi C, Brosch M, Giommetti G, Panichi R, Ricci G, Ferraresi A, Roscini M, Pettorossi VE, Faralli M. Auditory perception is influenced by the orientation of the trunk relative to a sound source. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1223-1234. [PMID: 33587165 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated how hearing depends on the whole body, head and trunk orientation relative to a sound source. In normal hearing humans we examined auditory thresholds and their ability to recognize logatomes (bi-syllabic non-sense words) at different whole body, head and trunk rotation relative to a sound source. We found that auditory threshold was increased and logatome recognition was impaired when the body or the trunk were rotated 40° away from a sound source compared to when the body or the trunk was oriented towards the sound source. Conversely, no effects were seen when only the head was rotated. Further, an increase of thresholds and impairment of logatome recognition were also observed after unilateral vibration of dorsal neck muscles that induces, per se, long-lasting illusory trunk displacement relative to the head. Thus, our findings support the idea that processing of acoustic signals depends on where a sound is located within a reference system defined by the subject's trunk coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Occhigrossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology Section, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michael Brosch
- Research Group Comparative Neuroscience, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Giorgia Giommetti
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology Section, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giampietro Ricci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aldo Ferraresi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology Section, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Roscini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology Section, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vito Enrico Pettorossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology Section, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Mario Faralli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Contemori S, Panichi R, Biscarini A. Mechanisms of Modulation of Automatic Scapulothoracic Muscle Contraction Timings. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:669-679. [PMID: 33106112 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1837064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Erected posture provides humans a large shoulder mobility that requires complex automatic muscle synergies to accomplish joint stability needs. This is evident in shoulder abduction, wherein the voluntary activation of glenohumeral muscles is coupled with an automatic recruitment of scapulothoracic muscles. Here, we investigated whether volitional modification of the scapular position, and dynamic scapular elevation, modulate the contraction timing of five shoulder muscles (middle deltoid, upper, middle and lower fiber of the trapezius, serratus anterior) during shoulder abduction. The results show matched contraction timings of the deltoid and upper trapezius across the scapular positions, whereas the contraction timings of the middle and lower fibers of the trapezius change secondary to the scapular position. These results might reflect different central strategies to coordinate the automatic sequences of contraction of the scapulothoracic muscles. This suggest a flexible and adaptable predisposition of the motor control system in exploring alternative solutions to accomplish the functional movement needs, such as the fulfillment of unconstrained movements. Intriguingly, the shoulder abduction may represent a powerful, non-invasive, and straightforward tool to deepen the understanding of the neural basis underlying the voluntary motor command modulation of the out-of-volition automatic muscle contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Contemori
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Biscarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Dieni CV, Contemori S, Biscarini A, Panichi R. De Novo Synthesized Estradiol: A Role in Modulating the Cerebellar Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093316. [PMID: 32392845 PMCID: PMC7247543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen estradiol is a potent neuroactive steroid that may regulate brain structure and function. Although the effects of estradiol have been historically associated with gonadal secretion, the discovery that this steroid may be synthesized within the brain has expanded this traditional concept. Indeed, it is accepted that de novo synthesized estradiol in the nervous system (nE2) may modulate several aspects of neuronal physiology, including synaptic transmission and plasticity, thereby influencing a variety of behaviors. These modulations may be on a time scale of minutes via non-classical and often membrane-initiated mechanisms or hours and days by classical actions on gene transcription. Besides the high level, recent investigations in the cerebellum indicate that even a low aromatase expression can be related to the fast nE2 effect on brain functioning. These pieces of evidence point to the importance of an on-demand and localized nE2 synthesis to rapidly contribute to regulating the synaptic transmission. This review is geared at exploring a new scenario for the impact of estradiol on brain processes as it emerges from the nE2 action on cerebellar neurotransmission and cerebellum-dependent learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V. Dieni
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: (C.V.D.); (R.P.); Tel.: +1-(205)-996-8660 (C.V.D.); +39-075-5858205 (R.P.)
| | - Samuele Contemori
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Andrea Biscarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.V.D.); (R.P.); Tel.: +1-(205)-996-8660 (C.V.D.); +39-075-5858205 (R.P.)
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Contemori S, Dieni CV, Sullivan JA, Ferraresi A, Occhigrossi C, Calabrese F, Pettorossi VE, Biscarini A, Panichi R. Sensory inflow manipulation induces learning-like phenomena in motor behavior. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:811-828. [PMID: 32062702 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perceptual and goal-directed behaviors may be improved by repetitive sensory stimulations without practice-based training. Focal muscle vibration (f-MV) modulating the spatiotemporal properties of proprioceptive inflow is well-suited to investigate the effectiveness of sensory stimulation in influencing motor outcomes. Thus, in this study, we verified whether optimized f-MV stimulation patterns might affect motor control of upper limb movements. METHODS To answer this question, we vibrated the slightly tonically contracted anterior deltoid (AD), posterior deltoid (PD), and pectoralis major muscles in different combinations in forty healthy subjects at a frequency of 100 Hz for 10 min in single or repetitive administrations. We evaluated the vibration effect immediately after f-MV application on upper limb targeted movements tasks, and one week later. We assessed target accuracy, movement mean and peak speed, and normalized Jerk using a 3D optoelectronic motion capture system. Besides, we evaluated AD and PD activity during the tasks using wireless electromyography. RESULTS We found that f-MV may induce increases (p < 0.05) in movement accuracy, mean speed and smoothness, and changes (p < 0.05) in the electromyographic activity. The main effects of f-MV occurred overtime after repetitive vibration of the AD and PD muscles. CONCLUSION Thus, in healthy subjects, optimized f-MV stimulation patterns might over time affect the motor control of the upper limb movement. This finding implies that f-MV may improve the individual's ability to produce expected motor outcomes and suggests that it may be used to boost motor skills and learning during training and to support functional recovery in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Contemori
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cristina V Dieni
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama At Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | - Aldo Ferraresi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Occhigrossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Calabrese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vito E Pettorossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Biscarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
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Dieni CV, Sullivan JA, Faralli M, Contemori S, Biscarini A, Pettorossi VE, Panichi R. 17 beta-estradiol synthesis modulates cerebellar dependent motor memory formation in adult male rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:276-286. [PMID: 30125696 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroid 17 beta-estradiol (E2) is a steroid synthesized de novo in the nervous system that might influence neuronal activity and behavior. Nevertheless, the impact of E2 on the functioning of those neural systems in which it is slightly synthesized is less questioned. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) adaptation, may provide an ideal arena for investigating this issue. Indeed, E2 modulates cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic plasticity that underlies encoding of VOR adaptation. Moreover, aromatase expression in the cerebellum of adult rodents is maintained at very low levels and localized to Purkinje cells. The significance of age-related maintenance of low levels of aromatase expression in the cerebellum on behavior, however, has yet to be explored. Our aim in this study was to determine whether E2 synthesis exerts an effective and persistent modulation of VOR adaptation in adult male rats. To answer this question, we investigated the acute effect of blocking E2 synthesis on gain increases and decreases in VOR adaptation using an oral dose (2.5 mg/kg) of the aromatase inhibitor Letrozole in peri-pubertal and post-pubertal male rats. We found that Letrozole acutely impaired gain increases and decreases in VOR adaptation without altering basal ocular-motor performance and that these effects were similar in peri-pubertal and post-pubertal rats. Thus, in adult male rats neurosteroid E2 effectively modulates VOR adaptation in both of the periods studied. These findings imply that the adult cerebellum uses E2 synthesis for modulating motor memory formation and suggest that low and extremely localized E2 production may play a role in adaptive phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V Dieni
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Mario Faralli
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialization, Otolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery Division, University of Perugia, 06127 Perugia, Italy
| | - Samuele Contemori
- Department of Experimental Medicine Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, 06127 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Biscarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, 06127 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vito E Pettorossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, 06127 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Department of Experimental Medicine Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, 06127 Perugia, Italy.
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Panichi R, Faralli M, Bruni R, Kiriakarely A, Occhigrossi C, Ferraresi A, Bronstein AM, Pettorossi VE. Asymmetric vestibular stimulation reveals persistent disruption of motion perception in unilateral vestibular lesions. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2819-2832. [PMID: 28814637 PMCID: PMC5680356 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00674.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-motion perception was studied in patients with unilateral vestibular lesions (UVL) due to acute vestibular neuritis at 1 wk and 4, 8, and 12 mo after the acute episode. We assessed vestibularly mediated self-motion perception by measuring the error in reproducing the position of a remembered visual target at the end of four cycles of asymmetric whole-body rotation. The oscillatory stimulus consists of a slow (0.09 Hz) and a fast (0.38 Hz) half cycle. A large error was present in UVL patients when the slow half cycle was delivered toward the lesion side, but minimal toward the healthy side. This asymmetry diminished over time, but it remained abnormally large at 12 mo. In contrast, vestibulo-ocular reflex responses showed a large direction-dependent error only initially, then they normalized. Normalization also occurred for conventional reflex vestibular measures (caloric tests, subjective visual vertical, and head shaking nystagmus) and for perceptual function during symmetric rotation. Vestibular-related handicap, measured with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) at 12 mo correlated with self-motion perception asymmetry but not with abnormalities in vestibulo-ocular function. We conclude that 1) a persistent self-motion perceptual bias is revealed by asymmetric rotation in UVLs despite vestibulo-ocular function becoming symmetric over time, 2) this dissociation is caused by differential perceptual-reflex adaptation to high- and low-frequency rotations when these are combined as with our asymmetric stimulus, 3) the findings imply differential central compensation for vestibuloperceptual and vestibulo-ocular reflex functions, and 4) self-motion perception disruption may mediate long-term vestibular-related handicap in UVL patients. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel vestibular stimulus, combining asymmetric slow and fast sinusoidal half cycles, revealed persistent vestibuloperceptual dysfunction in unilateral vestibular lesion (UVL) patients. The compensation of motion perception after UVL was slower than that of vestibulo-ocular reflex. Perceptual but not vestibulo-ocular reflex deficits correlated with dizziness-related handicap.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Panichi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Faralli
- Dipartimento di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy; and
| | - R Bruni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Kiriakarely
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Occhigrossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Ferraresi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A M Bronstein
- Academic Neuro-Otology, Centre for Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - V E Pettorossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Giommetti G, Lapenna R, Panichi R, Mobaraki PD, Longari F, Ricci G, Faralli M. Residual Dizziness after Successful Repositioning Maneuver for Idiopathic Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: A Review. Audiol Res 2017; 7:178. [PMID: 28603599 PMCID: PMC5452628 DOI: 10.4081/audiores.2017.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a vestibular disorder cause of vertigo. The BPPV may be corrected mechanically by repositioning maneuvers but even after successful maneuvers, some patients report residual dizziness for a certain period afterward. Early recognition and treatment might decrease the incidence of residual dizziness in patients with BPPV, especially in those patients with psychiatric comorbidities and in the elderly, lowering the risk of falling. Many pathogenetic hypotheses for residual dizziness are under debate. The purpose of this review was to identify, evaluate and review recent researches about possible causal factors involved in residual dizziness and the implications on clinical practice. A literature search was performed using different databases such as Pubmed and Scopus. The following search terms were used: residual dizziness, otolithic membrane and BPPV. The search found a total of 1192 titles, which were reduced to 963 after a procedure of de-duplication of the found titles. The research was then restricted to an interval of time comprised between 2000 and 2016 for a total of 800 titles. Among these titles, only those including the terms benign paroxysmal positional vertigo were considered eligible for this review. Only publications in English language were taken into consideration and we excluded those with not available abstract. Finally, 90 abstracts were obtained and critically evaluated by two different Authors, and additional studies were identified by hand searching from the references of artiche of interest. Only 53 were included in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Giommetti
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Corciano (PG), Italy
| | - Ruggero Lapenna
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Corciano (PG), Italy
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Corciano (PG), Italy
| | - Puya Dehgani Mobaraki
- Section of Otorhinolaryngology, Gubbio-Gualdo Tadino Hospital, ASL Umbria 1, Perugia; and Association "Naso Sano" Onlus, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano (PG), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Longari
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Corciano (PG), Italy
| | - Giampietro Ricci
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Corciano (PG), Italy
| | - Mario Faralli
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Corciano (PG), Italy
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Panichi R, Occhigrossi C, Ferraresi A, Faralli M, Lucertini M, Pettorossi VE. Adaptive Changes in the Perception of Fast and Slow Movement at Different Head Positions. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2017; 88:463-468. [PMID: 28417834 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.4595.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper examines the subjective sense of orientation during asymmetric body rotations in normal subjects. METHODS Self-motion perception was investigated in 10 healthy individuals during asymmetric whole-body rotation with different head orientations. Both on-vertical axis and off-vertical axis rotations were employed. Subjects tracked a remembered earth-fixed visual target while rotating in the dark for four cycles of asymmetric rotation (two half-sinusoidal cycles of the same amplitude, but of different duration). RESULTS The rotations induced a bias in the perception of velocity (more pronounced with fast than with slow motion). At the end of rotation, a marked target position error (TPE) was present. For the on-vertical axis rotations, the TPE was no different if the rotations were performed with a 30° nose-down, a 60° nose-up, or a 90° side-down head tilt. With off-vertical axis rotations, the simultaneous activation of the semicircular canals and otolithic receptors produced a significant increase of TPE for all head positions. DISCUSSIONS This difference between on-vertical and off-vertical axis rotation was probably partly due to the vestibular transfer function and partly due to different adaptation to the speed of rotation. Such a phenomenon might be generated in different components of the vestibular system. The adaptive process enhancing the perception of dynamic movement around the vertical axis is not related to the specific semicircular canals that are activated; the addition of an otolithic component results in a significant increase of the TPE.Panichi R, Occhigrossi C, Ferraresi A, Faralli M, Lucertini M, Pettorossi VE. Adaptive changes in the perception of fast and slow movement at different head positions. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017; 88(5):463-468.
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Pettorossi VE, Panichi R, Botti FM, Biscarini A, Filippi GM, Schieppati M. Long-lasting effects of neck muscle vibration and contraction on self-motion perception of vestibular origin. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:1886-900. [PMID: 25812729 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To show that neck proprioceptive input can induce long-term effects on vestibular-dependent self-motion perception. METHODS Motion perception was assessed by measuring the subject's error in tracking in the dark the remembered position of a fixed target during whole-body yaw asymmetric rotation of a supporting platform, consisting in a fast rightward half-cycle and a slow leftward half-cycle returning the subject to the initial position. Neck muscles were relaxed or voluntarily contracted, and/or vibrated. Whole-body rotation was administered during or at various intervals after the vibration train. The tracking position error (TPE) at the end of the platform rotation was measured during and after the muscle conditioning maneuvers. RESULTS Neck input produced immediate and sustained changes in the vestibular perceptual response to whole-body rotation. Vibration of the left sterno-cleido-mastoideus (SCM) or right splenius capitis (SC) or isometric neck muscle effort to rotate the head to the right enhanced the TPE by decreasing the perception of the slow rotation. The reverse effect was observed by activating the contralateral muscle. The effects persisted after the end of SCM conditioning, and slowly vanished within several hours, as tested by late asymmetric rotations. The aftereffect increased in amplitude and persistence by extending the duration of the vibration train (from 1 to 10min), augmenting the vibration frequency (from 5 to 100Hz) or contracting the vibrated muscle. Symmetric yaw rotation elicited a negligible TPE, upon which neck muscle vibrations were ineffective. CONCLUSIONS Neck proprioceptive input induces enduring changes in vestibular-dependent self-motion perception, conditional on the vestibular stimulus feature, and on the side and the characteristics of vibration and status of vibrated muscles. This shows that our perception of whole-body yaw-rotation is not only dependent on accurate vestibular information, but is modulated by proprioceptive information related to previously experienced position of head with respect to trunk. SIGNIFICANCE Tonic proprioceptive inflow, as might occur as a consequence of enduring or permanent head postures, can induce adaptive plastic changes in vestibular-dependent motion sensitiveness. These changes might be counteracted by vibration of selected neck muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Biscarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Schieppati
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy; Centro Studi Attività Motorie, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy.
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Faralli M, Cipriani L, Del Zompo MR, Panichi R, Calzolaro L, Ricci G. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and migraine: analysis of 186 cases. B-ENT 2014; 10:133-139. [PMID: 25090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This retrospective study assessed several clinical, case history and functional parameters to investigate benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in patients with migraine. METHODS Two groups of patients were compared: those affected by BPPV and migraine (group A), as defined by International Headache Society criteria, and those with BPPV without migraine or with another form of headache (group B). The following parameters were investigated: onset of BPPV, recovery time, residual dizziness, recurrence of BPPV, atypical eye movement patterns and Meniere-like vertigo in the inter-critical BPPV period. RESULTS Mean age at BPPV onset was 39 years +/- 9.2 in Group A and 53 years +/- 7.3 in Group B (p = 0.00). No significant difference emerged in the number of manoeuvres needed to achieve recovery (Group A: 1.7 +/- 0.94; Group B: 1.9 +/- 0.89; p > 0.05). Highly recurrent BPPV (at least 4 documented episodes) was observed in 15 patients from group A (19.4%) and in 8 patients from group B (7.3%). Atypical eyes movements and Meniere-like vertigo were more frequent in migraineurs with highly recurrent BPPV (Chi square = 5.76; p < 0.016). CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of BPPV and earlier onset in migraine are the main findings of this study. There is a higher incidence of a range of neurotological patterns in the intervals between BPPV episodes in migraineurs with recurrent vertigo. No direct pathophysiological link between migraine and BPPV has yet been established; comorbidity seems to affect clinical features in a sub-population of patients and make BPPV more debilitating.
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Pettorossi VE, Di Mauro M, Scarduzio M, Panichi R, Tozzi A, Calabresi P, Grassi S. Modulatory role of androgenic and estrogenic neurosteroids in determining the direction of synaptic plasticity in the CA1 hippocampal region of male rats. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00185. [PMID: 24744863 PMCID: PMC3970743 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogenic and androgenic neurosteroids can rapidly modulate synaptic plasticity in the brain through interaction with membrane receptors for estrogens (ERs) and androgens (ARs). We used electrophysiological recordings in slices of young and adolescent male rats to explore the influence of sex neurosteroids on synaptic plasticity in the CA1 hippocampal region, by blocking ARs or ERs during induction of long‐term depression (LTD) and depotentiation (DP) by low‐frequency stimulation (LFS) and long‐term potentiation (LTP) by high‐frequency stimulation (HFS). We found that LTD and DP depend on ARs, while LTP on ERs in both age groups. Accordingly, the AR blocker flutamide affected induction of LTD reverting it into LTP, and prevented DP, while having no effect on HFS‐dependent LTP. Conversely, ER blockade with ICI 182,780 (ICI) markedly reduced LTP, but did not influence LTD and DP. However, the receptor blockade did not affect the maintenance of either LTD or LTP. Moreover, we found that similar to LTP and LTD induced in control condition, the LTP unveiled by flutamide during LFS and residual LTP induced by HFS under ICI depended on N‐methyl‐d aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation. Furthermore, as the synaptic paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF) was not affected by either AR or ER blockade, we suggest that sex neurosteroids act primarily at a postsynaptic level. This study demonstrates for the first time the crucial role of estrogenic and androgenic neurosteroids in determining the sign of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in male rat and the activity‐dependent recruitment of androgenic and estrogenic pathways leading to LTD and LTP, respectively. This study shows a crucial and opposite role of estrogenic and androgenic neurosteroids in guiding the direction of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus CA1 region of male rat, through activation of their specific receptors. In fact, by using selective antagonists for estrogen receptors (ICI 182,730) or androgen receptors (flutamide), we show that long‐term potentiation (LTP) induced by high‐frequency stimulation (HFS) depends on estrogenic signals, while long‐term depression (LTD) and depotentiation induced by low‐frequency stimulation (LFS) require activation of androgenic pathway. We suggest that different stimulation frequencies may lead to LTD or LTP depending on activation of specific neurosteroid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Enrico Pettorossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Via Gambuli, Perugia, 106156, Italy
| | - Michela Di Mauro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Via Gambuli, Perugia, 106156, Italy
| | - Mariangela Scarduzio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Via Gambuli, Perugia, 106156, Italy
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Via Gambuli, Perugia, 106156, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, 06156, Italy ; Fondazione Santa Lucia, I.R.C.C.S, Roma, 00143, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, 06156, Italy ; Fondazione Santa Lucia, I.R.C.C.S, Roma, 00143, Italy
| | - Silvarosa Grassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Via Gambuli, Perugia, 106156, Italy
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Scarduzio M, Panichi R, Pettorossi VE, Grassi S. Synaptic long-term potentiation and depression in the rat medial vestibular nuclei depend on neural activation of estrogenic and androgenic signals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80792. [PMID: 24265837 PMCID: PMC3827183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogenic and androgenic steroids can be synthesised in the brain and rapidly modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity through direct interaction with membrane receptors for estrogens (ERs) and androgens (ARs). We used whole cell patch clamp recordings in brainstem slices of male rats to explore the influence of ER and AR activation and local synthesis of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the long-term synaptic changes induced in the neurons of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). Long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) caused by different patterns of high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the primary vestibular afferents were assayed under the blockade of ARs and ERs or in the presence of inhibitors for enzymes synthesizing DHT (5α-reductase) and E2 (P450-aromatase) from testosterone (T). We found that LTD is mediated by interaction of locally produced androgens with ARs and LTP by interaction of locally synthesized E2 with ERs. In fact, the AR block with flutamide prevented LTD while did not affect LTP, and the blockade of ERs with ICI 182,780 abolished LTP without influencing LTD. Moreover, the block of P450-aromatase with letrozole not only prevented the LTP induction, but inverted LTP into LTD. This LTD is likely due to the local activation of androgens, since it was abolished under blockade of ARs. Conversely, LTD was still induced in the presence of finasteride the inhibitor of 5α-reductase demonstrating that T is able to activate ARs and induce LTD even when DHT is not synthesized. This study demonstrates a key and opposite role of sex neurosteroids in the long-term synaptic changes of the MVN with a specific role of T-DHT for LTD and of E2 for LTP. Moreover, it suggests that different stimulation patterns can lead to LTD or LTP by specifically activating the enzymes involved in the synthesis of androgenic or estrogenic neurosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Scarduzio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Panichi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vito Enrico Pettorossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvarosa Grassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Grassi S, Scarduzio M, Panichi R, Dall'Aglio C, Boiti C, Pettorossi VE. Opposite long-term synaptic effects of 17β-estradiol and 5α-dihydrotestosterone and localization of their receptors in the medial vestibular nucleus of rats. Brain Res Bull 2013; 97:1-7. [PMID: 23701910 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In brainstem slices of male rats, we examined in single neurons of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) the effect of exogenous administration of estrogenic (17β-estradiol, E2) and androgenic (5α-dihydrotestosterone, DHT) steroids on the synaptic response to vestibular afferent stimulation. By whole cell patch clamp recordings we showed that E2 induced synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) that was cancelled by the subsequent administration of DHT. Conversely, DHT induced synaptic long-term depression (LTD) that was partially reversed by E2. The electrophysiological findings were supported by immunohistochemical analysis showing the presence of estrogen (ER: α and β) and androgen receptors (AR) in the MVN neurons. We found that a large number of neurons were immunoreactive for ERα, ERβ, and AR and most of them co-localized ERβ and AR. We also showed the presence of P450-aromatase (ARO) in the MVN neurons, clearly proving that E2 can be locally synthesized in the MVN. On the whole, these results demonstrate a role of estrogenic and androgenic signals in modulating vestibular synaptic plasticity and suggest that the enhancement or depression of vestibular synaptic response may depend on the local conversion of T into E2 or DHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvarosa Grassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Via del Giochetto, I-06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Pettorossi VE, Panichi R, Botti FM, Kyriakareli A, Ferraresi A, Faralli M, Schieppati M, Bronstein AM. Prolonged asymmetric vestibular stimulation induces opposite, long-term effects on self-motion perception and ocular responses. J Physiol 2013; 591:1907-20. [PMID: 23318876 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.241182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-motion perception and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) were investigated in healthy subjects during asymmetric whole body yaw plane oscillations while standing on a platform in the dark. Platform oscillation consisted of two half-sinusoidal cycles of the same amplitude (40°) but different duration, featuring a fast (FHC) and a slow half-cycle (SHC). Rotation consisted of four or 20 consecutive cycles to probe adaptation further with the longer duration protocol. Self-motion perception was estimated by subjects tracking with a pointer the remembered position of an earth-fixed visual target. VOR was measured by electro-oculography. The asymmetric stimulation pattern consistently induced a progressive increase of asymmetry in motion perception, whereby the gain of the tracking response gradually increased during FHCs and decreased during SHCs. The effect was observed already during the first few cycles and further increased during 20 cycles, leading to a totally distorted location of the initial straight-ahead. In contrast, after some initial interindividual variability, the gain of the slow phase VOR became symmetric, decreasing for FHCs and increasing for SHCs. These oppositely directed adaptive effects in motion perception and VOR persisted for nearly an hour. Control conditions using prolonged but symmetrical stimuli produced no adaptive effects on either motion perception or VOR. These findings show that prolonged asymmetric activation of the vestibular system leads to opposite patterns of adaptation of self-motion perception and VOR. The results provide strong evidence that semicircular canal inputs are processed centrally by independent mechanisms for perception of body motion and eye movement control. These divergent adaptation mechanisms enhance awareness of movement toward the faster body rotation, while improving the eye stabilizing properties of the VOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Pettorossi
- Department of Medicina Interna, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Universit`a di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Scarduzio M, Panichi R, Pettorossi VE, Grassi S. The repetition timing of high frequency afferent stimulation drives the bidirectional plasticity at central synapses in the rat medial vestibular nuclei. Neuroscience 2012; 223:1-11. [PMID: 22863673 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study we show that high frequency stimulation (HFS, 100Hz) of afferent fibers to the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) can induce opposite long-term modifications of synaptic responses in the type B neurons depending upon the stimulation pattern. Long burst stimulation (LBS: 2s) and short burst stimulation (SBS: 0.55s) were applied with different burst number (BN) and inter-burst intervals (IBI). It results that both LBS and SBS can induce either N-methyl-d aspartate receptors (NMDARs)-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD), depending on temporal organization of repetitive bursts. In particular, the IBI plays a relevant role in guiding the shift from LTP to LTD since by using both LBS and SBS LTP is induced by shorter IBI than LTD. By contrast, the sign of long-term effect does not depend on the mean impulse frequency evaluated within the entire stimulation period. Therefore, the patterns of repetitive vestibular activation with different ratios between periods of increased activity and periods of basal activity may lead to LTP or LTD probably causing different levels of postsynaptic Ca(2+). On the whole, this study demonstrates that glutamatergic vestibular synapse in the MVN can undergo NMDAR-dependent bidirectional plasticity and puts forward a new aspect for understanding the adaptive and compensatory plasticity of the oculomotor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scarduzio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, I-06126 Perugia, Italy
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Pettorossi VE, Ferraresi A, Botti FM, Panichi R, Barmack NH. Head position modulates optokinetic nystagmus. Exp Brain Res 2011; 213:141-52. [PMID: 21735244 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Orientation and movement relies on both visual and vestibular information mapped in separate coordinate systems. Here, we examine how coordinate systems interact to guide eye movements of rabbits. We exposed rabbits to continuous horizontal optokinetic stimulation (HOKS) at 5°/s to evoke horizontal eye movements, while they were statically or dynamically roll-tilted about the longitudinal axis. During monocular or binocular HOKS, when the rabbit was roll-tilted 30° onto the side of the eye stimulated in the posterior → anterior (P → A) direction, slow phase eye velocity (SPEV) increased by 3.5-5°/s. When the rabbit was roll-tilted 30° onto the side of the eye stimulated in the A → P direction, SPEV decreased to ~2.5°/s. We also tested the effect of roll-tilt after prolonged optokinetic stimulation had induced a negative optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN II). In this condition, the SPEV occurred in the dark, "open loop." Modulation of SPEV of OKAN II depended on the direction of the nystagmus and was consistent with that observed during "closed loop" HOKS. Dynamic roll-tilt influenced SPEV evoked by HOKS in a similar way. The amplitude and the phase of SPEV depended on the frequency of vestibular oscillation and on HOKS velocity. We conclude that the change in the linear acceleration of the gravity vector with respect to the head during roll-tilt modulates the gain of SPEV depending on its direction. This modulation improves gaze stability at different image retinal slip velocities caused by head roll-tilt during centric or eccentric head movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Pettorossi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Faralli M, Manzari L, Panichi R, Botti F, Ricci G, Longari F, Pettorossi VE. Subjective visual vertical before and after treatment of a BPPV episode. Auris Nasus Larynx 2011; 38:307-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pessia M, Servettini I, Panichi R, Guasti L, Grassi S, Arcangeli A, Wanke E, Pettorossi VE. ERG voltage-gated K+ channels regulate excitability and discharge dynamics of the medial vestibular nucleus neurones. J Physiol 2008; 586:4877-90. [PMID: 18718985 PMCID: PMC2614050 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.155762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The discharge properties of the medial vestibular nucleus neurones (MVNn) critically depend on the activity of several ion channel types. In this study we show, immunohistochemically, that the voltage-gated K(+) channels ERG1A, ERG1B, ERG2 and ERG3 are highly expressed within the vestibular nuclei of P10 and P60 mice. The role played by these channels in the spike-generating mechanisms of the MVNn and in temporal information processing was investigated electrophysiologically from mouse brain slices, in vitro, by analysing the spontaneous discharge and the response to square-, ramp- and sinusoid-like intracellular DC current injections in extracellular and whole-cell patch-clamp studies. We show that more than half of the recorded MVNn were responsive to ERG channel block (WAY-123,398, E4031), displaying an increase in spontaneous activity and discharge irregularity. The response to step and ramp current injection was also modified by ERG block showing a reduction of first spike latency, enhancement of discharge rate and reduction of the slow spike-frequency adaptation process. ERG channels influence the interspike slope without affecting the spike shape. Moreover, in response to sinusoid-like current, ERG channel block caused frequency-dependent gain enhancement and phase-lead shift. Taken together, the data demonstrate that ERG channels control the excitability of MVNn, their discharge regularity and probably their resonance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pessia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Brunetti O, Filippi GM, Lorenzini M, Liti A, Panichi R, Roscini M, Pettorossi VE, Cerulli G. Improvement of posture stability by vibratory stimulation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006; 14:1180-7. [PMID: 16763853 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-006-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) may reduce, but it does not always eliminate, knee and body instability because of a persisting proprioceptive deficit. In order to enhance body stability, a new protocol of treatment has been proposed consisting of mechanical vibration (100 Hz frequency and < 20 microm amplitude) of the quadriceps muscle in the leg that has undergone ACL reconstruction. In our trials, stimulation was performed when the quadriceps muscle was kept isometrically contracted. Treatment was started one month after surgery. Vibration was applied for short periods over three consecutive days. Nine months after treatment, postural stability was re-evaluated with the subjects standing on one leg with open and with closed eyes. The postural stability of the subjects having undergone vibration treatment, standing on the operated leg was significantly improved one day after treatment when evaluated as mean of speed and elliptic area of the center of pressure. The improvement persisted and increased during the following weeks. Peak torques of the operated leg extensor muscles also increased and reached values close to that of the leg, which had not been operated. Conversely, the balance of the untreated subjects standing on the operated leg did not improve and the restoration of the extensor muscle peak torque was poor. It is concluded that short lasting proprioceptive activation by vibration may lead to a faster and more complete equilibrium recovery probably by permanently changing the network controlling knee posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Brunetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that acoustic spatial perception during head movement is achieved by the vestibular system, which is responsible for the correct dynamic of acoustic target pursuit. OBJECTIVE The ability to localize sounds in space during whole-body rotation relies on the auditory localization system, which recognizes the position of sound in a head-related frame, and on the sensory systems, namely the vestibular system, which perceive head and body movement. The aim of this study was to analyse the contribution of head motion cues to the spatial representation of acoustic targets in humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS Healthy subjects standing on a rotating platform in the dark were asked to pursue with a laser pointer an acoustic target which was horizontally rotated while the body was kept stationary or maintained stationary while the whole body was rotated. The contribution of head motion to the spatial acoustic representation could be inferred by comparing the gains and phases of the pursuit in the two experimental conditions when the frequency was varied. RESULTS During acoustic target rotation there was a reduction in the gain and an increase in the phase lag, while during whole-body rotations the gain tended to increase and the phase remained constant. The different contributions of the vestibular and acoustic systems were confirmed by analysing the acoustic pursuit during asymmetric body rotation. In this particular condition, in which self-motion perception gradually diminished, an increasing delay in target pursuit was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Pettorossi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of gaze eccentricity on movement perception during asymmetric vestibular stimulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects (n = 10) were placed on a rotating platform and oscillated asymmetrically in the dark. Subjects were asked to reproduce with a pointer the location in space of a light spot that was turned off at the beginning of the oscillation. The target was presented in centric and eccentric (0 degrees, 20 degrees and 40 degrees) positions. RESULTS In the centric position a large shift from the real position of the target was observed in the opposite direction to that of the faster vestibular stimulation. The shift increased when the target was placed eccentrically toward the slower vestibular stimulation side and decreased when it was placed in the opposite direction. CONCLUSION The dependence of rotation perception on the target position suggests that the eye deviation, imposed by the eccentricity of the target, is able to influence the perception of body movement and may modulate the internal reference frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Pettorossi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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