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Kerner AM, Biedermann U, Bräuer L, Caspers S, Doll S, Engelhardt M, Filler TJ, Ghebremedhin E, Gundlach S, Hayn-Leichsenring GU, Heermann S, Hettwer-Steeger I, Hiepe L, Hirt B, Hirtler L, Hörmann R, Kulisch C, Lange T, Leube R, Meuser AH, Müller-Gerbl M, Nassenstein C, Neckel PH, Nimtschke U, Paulsen F, Prescher A, Pretterklieber M, Schliwa S, Schmidt K, Schmiedl A, Schomerus C, Schulze-Tanzil G, Schumacher U, Schumann S, Spindler V, Streicher J, Tschernig T, Unverzagt A, Valentiner U, Viebahn C, Wedel T, Weigner J, Weninger WJ, Westermann J, Weyers I, Waschke J, Hammer N. The chemicals between us-First results of the cluster analyses on anatomy embalming procedures in the German-speaking countries. Anat Sci Educ 2023; 16:814-829. [PMID: 37183973 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hands-on courses utilizing preserved human tissues for educational training offer an important pathway to acquire basic anatomical knowledge. Owing to the reevaluation of formaldehyde limits by the European Commission, a joint approach was chosen by the German-speaking anatomies in Europe (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) to find commonalities among embalming protocols and infrastructure. A survey comprising 537 items was circulated to all anatomies in German-speaking Europe. Clusters were established for "ethanol"-, formaldehyde-based ("FA"), and "other" embalming procedures, depending on the chemicals considered the most relevant for each protocol. The logistical framework, volumes of chemicals, and infrastructure were found to be highly diverse between the groups and protocols. Formaldehyde quantities deployed per annum were three-fold higher in the "FA" (223 L/a) compared to the "ethanol" (71.0 L/a) group, but not for "other" (97.8 L/a), though the volumes injected per body were similar. "FA" was strongly related to table-borne air ventilation and total fixative volumes ≤1000 L. "Ethanol" was strongly related to total fixative volumes >1000 L, ceiling- and floor-borne air ventilation, and explosion-proof facilities. Air ventilation was found to be installed symmetrically in the mortuary and dissection facilities. Certain predictors exist for the interplay between the embalming used in a given infrastructure and technical measures. The here-established cluster analysis may serve as decision supportive tool when considering altering embalming protocols or establishing joint protocols between institutions, following a best practice approach to cater toward best-suited tissue characteristics for educational purposes, while simultaneously addressing future demands on exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Michael Kerner
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Uta Biedermann
- Institute of Anatomy I, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Bräuer
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sara Doll
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Timm J Filler
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Gundlach
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Heermann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Laura Hiepe
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hirt
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Hirtler
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romed Hörmann
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Kulisch
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Lange
- Institute of Anatomy I, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Leube
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annika Hela Meuser
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Peter H Neckel
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ute Nimtschke
- Institute of Anatomy, Technical University Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Prescher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Pretterklieber
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefanie Schliwa
- Institute of Anatomy, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmiedl
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christof Schomerus
- Institute of Anatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Streicher
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Axel Unverzagt
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Valentiner
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Thilo Wedel
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Janet Weigner
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Weninger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Imke Weyers
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niels Hammer
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Biomechatronics, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Gerardo-Nava JL, Jansen J, Günther D, Klasen L, Thiebes AL, Niessing B, Bergerbit C, Meyer AA, Linkhorst J, Barth M, Akhyari P, Stingl J, Nagel S, Stiehl T, Lampert A, Leube R, Wessling M, Santoro F, Ingebrandt S, Jockenhoevel S, Herrmann A, Fischer H, Wagner W, Schmitt RH, Kiessling F, Kramann R, De Laporte L. Transformative Materials to Create 3D Functional Human Tissue Models In Vitro in a Reproducible Manner. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301030. [PMID: 37311209 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recreating human tissues and organs in the petri dish to establish models as tools in biomedical sciences has gained momentum. These models can provide insight into mechanisms of human physiology, disease onset, and progression, and improve drug target validation, as well as the development of new medical therapeutics. Transformative materials play an important role in this evolution, as they can be programmed to direct cell behavior and fate by controlling the activity of bioactive molecules and material properties. Using nature as an inspiration, scientists are creating materials that incorporate specific biological processes observed during human organogenesis and tissue regeneration. This article presents the reader with state-of-the-art developments in the field of in vitro tissue engineering and the challenges related to the design, production, and translation of these transformative materials. Advances regarding (stem) cell sources, expansion, and differentiation, and how novel responsive materials, automated and large-scale fabrication processes, culture conditions, in situ monitoring systems, and computer simulations are required to create functional human tissue models that are relevant and efficient for drug discovery, are described. This paper illustrates how these different technologies need to converge to generate in vitro life-like human tissue models that provide a platform to answer health-based scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Gerardo-Nava
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology and Department of Medicine 2, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Günther
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Klasen
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Lena Thiebes
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastian Niessing
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Steinbachstraße 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cédric Bergerbit
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna A Meyer
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Barth
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia Nagel
- Applied Ethics Group, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stiehl
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine - Disease Modeling, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Neurohysiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Neuroelectronic Interfaces Research Group, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 18, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert H Schmitt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Steinbachstraße 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Campus-boulevard 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology and Department of Medicine 2, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Laura De Laporte
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Grannemann C, Pabst A, Honert A, Schieren J, Martin C, Hank S, Böll S, Bläsius K, Düsterhöft S, Jahr H, Merkel R, Leube R, Babendreyer A, Ludwig A. Mechanical activation of lung epithelial cells through the ion channel Piezo1 activates the metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 and promotes growth factor and adhesion molecule release. Biomater Adv 2023; 152:213516. [PMID: 37348330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In the lung, pulmonary epithelial cells undergo mechanical stretching during ventilation. The associated cellular mechanoresponse is still poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we demonstrate that activation of the mechanosensitive cation channel Piezo1 in a human epithelial cell line (H441) and in primary human lung epithelial cells induces the proteolytic activity of the metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 at the plasma membrane. These ADAMs are known to convert cell surface expressed proteins into soluble and thereby play major roles in proliferation, barrier regulation and inflammation. We observed that chemical activation of Piezo1 promotes cleavage of substrates that are specific for either ADAM10 or ADAM17. Activation of Piezo1 also induced the synthesis and ADAM10/17-dependent release of the growth factor amphiregulin (AREG). In addition, junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) was shed in an ADAM10/17-dependent manner resulting in a reduction of cell contacts. Stretching experiments combined with Piezo1 knockdown further demonstrated that mechanical activation promotes shedding via Piezo1. Most importantly, high pressure ventilation of murine lungs increased AREG and JAM-A release into the alveolar space, which was reduced by a Piezo1 inhibitor. Our study provides a novel link between stretch-induced Piezo1 activation and the activation of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in lung epithelium. This may help to understand acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which is induced by ventilation stress and goes along with perturbed epithelial permeability and release of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grannemann
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessa Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annika Honert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jana Schieren
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Martin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sophia Hank
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Svenja Böll
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Bläsius
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Jahr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 2, Mechanobiology, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Spindler V, Gerull B, Green KJ, Kowalczyk AP, Leube R, Marian AJ, Milting H, Müller EJ, Niessen C, Payne AS, Schlegel N, Schmidt E, Strnad P, Tikkanen R, Vielmuth F, Waschke J. Meeting report - Desmosome dysfunction and disease: Alpine desmosome disease meeting. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286226. [PMID: 36594662 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosome diseases are caused by dysfunction of desmosomes, which anchor intermediate filaments (IFs) at sites of cell-cell adhesion. For many decades, the focus of attention has been on the role of actin filament-associated adherens junctions in development and disease, especially cancer. However, interference with the function of desmosomes, their molecular constituents or their attachments to IFs has now emerged as a major contributor to a variety of diseases affecting different tissues and organs including skin, heart and the digestive tract. The first Alpine desmosome disease meeting (ADDM) held in Grainau, Germany, in October 2022 brought together international researchers from the basic sciences with clinical experts from diverse fields to share and discuss their ideas and concepts on desmosome function and dysfunction in the different cell types involved in desmosome diseases. Besides the prototypic desmosomal diseases pemphigus and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, the role of desmosome dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases and eosinophilic esophagitis was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brenda Gerull
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Rudolf Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ali J Marian
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich und Hanna Klessmann-Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Forschung und Entwicklung, Klinik für Thorax- und Kardiovaskularchirurgie, Herz und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Eliane J Müller
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Department for BioMedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carien Niessen
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aimee S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery University Hospital Würzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
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5
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Windoffer R, Schwarz N, Yoon S, Piskova T, Scholkemper M, Stegmaier J, Bönsch A, Di Russo J, Leube R. Quantitative mapping of keratin networks in 3D. eLife 2022; 11:75894. [PMID: 35179484 PMCID: PMC8979588 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology requires precise quantitative information on processes taking place in specific 3D microenvironments. Connecting the abundance of microscopical, molecular, biochemical, and cell mechanical data with defined topologies has turned out to be extremely difficult. Establishing such structural and functional 3D maps needed for biophysical modeling is a particular challenge for the cytoskeleton, which consists of long and interwoven filamentous polymers coordinating subcellular processes and interactions of cells with their environment. To date, useful tools are available for the segmentation and modeling of actin filaments and microtubules but comprehensive tools for the mapping of intermediate filament organization are still lacking. In this work, we describe a workflow to model and examine the complete 3D arrangement of the keratin intermediate filament cytoskeleton in canine, murine, and human epithelial cells both, in vitro and in vivo. Numerical models are derived from confocal airyscan high-resolution 3D imaging of fluorescence-tagged keratin filaments. They are interrogated and annotated at different length scales using different modes of visualization including immersive virtual reality. In this way, information is provided on network organization at the subcellular level including mesh arrangement, density and isotropic configuration as well as details on filament morphology such as bundling, curvature, and orientation. We show that the comparison of these parameters helps to identify, in quantitative terms, similarities and differences of keratin network organization in epithelial cell types defining subcellular domains, notably basal, apical, lateral, and perinuclear systems. The described approach and the presented data are pivotal for generating mechanobiological models that can be experimentally tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sungjun Yoon
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Teodora Piskova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Bönsch
- Visual Computing Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jacopo Di Russo
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Lauria I, Kramer M, Schröder T, Kant S, Hausmann A, Böke F, Leube R, Telle R, Fischer H. Inkjet printed periodical micropatterns made of inert alumina ceramics induce contact guidance and stimulate osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells. Acta Biomater 2016; 44:85-96. [PMID: 27498177 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bioinert high performance ceramics exhibit detrimental features for implant components with direct bone contact because of their low osseointegrating capability. We hypothesized that periodical microstructures made of inert alumina ceramics can influence the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC). In this study, we manufactured pillared arrays made of alumina ceramics with periodicities as low as 100μm and pillar heights of 40μm employing direct inkjet printing (DIP) technique. The response of hMSC to the microstructured surfaces was monitored by measuring cell morphology, viability and formation of focal adhesion complexes. Osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs was investigated by alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization assays and expression analysis of respective markers. We demonstrated that MSCs react to the pillars with contact guidance. Subsequently, cells grow onto and form connections between the microstructures, and at the same time are directly attached to the pillars as shown by focal adhesion stainings. Cells build up tissue-like constructs with heights up to the micropillars resulting in increased cell viability and osteogenic differentiating properties. We conclude that periodical micropatterns on the micrometer scale made of inert alumina ceramics can mediate focal adhesion dependent cell adhesion and stimulate osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lauria
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Michael Kramer
- Department of Ceramics and Refractory Materials, Institute of Mineral Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mauerstrasse 5, 52064 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Teresa Schröder
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Wendlingweg 2, 52057 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anne Hausmann
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Frederik Böke
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rudolf Leube
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Wendlingweg 2, 52057 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rainer Telle
- Department of Ceramics and Refractory Materials, Institute of Mineral Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mauerstrasse 5, 52064 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Fabritz L, Fortmueller L, Vloumidi E, Sakhtivel S, Syeda F, Leube R, Kirchhof P, Krusche C. 11 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy-Like Phenotype Induced by Endurance Training and Prevented by Preload Reduction in Heterozygeous Desmoglein-2 Mutants. Heart 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305297.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Fabritz L, Fortmuller L, Vloumidi E, Yue TY, Syeda F, Kirchhof P, Leube R, Krusche C, Chin SH, Winter J, Brack KE, Ng GA, Ng FS, Holzem KM, Koppel AC, Janks D, Wit AL, Peters NS, Efimov IR, Chowdhury RA, El-Harasis MA, Dupont E, Terracciano CMN, Peters NS, Mellor GJ, Raju H, de Noronha SV, Papadakis M, Sharma S, Behr ER, Sheppard MN, Jamil-Copley S, Bai W, Ariff B, Lim PB, Koa-Wing M, Kyriacou A, Hayat S, Sohaib A, Qureshi N, Sandler B, O'Regan D, Whinnett Z, Davies W, Rueckert D, Kanagaratnam P, Peters N, Lambiase PD, Chow AW, Lowe MD, Segal OR, Ahsan S, de Bono J, Dhaliwal M, Mfuko C, Ng A, Sandilands A, Paisey J, Roberts P, Morgan JM, McCready J, Yue A, Ullah W, Hunter R, Lovell M, Dhinoja M, Sporton S, Earley M, Schilling R, Ghosh J, Martin A, Keech A, Chan KH, Gomes S, Singarayar S, McGuire M, Lee G, Hunter R, Berriman T, Diab I, Kamdar R, Richmond L, Baker V, Goromonzi F, Sawhney V, Duncan E, Unsworth B, Mayet J, Abrams D, Dhinoja M, Sporton S, Earley M, Schilling RJ, Bowers RW, Mulholland V, Balasubramaniam RN, Paisey JR, Sopher SM, Chu GS, Chin SH, Winter J, Armstrong S, Masca N, Almeida TP, Brown PD, Sandilands AJ, Schlindwein FS, Ng GA. ABSTRACTS FOR ORAL PRESENTATION, SESSION 2, HRC 2013. Europace 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eut315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Vloumidi E, Fortmueller L, Sakhtivel S, Syeda F, Kirchhof P, Leube R, Krusche C, Fabritz L. Main Session: Mechanical stress and cell function. Europace 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eut192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Herberich G, Windoffer R, Leube R, Aach T. 3D segmentation of keratin intermediate filaments in confocal laser scanning microscopy. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2011:7751-4. [PMID: 22256135 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and compare different methods for the 3D segmentation of keratin intermediate filaments (KFs) in images acquired using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). KFs are elastic cables forming a complex scaffolding within epithelial cells. They are involved in many basic cell functions. To understand the mechanisms of filament formation and network organisation under physiological and pathological conditions, quantitative measurements of dynamic network alterations are essential. Segmenting KFs is a key component for analyzing their dynamic and biomechanical properties. KFs were labeled with fluorescent keratins to allow high resolution imaging of network dynamics in native cells. Our segmentation methods follow the principle of ridge enhancement filtering and subsequent centerline extraction. The evaluation of the methods is two-fold: (i) We develop synthetic data that exhibit the characteristics of real CLSM data to evaluate the precision of the different methods in terms of centerline localisation and (ii) we perform a connected component analysis on the segmentation results of real KF data to assess whether the connectivity of highly complex networks is being preserved by the segmentation. Our evaluation shows that in the presence of strong noise and despite the highly anisotropic spatial resolution of CLSM images the proposed method is able to accurately localize the centerlines of the KFs and to preserve the KF networks' connectivity. Taken together this is a strong indicator that also the network topology is being preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlind Herberich
- Institute of Imaging & Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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11
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Kröger C, Vijayaraj P, Reuter U, Windoffer R, Simmons D, Heukamp L, Leube R, Magin TM. Placental vasculogenesis is regulated by keratin-mediated hyperoxia in murine decidual tissues. Am J Pathol 2011; 178:1578-90. [PMID: 21435445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian placenta represents the interface between maternal and embryonic tissues and provides nutrients and gas exchange during embryo growth. Recently, keratin intermediate filament proteins were found to regulate embryo growth upstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway through glucose transporter relocalization and to contribute to yolk sac vasculogenesis through altered bone morphogenetic protein 4 signaling. Whether keratins have vital functions in extraembryonic tissues is not well understood. Here, we report that keratins are essential for placental function. In the absence of keratins, we find hyperoxia in the decidual tissue directly adjacent to the placenta, because of an increased maternal vasculature. Hyperoxia causes impaired vasculogenesis through defective hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, resulting in invagination defects of fetal blood vessels into the chorion. In turn, the reduced labyrinth, together with impaired gas exchange between maternal and embryonic blood, led to increased hypoxia in keratin-deficient embryos. We provide evidence that keratin-positive trophoblast secretion of prolactin-like protein a (Prlpa) and placental growth factor (PlGF) during decidualization are altered in the absence of keratins, leading to increased infiltration of uterine natural killer cells into placental vicinity and increased vascularization of the maternal decidua. Our findings suggest that keratin mutations might mediate conditions leading to early pregnancy loss due to hyperoxia in the decidua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kröger
- Division of Cell Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Resnik N, Sepcic K, Plemenitas A, Windoffer R, Leube R, Veranic P. Desmosome assembly and cell-cell adhesion are membrane raft-dependent processes. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1499-507. [PMID: 21071449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.189464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the association of desmosomal proteins with cholesterol-enriched membrane domains, commonly called membrane rafts, and the influence of cholesterol on desmosome assembly in epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (clone MDc-2). Biochemical analysis proved an association of desmosomal cadherin desmocollin 2 (Dsc2) in cholesterol-enriched fractions that contain membrane raft markers caveolin-1 and flotillin-1 and the novel raft marker ostreolysin. Cold detergent extraction of biotinylated plasma membranes revealed that ∼60% of Dsc2 associates with membrane rafts while the remainder is present in nonraft and cholesterol-poor membranes. The results of immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed colocalization of Dsc2 and ostreolysin. Partial depletion of cholesterol with methyl-β-cyclodextrin disturbs desmosome assembly, as revealed by sequential recordings of live cells. Moreover, cholesterol depletion significantly reduces the strength of cell-cell junctions and partially releases Dsc2 from membrane rafts. Our data indicate that a pool of Dsc2 is associated with membrane rafts, particularly with the ostreolysin type of membrane raft, and that intact membrane rafts are necessary for desmosome assembly. Taken together, these data suggest cholesterol as a potential regulator that promotes desmosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Resnik
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Bai L, Zimmer S, Rickes O, Rohleder N, Holthues H, Engel L, Leube R, Spessert R. Daily oscillation of gene expression in the retina is phase-advanced with respect to the pineal gland. Brain Res 2008; 1203:89-96. [PMID: 18321474 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photoreceptive retina and the non-photoreceptive pineal gland are components of the circadian and the melatonin forming system in mammals. To contribute to our understanding of the functional integrity of the circadian system and the melatonin forming system we have compared the daily oscillation of the two tissues under various seasonal lighting conditions. For this purpose, the 24-h profiles of the expression of the genes coding for arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT), nerve growth factor inducible gene-A (NGFI-A), nerve growth factor inducible gene-B (NGFI-B), retinoic acid related orphan receptor beta (RORbeta), dopamine D4 receptor, and period2 (Per2) have been simultaneously recorded in the retina and the pineal gland of rats under short day (light/dark 8:16) and long day (light/dark 16:8) conditions. We have found that the cyclical patterns of all genes are phase-advanced in the retina, often with a lengthened temporal interval under short day conditions. In both tissues, the AA-NAT gene expression represents an indication of the output of the relevant pacemakers. The temporal phasing in the AA-NAT transcript amount between the retina and the pineal gland is retained under constant darkness suggesting that the intrinsic self-cycling clock of the retina oscillates in a phase-advanced manner with respect to the self-cycling clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which controls the pineal gland. We therefore conclude that daily rhythms in gene expression in the retina are phase-advanced with respect to the pineal gland, and that the same temporal relationship appears to be valid for the self-cycling clocks influencing the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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14
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Ceratto N, Dobkin C, Carter M, Jenkins E, Yao XL, Cassiman JJ, Aly MS, Bosco P, Leube R, Langbein L, Feo S, Romano V. Human type I cytokeratin genes are a compact cluster. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1997; 77:169-74. [PMID: 9284906 DOI: 10.1159/000134566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A YAC clone (211F11) containing approximately 0.5 Mb of human DNA was isolated from a human genomic library by PCR-based screening with cytokeratin (KRT) 13-specific primers. The YAC clone was mapped by FISH to the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q12-->q21), a region to which several other type I KRT genes had been mapped previously. We now show by Southern blot hybridization and PFGE analyses that KRT13, 14, 15, and 16 are all contained within YAC clone 211F11. Long-range restriction mapping analysis of clone 211F11 and of two smaller YAC clones that were also isolated with KRT13-specific primers, suggests that KRT13, 14, 15, 16 and their linked type I genes KRT17 and 19, are contained in less than 150 kb of genomic DNA. According to our reconstruction it then appears that at least six type I KRT genes are arranged in a highly compact cluster. The three YACs reported in this study represent a new tool to dissect the molecular structure of the locus of the human type I KRT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ceratto
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto per la Ricerca sul Ritardo Mentale e l'Involuzione Cerebrale (I.R.C.C.S.), Troina, Italy
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15
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Raimondi E, Moralli D, De Carli L, Ceratto N, Balzaretti M, Leube R, Collin C, Romano V. Assignment of the human cytokeratin 3 gene (KRT3) to 12q12-->q13 by FISH. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1994; 66:162-3. [PMID: 7510223 DOI: 10.1159/000133690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We used fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize the human gene for cytokeratin 3 (KRT3), a member of the type II subfamily of cytokeratins, within the human genome. The results show that KRT3 is located within chromosome region 12q12-->q13. All human type II keratin genes mapped to date have been assigned to chromosome 12, where they are likely to be organized into one homotypic cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia A. Buzzati Traverso, Università di Pavia, Italy
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Barletta C, Batticane N, Ragusa RM, Leube R, Peschle C, Romano V. Subchromosomal localization of two human cytokeratin genes (KRT4 and KRT15) by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1990; 54:148-50. [PMID: 1702379 DOI: 10.1159/000132979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The genes for human cytokeratins 4 and 15 (KRT4 and 15) are assigned to the p11.2----q12 region of chromosome 12 (cytokeratin 4) and to the q21----q23 region of chromosome 17 (cytokeratin 15), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barletta
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Roma, Italy
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17
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Leube R. [Treatment of voluntary backward shoulder luxation]. Beitr Orthop Traumatol 1981; 28:288-9. [PMID: 7271728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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Leube R. [Therapeutic difficulties concerning giant cell tumors in the proximity of joints]. Beitr Orthop Traumatol 1966; 13:796-8. [PMID: 5984247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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