Time-trend of hospitalizations for anogenital warts in Veneto region in the HPV vaccination era: a cross sectional study (2007-2018)

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted pathogen and the cause of several cancers and of anogenital warts. With this study, we estimated the trend of hospitalizations for anogenital warts (AGWs) in the Veneto region (Italy) from 2007 to 2018.

METHODS

The analysis included all the hospital discharge records of public and accredited private hospitals occurred in Veneto residents in the timespan 2007-2018. The ICD9-CM code 078.11 considered were those associated with condyloma acuminatum and those associated with surgical interventions for vulval/vaginal warts, penile warts anal warts. Annual total and sex- and age-specific hospitalization rates and trends were calculated and correlated with the different HPV vaccine coverage over the study period.

RESULTS

We observed an overall reduction of hospitalization rates for AGWs: from 15.0 hospitalizations every 100,000 Veneto residents in years 2007-08 to 10.9 hospitalizations every 100,000 Veneto residents in year 2017-18 (- 37.4%; p < 0.05). Reduction has been caused by a drop in hospitalizations in females - from a rate of 20.4/100,000 in 2007-2008 to a rate of 10.8/100,000 in 2017-18 (AAPC: -7.1; 95%CI: - 10.6;-3.4); while in males, we observed a slight - but not statistically significant - increase in hospitalization rates.

CONCLUSION

The marked decline in hospitalization rates for AGWs in Veneto Region is probably attributable to the high coverage rates of HPV vaccination programs implemented since 2008.

Sexual and gender minorities among students in Italy: population estimate and risk behaviours

Background

Sexual and gender minorities (SGM) are at higher risk for stigma, discrimination and, ultimately, development of risky health behaviours than heterosexual counterparts. Latest demographic data on SGM population in Italy date back to 2011 census. The prevalence of risk behaviours among SGM university students has not been previously estimated in Italy. We aimed at estimating the population of SGM university students and assessing the prevalence of risk behaviours.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving a sample of 18-25 years old students. Participants were asked to complete an anonymous, self-administrated questionnaire on sexual identity/orientation, smoking, use of condom and sexual partners in the last 24 months. χ2 tests were performed.

Results

We collected 9,988 questionnaires (response rate 91.3%); 1.41% did not disclose sexual orientation. Transgender individuals were 0.12%. Among cisgenders males, 95.39% identified as hetero-, 2.52% as homo- and 2.02% as bisexual; 94.50% of females as hetero-, 1.28% as homo- and 4.21% as bisexual. While among men the proportion of smokers was 30.7% without significant differences among subgroups (p=.219), this proportion was 26.1%, 40,5% and 51.6% among hetero-, homo- and bisexual women (p&lt;.001); 62.4% of all males declared to use the condom without significant differences (p=.089), but 19.0% of homo- and 43.4% of bi- females did compared with 55.5% of heterosexual (p&lt;.001); 18,7% of hetero-, 49.4% of homo- and 32.4% of bisexual men declared to have had three or more partners (p&lt;.001); among hetero- women the proportion was 11.1%, while 12.5% and 26.3% among homo- and bisexuals.

Conclusions

SGMs were 5.26% of university students. Compared with hetero- counterparts, homo- and bisexual women showed a higher prevalence of all risk behaviours investigated. In contrast, homo- and bisexual men showed a similar behaviours compared with heterosexual men, except for a significantly higher number of partners.

Key messages

Sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) account for 5.26% of the investigated university student population; 4.54% of cisgender men and 5.49% of cisgender women are homo- or bisexual; trans are 0.12%. SGMs show unhealthier behaviours compared with heterosexual counterparts; in particular, bisexual women show higher prevalence of smoking and non-use of the condom.

Awareness of HPV and drivers of HPV vaccine uptake among university students in Italy

Key messages

There is room for improving the awareness of HPV. Efforts are likely to be worth since it remains the main determinant of vaccine uptake. Awareness has been growing but a gender gap still persists. Communication should focus more on HPV involvement in neoplasia other than cervical cancer; transmission via skin to skin contact; multiple sex partnership; partial protection of condom.

Health professionals as parents are not immune to vaccine hesitancy – an Italian national survey

Key messages

Hesitancy is associated with lifestyle choices, experience of adverse reactions and socioeconomic status, while education and employment as health professional seem not to be relevant. Whether they are health professionals or not, parents’ attitude towards their child’s vaccinations is the same.

Opinions and beliefs in vaccine hesitant parents in Italy: what makes the difference

Key messages

While hesitant parents share some concerns with pro-vaccine, relevant opinion gaps may serve as warning lights, pointing at topics potentially harbouring the most sensitive drivers of hesitancy. Communication strategies should primarily focus on raising acquaintance of hesitant parents with benefits arising from herd immunity and compliance with the suggested vaccination schedule.

Noise Levels in an Acute Psychiatric Unit: An Exploratory Observational Study

Background: Noise is an important aspect of the ward atmosphere climate - the combination of the architectural solutions, organizational features, the psychological traits of the operators and their interactions, and the patients' characteristics. Despite its importance noise levels have been less analyzed than other aspects of the ward atmosphere climate. Aim: In this study the aim is to identify the sources of noise and the sound pressure level in an acute psychiatric ward, and secondly to ascertain whether this is perceived by inpatients as disturbing. Method: The sound pressure levels were measured during three nonconsecutive mornings, three afternoons, and three nights. A questionnaire was administered to ascertain patients' opinions about the noise in the ward. Results: The average noise level in the ward was 62.5 dB(A)eq in the morning, 55.8 in the afternoon, and 51.5 at night. A total of 23 patients took part in the study: 65.2% of this sample did not perceive the noise in the ward as disturbing. Conclusion: In a psychiatric ward, the main source of noise is the verbal communication, and acoustic pressure also derived from care activities based around relationships. Other sources of noise perceived as disturbing came from the opening and closing of doors and the entry doorbell. Adopting relational and architectural-structural measures could reduce the sound pressure, with a view to further improving the ambience in the ward.

Perception and knowledge of HPV-related and vaccine-related conditions among a large cohort of university students in Italy

HPV is involved in cervical, anal, penile, vulvar and oropharyngeal cancers, as well as genital warts. It is important to investigate knowledge and attitudes among university students, considering in this age a shift in healthcare decision-making from parents to students themselves. The aim of this study was to estimate knowledge and perception of HPV in terms of potential shame for HPV-related conditions, trust in vaccine efficacy and worry for potential side effects. The study involved students (18-25 years old) from the Universities of Padua and Verona, Italy. Socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics were collected with a questionnaire (n = 9988). Female gender and older age were positively associated with higher knowledge. The adjusted logistic regression showed an association between the set of perceptions investigated and the vaccination status, while a direct connection with knowledge was not found. However, another adjusted linear regression showed that a good set of perceptions could be partially explained by a high level of knowledge. Perceptions seem to fill an intermediate position between the knowledge and the decision to get vaccinated. The potential shame deriving from asking for HPV-vaccination was not identified as a relevant barrier. Having received information from healthcare workers, family and school showed to be positively associated with the adhesion to the vaccination policy. This study identifies university students as a possible target for HPV vaccination and pinpoints specific areas that might be targeted as first to encourage vaccine uptake. Primary prevention together with screening programmes remains essential in further reducing the burden of HPV-related diseases.

Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination: a retrospective study of hospitalization for pneumonia in North-East Italy

INTRODUCTION

Pneumonia remains a common reason for hospitalizing infants and the elderly worldwide, and streptococcal infection is often responsible. The aim of this study was to assess the burden of pneumonia in a large general population.

METHODS

All pneumonia-related hospitalizations from 2004 to 2013 in north-east Italy were identified from the hospital records with a first-listed diagnosis on discharge of bacterial pneumonia, or a first-listed diagnosis on discharge of meningitis, septicemia or empyema associated with a secondary diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. We identified major comorbidities, calculated agespecific case-fatality rates (CFR), and estimated the related cost to the health care system.

RESULTS

Of the 125,722 hospitalizations identified, 96.9% were cases of pneumonia, 2.4% of septicemia, 0.4% of meningitis, and 0.3% of empyema; 75.3% of hospitalizations involved ≥ 65-yearolds. The overall CFR was 12.4%, and it increased with age, peaking in people over 80 (19.6%). The mean annual pneumonia-associated hospitalization rate was 204.6 per 100,000 population, and it peaked in 0- to 4-year-old children (325.6 per 100,000 in males, 288.9 per 100,000 in females), and adults over 65 (844.9 per 100,000 in males, 605.7 per 100,000 in females). Hospitalization rates dropped over the years for the 0-4 year-olds, and rose for people over 80. The estimated overall annual cost of these pneumonia-related hospitalizations was approximately € 41 million.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that the burden on resources for pneumonia-related hospitalization is an important public health issue. Prevention remains the most valuable tool for containing pneumonia, and vaccination strategies can help in the primary prevention of infection, possibly reducing the number of cases in all age groups.

A surveillance system of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in North-Eastern Italy

BACKGROUND

From 2007, in the Veneto Region (Italy), a surveillance system for invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) was implemented to estimate the regional epidemiology of IPD and to evaluate the impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) vaccination.

METHODS

Data were collected from 2007 to 2014 and the total, annual and age-specific IPD notification rates were calculated. A Poisson regression model was used to identify the possible risk factors for developing IPD.

RESULTS

A total of 713 IPD cases were notified and the overall IPD notification rate was equal to 2.0 cases per 100,000 population (95% CI: 1.7-2.1), with an increasing trend between 2007 and 2014. The pneumococcal serotypes were identified in 608 (85.3%) isolates from biological specimens, and the most distributed serotypes were those contained in PCV13. Children <5 year-old and the adults over 65 year-old showed the highest PCV13 vaccine-type IPD notification rate, equal to 2.7/100,000 and 2.8/100,000, respectively. The risk to develop IPD was greater in children aged <5 years (RR = 8.9, 95% CI: 5.1-15.9; p<0.0001) and in adults aged >65 years (RR = 4.3, 95% CI: 2.7-6.9; p<0.0001), especially in males > 65 years of age (RR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0-2.8; p = 0.042). The invasive pneumococcal disease was mainly caused by the PCV13 serotypes (RR = 2.9, 95%CI: 2.3-3.9; p<0.0001), principally after the PCV13 introduction (RR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.8; p<0.001). In spite of that, a significant reduction of the overall IPD incidence is evident in the period following the PCV13 vaccine introduction (RR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3-0.5; p<0.0001), particularly in children aged <5 years (RR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2-0.7; p = 0.002), demonstrating the real efficacy of PCV13 immunization for children.

CONCLUSIONS

In the Veneto Region, the surveillance system has allowed to describe the detailed epidemiological profile of invasive pneumococcal disease, pointing out that the most circulating pneumococcal serotypes were those contained in the PCV13 vaccine.

The new pandemic influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09 virus: is it really "new"?

In June 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a pandemic alert concerning the spread of an influenza A (H1N1) virus that showed distinctive genetic characteristics vis-à-vis both seasonal influenza strains and vaccine strains. The main mutation occurred in the gene coding for hemagglutinin (HA). Mathematical models were developed to calculate the transmissibility of the virus; the results indicated a significant overlap with the transmissibility of previous pandemic strains and seasonal strains. The remarkable feature of A/(H1N1)pdm09, compared with seasonal strains, is its high fatality rate and its higher incidence among younger people. Data provided by the WHO on the number of deaths caused by A/(H1N1)pdm09 only include laboratory-confirmed cases. Some authors suggest that these data could underestimate the magnitude of the event, as laboratory confirmation is not obtained in all cases. It is important to bear in mind that the A/(H1N1)pdm09 virus is still circulating in the population. It is therefore essential to maintain its epidemiological and virological surveillance.

Diabetes outcomes within integrated healthcare management programs

AIM

The aim of this observational study was to assess mortality of patients with type 2 diabetes by type of healthcare delivery system, i.e. through specialist centers or generalist doctors, or integrated care.

METHODS

The study was conducted at the "Vicentino Ovest" Local Health District in the Veneto Region (north-eastern Italy) from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010. Patients with diabetes (≥ 20 years old) were identified using different public health databases. They were grouped as: patients followed up by specialists at diabetes clinics (DS); patients seen only by their own general practitioner (GP); and patients receiving integrated care (DS-GP). Cox's regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios for available potential predictors of death by level of care.

RESULTS

The crude mortality rate was highest in the GP group (26.1 per 1000 person-years), the difference being minimal when compared with the DS group (21.7 per 1000 person-years) and more marked when compared with the DS-GP group (8.8 per 1000 person-years). Patients followed up by their GPs had a 2.7 adjusted RR for mortality by comparison with the DS-GP group.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of the present study could demonstrate that it is safe and cost-effective, after a first specialist assessment at a diabetes service, for low-risk diabetic patients to be managed by family physicians as part of a coordinated care approach, based on the specialist's clinical recommendations; GPs can subsequently refer patients to a specialist whenever warranted by their clinical condition.

Life span history of non-fatal suicidal behaviours in a large sample of general practitioners' patients: data from Rovigo, Northern Italy

A survey about history of non-fatal suicidal behaviour was performed on 1,171 subjects in the waiting room of general practitioners' practices in the territory of Rovigo (Northern Italy). The mean age of interviewed subjects was 52.9 ± 17.0, with a majority of female individuals. Two and two percent admitted previous experience of non-suicidal self-injury, 4.7 % admitted having had serious suicidal thoughts/plans, and 1.8 % reported at least one suicide attempt. Compared to the rest of the sample, people with history of suicidal behaviours resulted to be of younger age (p < .05), whilst their level of well-being was poorer (p < .001). When compared to the results of the Italian arm of the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders, carried out on general population samples, the present study produces higher rates of suicidality, despite the much higher mean age of the interviewed subjects compared to the general population.

Health consequences of road accidents: insights from local health authority registries

BACKGROUND

Road accidents are a major public health problem that affect all age groups but their impact is most striking among the young. The aim of this study is to quantify the burden of road traffic injuries, their mortality and direct in-patient economic costs and to identify the age classes at highest risk for severe road traffic injuries, through analysis of data collected by information systems of an Italian Local Health Authority.

METHODS

The study was conducted in a Local Health Authority of Veneto Region. Injured people were selected from Emergency Department (2006-2010). Data were linked to the Hospital Information System for hospital admissions and to the Mortality Registry to check 30-day mortality. The direct costs associated to hospitalizations were estimated through Diagnosis Related Group reimbursement rates. Multivariate analysis was performed using hospitalization and mortality as the dependent variables and gender, age, day of week when accident occurred as the independent variables. Traffic injury, hospitalization and mortality incidence rates were calculated by gender and age per 100,000 residents per year.

RESULTS

The road traffic injuries were 9,192, decreasing from 2,112 in 2006 to 1,980 in 2010. Among injured persons 55.3% were male (68.1% among 15-19 age class); 41.7% young people aged 15-34 years (43.9% among male, 39.0% among female). Total hospitalisation rate was 5.9%. Overall mortality rate was 0.3% (0.9% among aged 65 or older). The cost of hospital admission was euro 2,742,505 (hospitalization mean cost euro 5,097). Risk of hospitalization and death was higher in male, in elderly and during week end. Young people aged 15-19 had the highest incidence of visits (2,258.4 per 100,000) and high hospitalisation weekend and mortality rates (respectively 101.5 and 8.5).

CONCLUSIONS

Analysis at local level, using current data sources, permits to estimate the burden of injuries caused by road-traffic, to describe the characteristics of injured persons and finally to estimate costs of care. All this information could be used to make the population aware of its own risk for road accidents. Linkage of these data with police and transport data is required to focus prevention on higher risk groups and to adopt effective local road safety strategies.

Experience of vaccination against invasive bacterial diseases in Veneto region (north east Italy)

The goal of this study was to describe and comment the experience of the Veneto Region in the bacterial invasive disease. Vaccination coverage was 93% against pneumococcus and 95% against haemophilus influenzae type B. Regard to meningococcus C the coverage rate was 90.1% In children, 81% at 6 years of age and 78.2% at 15 years. The preliminary data of an active surveillance of invasive bacterial diseases show that the Streptoccoccus pneumoniae was the main agent involved and that its consequences were particularly serious in elderly subjects. With regard to Neisseria meningitidis, we observed a substantial reduction in the number of cases due to serogroup C and a concomitant rise in the percentage of cases due to serogroup B. The suspension of mandatory vaccination should be maintained, the monitoring of vaccination coverage and the active surveillance proved to be a very good assessment tools.