Dual-Cross-Linked Methacrylated Alginate Sub-Microspheres for Intracellular Chemotherapeutic Delivery.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016;
8:17775-17783. [PMID:
27378419 PMCID:
PMC4956546 DOI:
10.1021/acsami.6b03245]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery vehicles comprised of methacrylated alginate (Alg-MA) were developed for the internalization and release of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). Alg-MA was synthesized via an anhydrous reaction, and a mixture of Alg-MA and DOX was formed into sub-microspheres using a water/oil emulsion. Covalently cross-linked sub-microspheres were formed via exposure to green light, in order to investigate effects of cross-linking on drug release and cell internalization, compared to traditional techniques, such as ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. Cross-linking was performed using light exposure alone or in combination with ionic cross-linking using calcium chloride (CaCl2). Alg-MA sub-microsphere diameters were between 88 and 617 nm, and ζ-potentials were between -20 and -37 mV. Using human lung epithelial carcinoma cells (A549) as a model, cellular internalization was confirmed using flow cytometry; different sub-microsphere formulations varied the efficiency of internalization, with UV-cross-linked sub-microspheres achieving the highest internalization percentages. While blank (nonloaded) Alg-MA submicrospheres were noncytotoxic to A549 cells, DOX-loaded sub-microspheres significantly reduced mitochondrial activity after 5 days of culture. Photo-cross-linked Alg-MA sub-microspheres may be a potential chemotherapeutic delivery system for cancer treatment.
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