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Martín-Antonio B, Suñe G, Najjar A, Perez-Amill L, Antoñana-Vildosola A, Castella M, León S, Velasco-de Andrés M, Lozano F, Lozano E, Bueno C, Estanyol JM, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Robinson SN, Urbano-Ispizua A. Extracellular NK histones promote immune cell anti-tumor activity by inducing cell clusters through binding to CD138 receptor. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:259. [PMID: 31619273 PMCID: PMC6794915 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells are important anti-tumor cells of our innate immune system. Their anti-cancer activity is mediated through interaction of a wide array of activating and inhibitory receptors with their ligands on tumor cells. After activation, NK cells also secrete a variety of pro-inflammatory molecules that contribute to the final immune response by modulating other innate and adaptive immune cells. In this regard, external proteins from NK cell secretome and the mechanisms by which they mediate these responses are poorly defined. Methods TRANS-stable-isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (TRANS-SILAC) combined with proteomic was undertaken to identify early materials transferred between cord blood-derived NK cells (CB-NK) and multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Further in vitro and in vivo studies with knock-down of histones and CD138, overexpression of histones and addition of exogenous histones were undertaken to confirm TRANS-SILAC results and to determine functional roles of this material transferred. Results We describe a novel mechanism by which histones are actively released by NK cells early after contact with MM cells. We show that extracellular histones bind to the heparan sulfate proteoglycan CD138 on the surface of MM cells to promote the creation of immune-tumor cell clusters bringing immune and MM cells into close proximity, and thus facilitating not only NK but also T lymphocyte anti-MM activity. Conclusion This study demonstrates a novel immunoregulatory role of NK cells against MM cells mediated by histones, and an additional role of NK cells modulating T lymphocytes activity that will open up new avenues to design future immunotherapy clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Martín-Antonio
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - G Suñe
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Najjar
- Department of Pediatrics - Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Perez-Amill
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Antoñana-Vildosola
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Castella
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S León
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Velasco-de Andrés
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Lozano
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Lozano
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Cell Therapy Program of the School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Estanyol
- Proteomic department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S N Robinson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation & Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Urbano-Ispizua
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Hematology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Martin-Antonio B, Najjar A, Robinson SN, Chew C, Li S, Yvon E, Thomas MW, Mc Niece I, Orlowski R, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Bueno C, Menendez P, Fernández de Larrea C, Urbano-Ispizua A, Shpall EJ, Shah N. Transmissible cytotoxicity of multiple myeloma cells by cord blood-derived NK cells is mediated by vesicle trafficking. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:96-107. [PMID: 25168239 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK) are important effectors of anti-tumor immunity, activated either by the downregulation of HLA-I molecules on tumor cells and/or the interaction of NK-activating receptors with ligands that are overexpressed on target cells upon tumor transformation (including NKG2D and NKP30). NK kill target cells by the vesicular delivery of cytolytic molecules such as Granzyme-B and Granulysin activating different cell death pathways, which can be Caspase-3 dependent or Caspase-3 independent. Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable neoplastic plasma-cell disorder. However, we previously reported the encouraging observation that cord blood-derived NK (CB-NK), a new source of NK, showed anti-tumor activity in an in vivo murine model of MM and confirmed a correlation between high levels of NKG2D expression by MM cells and increased efficacy of CB-NK in reducing tumor burden. We aimed to characterize the mechanism of CB-NK-mediated cytotoxicity against MM cells. We show a Caspase-3- and Granzyme-B-independent cell death, and we reveal a mechanism of transmissible cell death between cells, which involves lipid-protein vesicle transfer from CB-NK to MM cells. These vesicles are secondarily transferred from recipient MM cells to neighboring MM cells amplifying the initial CB-NK cytotoxicity achieved. This indirect cytotoxicity involves the transfer of NKG2D and NKP30 and leads to lysosomal cell death and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species in MM cells. These findings suggest a novel and unique mechanism of CB-NK cytotoxicity against MM cells and highlight the importance of lipids and lipid transfer in this process. Further, these data provide a rationale for the development of CB-NK-based cellular therapies in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Martin-Antonio
- 1] Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA [2] Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute/University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Najjar
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S N Robinson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Chew
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Yvon
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M W Thomas
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - I Mc Niece
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Cell Therapy Program of the School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Menendez
- 1] Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Cell Therapy Program of the School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Fernández de Larrea
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute/University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Urbano-Ispizua
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute/University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - N Shah
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texs M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Liu X, Robinson SN, Setoyama T, Tung SS, D’Abundo L, Shah MY, Yang H, Yvon E, Shah N, Yang H, Konopleva M, Garcia-Manero G, McNiece I, Rezvani K, Calin GA, Shpall EJ, Parmar S. FOXP3 is a direct target of miR15a/16 in umbilical cord blood regulatory T cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 49:793-9. [PMID: 24710569 PMCID: PMC4080423 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exact mechanism of action of umbilical cord blood (CB)-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the prevention of GVHD remains unclear. On the basis of selective overexpression of peptidase inhibitor 16 in CB Tregs, we explored the related p53 pathway, which has been shown to negatively regulate miR15a/16 expression. Significantly lower levels of miR15a/16 were observed in CB Tregs when compared with conventional CB T cells (Tcons). In a xenogeneic GVHD mouse model, lower levels of miR15a/16 were also found in Treg recipients, which correlated with a better GVHD score. Forced overexpression of miR15a/16 in CB Tregs led to inhibition of FOXP3 and CTLA4 expression and partial reversal of Treg-mediated suppression in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction that correlated with the reversal of FOXP3 demethylation in CB Tregs. On the other hand, miR15a/16 knockdown in CB Tcons led to expression of FOXP3 and CTLA4 and suppression of allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation. Using a luciferase-based mutagenesis assay, FOXP3 was determined to be a direct target of miR15a and miR16. We propose that miR15a/16 has an important role in mediating the suppressive function of CB Tregs and these microRNAs may have a 'toggle-switch' function in Treg/Tcon plasticity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Fetal Blood/metabolism
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Genes, p53
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Graft vs Host Disease/genetics
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/metabolism
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- MicroRNAs/antagonists & inhibitors
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - SN Robinson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T Setoyama
- Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - SS Tung
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L D’Abundo
- Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - MY Shah
- Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Yang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Yvon
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - N Shah
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Yang
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G Garcia-Manero
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - I McNiece
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - GA Calin
- Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - EJ Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Parmar
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Shah N, Decker WK, Lapushin R, Xing D, Robinson SN, Yang H, Parmar S, Tung SS, O'Brien S, Fernandez-Viña M, Shpall EJ, Wierda WG. HLA homozygosity and haplotype bias among patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: implications for disease control by physiological immune surveillance. Leukemia 2011; 25:1036-9. [PMID: 21350559 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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5
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Yang H, Robinson SN, Lu J, Decker WK, Xing D, Steiner D, Parmar S, Shah N, Champlin RE, Munsell M, Leen A, Bollard C, Simmons PJ, Shpall EJ. CD3(+) and/or CD14(+) depletion from cord blood mononuclear cells before ex vivo expansion culture improves total nucleated cell and CD34(+) cell yields. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 45:1000-7. [PMID: 19838220 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2009.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cord blood (CB) is used increasingly in transplant patients lacking sibling or unrelated donors. A major hurdle in the use of CB is its low cell dose, which is largely responsible for an elevated risk of graft failure and a significantly delayed neutrophil and platelet engraftment. As a positive correlation has been shown between the total nucleated cell (TNC) and CD34(+) cell dose transplanted and time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment, strategies to increase these measures are under development. One strategy includes the ex vivo expansion of CB mononuclear cells (MNC) with MSC in a cytokine cocktail. We show that this strategy can be further improved if CD3(+) and/or CD14(+) cells are first depleted from the CB MNC before ex vivo expansion. Ready translation of this depletion strategy to improve ex vivo CB expansion in the clinic is feasible as clinical-grade devices and reagents are available. Ultimately, the aim of improving TNC and CD34(+) transplant doses is to further improve the rate of neutrophil and platelet engraftment in CB recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Parmar S, Robinson SN, Komanduri K, St John L, Decker W, Xing D, Yang H, McMannis J, Champlin R, de Lima M, Molldrem J, Rieber A, Bonyhadi M, Berenson R, Shpall EJ. Ex vivo expanded umbilical cord blood T cells maintain naive phenotype and TCR diversity. Cytotherapy 2006; 8:149-57. [PMID: 16698688 DOI: 10.1080/14653240600620812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord blood (CB) is a promising source of hematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplantation. However, delayed engraftment and impaired immune reconstitution remain major limitations. Enrichment of donor grafts with CB T cells expanded ex vivo might facilitate improved T-cell immune reconstitution post-transplant. We hypothesized that CB T cells could be expanded using paramagnetic microbeads covalently linked to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Ab. METHODS CB units were divided into three fractions: (1) cells cultured without beads, (2) cells cultured with beads and (3) cells cultured with beads following CD3+ magnetic enrichment. All fractions were cultured for 14 days in the presence of IL-2 (200 IU/mL). RESULTS A mean 100-fold expansion (range 49-154) of total nucleated cells was observed in the CD3+ magnetically enriched fraction. Following expansion, CB T cells retained a naive and/or central memory phenotype and contained a polyclonal TCR diversity demonstrated by spectratyping. DISCUSSION Our data provide evidence that naive and diverse CB T cells may be expanded ex vivo and warrant additional studies in the setting of human CB transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parmar
- The Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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7
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Robinson SN, Ng J, Niu T, Yang H, McMannis JD, Karandish S, Kaur I, Fu P, Del Angel M, Messinger R, Flagge F, de Lima M, Decker W, Xing D, Champlin R, Shpall EJ. Superior ex vivo cord blood expansion following co-culture with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 37:359-66. [PMID: 16400333 PMCID: PMC1885539 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One factor limiting the therapeutic efficacy of cord blood (CB) hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplantation is the low cell dose of the graft. This is associated with an increased incidence of delayed or failed engraftment. Cell dose can be increased and the efficacy of CB transplantation potentially improved, by ex vivo CB expansion before transplantation. Two ex vivo CB expansion techniques were compared: (1) CD133+ selection followed by ex vivo liquid culture and (2) co-culture of unmanipulated CB with bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Ex vivo culture was performed in medium supplemented with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, stem cell factor and either thrombopoietin or megakaryocyte growth and differentiation factor. Expansion was followed by measuring total nucleated cell (TNC), CD133+ and CD34+ cell, colony-forming unit and cobblestone area-forming cell output. When compared to liquid culture, CB-MSC co-culture (i) required less cell manipulation resulting in less initial HPC loss and (ii) markedly improved TNC and HPC output. CB-MSC co-culture therefore holds promise for improving engraftment kinetics in CB transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Robinson
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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8
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Yang H, Eaves C, de Lima M, Lee MS, Champlin RE, McMannis JD, Robinson SN, Niu T, Decker WK, Xing D, Ng J, Li S, Yao X, Eaves AC, Jones R, Andersson BS, Shpall EJ. A novel triple purge strategy for eliminating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells from autografts. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 37:575-82. [PMID: 16435011 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib-refractory chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients can experience long-term disease-free survival with myeloablative therapy and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation; however, associated complications carry a significant risk of mortality. Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic cells has a reduced risk of complications, but residual tumor cells in the autograft may contribute to relapse. Development of methods for purging tumor cells that do not compromise the engraftment potential of the normal hematopoietic cells in the autograft has been a long-standing goal. Since primitive CML cells differentiate more rapidly in vitro than their normal counterparts and are also preferentially killed by mafosfamide and imatinib, we examined the purging effectiveness on CD34(+) CML cells using a strategy that combines a brief exposure to imatinib (0.5-1.0 microM for 72 h) and then mafosfamide (30-90 microg/ml for 30 min) followed by 2 weeks in culture with cytokines (100 ng/ml each of stem cell factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and thrombopoietin). Treatment with 1.0 microM imatinib, 60 microg/ml mafosfamide and 14 days of culture with cytokines eliminated BCR-ABL(+) cells from chronic phase CML patient aphereses, while preserving normal progenitors. This novel purging strategy may offer a new approach to improving the effectiveness of autologous transplantation in imatinib-refractory CML patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD34/blood
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Bone Marrow Purging/methods
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cell Survival
- Cyclophosphamide/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Transplantation, Autologous/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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9
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Xing D, Decker WK, Li S, Robinson SN, Yang H, Segal H, O'Connor S, Yao X, Komanduri KV, McMannis JD, Jones RB, de Lima M, Champlin RE, Shpall EJ. AML-loaded DC generate Th1-type cellular immune responses in vitro. Cytotherapy 2006; 8:95-104. [PMID: 16698683 DOI: 10.1080/14653240600620093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of AML-specific T-lymphocyte responses by leukemia-derived DC has been documented by multiple investigators and is being pursued clinically. An obstacle to widespread use of this strategy is that it has not been possible to generate leukemic DC from all patients, and an alternative approach is needed if the majority of leukemia patients are to receive therapeutic vaccination in conjunction with other treatment protocols. METHODS In the present study, we generated DC from CD14-selected monocytes isolated from healthy donor PBPC and loaded them with a total cell lysate from AML patient blasts. RESULTS Immature in vitro-derived DC exhibited robust phagocytic activity, and mature DC demonstrated high expression of CD80, CD83, CD86 and the chemokine receptor CCR7, important for DC migration to local lymph nodes. Mature, Ag-loaded DC were used as APC for leukemia-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) induction and demonstrated cytotoxic activity against leukemic targets. CTL lysis was Ag-specific, with killing of both allogeneic leukemic blasts and autologous DC loaded with allogeneic AML lysate. HLA-matched controls were not lysed in our system. DISCUSSION These data support further research into the use of this strategy as an alternative approach to leukemia-derived DC vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Xing
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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10
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Robinson SN, Seina SM, Gohr JC, Kuszynski CA, Sharp JG. Evidence for a qualitative hierarchy within the Hoechst-33342 'side population' (SP) of murine bone marrow cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:807-18. [PMID: 15750609 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cobblestone area (CA)-forming cell (CAFC) and in vivo (short-term and competitive repopulation) assays demonstrate that a qualitative hierarchy exists within the Hoechst-33342-defined side population (SP) in murine bone marrow (BM). Consistent with and extending previous studies, we demonstrate that (i) hematopoietic activity found in whole BM (WBM) is concentrated within the SP, rather than the non-SP (NSP); and (ii) within the SP, those cells that more strongly efflux the dye (lower SP, LSP) are qualitatively different from those that less strongly efflux the dye (upper SP, USP). Qualitative differences are highlighted by evidence that (i) CA derived from LSP CAFC persist in culture significantly longer than CA derived from USP CAFC; (ii) short-term, multilineage repopulation of lethally irradiated mice by LSP cells is more rapid than that in mice receiving USP, NSP, whole SP (WSP), or WBM cells and (iii) LSP cells out-compete USP cells in the multilineage hematopoietic repopulation of lethally irradiated recipients. These data suggest that LSP cells are of higher quality than USP cells and potentially provide a means by which qualitative changes in primitive hematopoietic progenitors occurring naturally with aging, or clinically as a consequence of therapeutic manipulation, can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Robinson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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11
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Robinson SN, Seina SM, Gohr JC, Sharp JG. Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Mobilization by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Erythropoietin in the Absence of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9. Stem Cells Dev 2005; 14:317-28. [PMID: 15969627 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2005.14.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mobilized hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) has largely replaced the use of bone marrow HPC for autologous and allogeneic transplantation; however, the mechanisms of HPC mobilization remain unclear. A better understanding of these mechanisms, may allow the development of improved (potentially more rapid and/or higher yield) HPC mobilization strategies, especially for patients who mobilize poorly using current mobilization protocols. Clinically, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is widely used to induce HPC mobilization, and evidence suggests that metalloproteinase enzymes released by activated granulocytes play an important role in the G-CSF-induced HPC mobilization. These enzymes may act to disrupt putative cell-cell and/or cell-extracellular matrix interactions within the hematopoietic microenvironment thereby releasing HPC into the blood. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) appears to be important for G-CSF-induced mobilization. Using an MMP-9 knock-out (KO) mouse model, we investigated the role of MMP-9 in G-CSF and erythropoietin (EPO)-based HPC mobilization at clinically relevant cytokine doses. There were few hematologic or hematopoietic differences between the wild-type and MMP-9KO mice during steady-state hematopoiesis. When treated subcutaneously with EPO (500 U/kg per day) and G-CSF (15 microg/kg per day) for 5 days and assayed on day 6, similarly increased extramedullary hematopoiesis and numbers of HPC in the spleen and blood were observed for both the wild-type and MMP-9KO mice. These data demonstrate that MMP-9 is not required for EPO + G-CSF mobilization and that alternative mobilization mechanisms must be active at clinically relevant cytokine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Robinson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6395, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) has multiple effects on the hematopoietic and immune systems. Further, preclinical studies have suggested potential therapeutic activity against cancer. Flt3L is a potent hematopoietic cytokine, capable of stimulating the expansion and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. Administration of Flt3L mobilizes hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow (BM) into the blood, lymphoid organs, and parenchymal tissues. This mobilization activity, especially effective in combination with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), has stimulated studies of Flt3L in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. In addition to its effects on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, Flt3L has been shown to increase the frequency and number of dendritic cells (DCs) within the circulatory system and solid organs. DC expansion by Flt3L has been the focus of preclinical and clinical studies on antigen (Ag) specific T-cell mediated immunity. The mechanism for the augmentation of T-cell mediated immunity has yet to be completely identified, although Flt3L's ability to expand DCs in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues is involved. This expansion occurs primarily with DCs, which secrete interleukin (IL) 12. Consistent with the expansion of this DC population, treatment with Flt3L enhances T-cell mitogenesis and preferentially induces type 1 T-cell responses. However, the DCs resulting from Flt3L administration are immature, leading in some studies to the induction of tolerance. This review focuses on the effects of Flt3L on DCs and other effector populations, and on its potential activity as a therapeutic agent for cancer, alone and in combination with vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Reber
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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13
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Robinson SN, Chavez JM, Pisarev VM, Mosley RL, Rosenthal GJ, Blonder JM, Talmadge JE. Delivery of Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) using a poloxamer-based formulation increases biological activity in mice. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 31:361-9. [PMID: 12634727 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt3L) is a potent stimulator of hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) expansion and mobilization; however, this requires 7-10 days of administration. We investigated whether sustained delivery of Flt3L using a poloxamer-based matrix (PG) could accelerate and/or improve the hematopoietic activity of Flt3L in mice. A single injection of PG-Flt3L stimulated significantly more rapid and greater HPC mobilization to the spleen and peripheral blood than the daily injection of Flt3L formulated in saline. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that the formulation of Flt3L in PG prolonged its elimination (Tbeta) half-life (2.3-fold) and increased its bioavailability (>two fold) and the time to maximum serum concentration (T(max)) (2.7-fold). Further, coadministration of G-CSF and PG-Flt3L allowed lower doses of Flt3L to be active, with significantly greater hematopoietic and mobilization activity, compared to the same total dose of G-CSF, Flt3L or G-CSF and Flt3L formulated in saline. These data demonstrate that formulation of Flt3L in PG significantly accelerates and increases HPC expansion and mobilization. The observation of increased bioactivity by PG-Flt3L in rodents suggests the potential for improved clinical efficacy of Flt3L by reducing the time required for HPC mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6395, USA
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14
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Robinson SN, Freedman AS, Neuberg DS, Nadler LM, Mauch PM. Loss of marrow reserve from dose-intensified chemotherapy results in impaired hematopoietic reconstitution after autologous transplantation: CD34(+), CD34(+)38(-), and week-6 CAFC assays predict poor engraftment. Exp Hematol 2000; 28:1325-33. [PMID: 11146154 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an increasingly successful modality for treating a variety of malignant disorders in the clinic. Experimental and clinical data suggest that prior exposure to cytotoxic agents that damage primitive stem cells results in impaired hematopoiesis after autologous HSCT. To further investigate the ability to predict for impaired hematopoiesis, we measured different stem/progenitor cell populations transplanted and time to engraftment. Patients with previously untreated, advanced-stage follicular lymphoma were treated in sequential prospective protocols with 6-8 cycles of standard-dose (SD) cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP), or four cycles of a higher-dose (HD) CHOP and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, to induce remission prior to high-dose cyclophosphamide, total body irradiation, and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Cryopreserved marrow samples obtained prior to ABMT were assayed for CD34(+), CD34(+)38(-), and cobblestone area-forming cell (CAFC) frequencies. Despite receiving similar numbers of nucleated cells at ABMT, HD-CHOP patients took significantly longer to attain platelet engraftment than the SD-CHOP patients. Marrow from the HD-CHOP patients contained significantly lower CD34(+), CD34(+)38(-), and week 6-8 CAFC frequencies than marrow from SD-CHOP-treated patients. Time to platelet engraftment was plotted against progenitor/stem cell numbers transplanted for each patient and threshold values were developed for all three stem/progenitor cell populations. These values were 0.5 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg, 0.14 x 10(6) CD34(+)38(-) cells/kg, and 9500 week-6 CAFC/kg transplanted. Approximately 50% of patients received marrow progenitor/stem cell numbers above the threshold values and all engrafted without delay. However, transplantation of stem/progenitor cell numbers below threshold values did not uniformly predict for delayed platelet engraftment. These data provide further evidence for the association of low marrow reserve at ABMT, low numbers of stem/progenitor cells transplanted, and delayed hematopoietic recovery. However, there remains a group of patients who have rapid platelet engraftment after ABMT despite low numbers of progenitor/stem cells transplanted. These data suggest the presence of a crucial stem cell population not represented by the stem/progenitor cell populations studied in these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Robinson
- Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Abstract
It has been suggested that mature neutrophils may play an essential role in the cascade of events leading to egress of stem cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood. To investigate further the role of mature neutrophils and of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), known to be involved in the signal transduction of neutrophils, we used mice deficient in respiratory burst, and thus the production of ROIs, to study the involvement of this activation pathway in stem cell mobilization. B6 mice with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) received either cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) on day 1 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (250 microg/kg/d) on days 3-6 or a single dose of interleukin 8 (IL-8; 30 microg/mouse) as a mobilization regimen. On day 7, the number of stem and progenitor cells in blood and bone marrow was compared with control B6 animals (with intact respiratory burst). White blood cell counts, bone marrow cellularity and the frequency of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC), and cobblestone area-forming cells (CAFC) on days 7 (CAFC-7) and 28 (CAFC-28) were determined. After cyclophosphamide and G-CSF (CY + G), both mouse strains showed considerable mobilization of CAFC-7 and CFU-GM to the blood. Normal mice showed up to a 1905-fold increase in progenitors per ml blood, whereas CGD mice showed up to a 264-fold increase in blood progenitors. IL-8 also induced mobilization in both mouse strains. In addition to progenitors, primitive stem cells measured as CAFC-28 and as CAFC at day 35 were also mobilized by both mobilization protocols in normal as well as in CGD mice. In conclusion, respiratory burst and the subsequent signal transduction pathway do not appear to be required for mobilization of stem cells. Accordingly, neutrophils either are not involved in stem cell mobilization or other signalling pathways within neutrophils must exist that lead to the release of factors which activate stem cell egress from the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- R van Os
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Illing HM, Robinson SN. An orthodontic appliance used in management of lingual focal dystonia. J Clin Orthod 1999; 33:595-7. [PMID: 10895671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H M Illing
- Maxillofacial Unit, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, Portsmouth, England
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17
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Abstract
This paper reviews the available evidence supporting 2 commonly used methods of surgically exposing palatally ectopic canines. The closed eruption method (a bonded attachment is placed at operation and the palatal flap is sutured back intact) is compared with the open eruption method (a window of palatal mucosa is excised and the canine allowed to erupt naturally). The choice of surgical technique is reviewed in terms of the long-term periodontal implications, the rate of repeat surgery, and treatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Burden
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Clinical Dentistry, The Queen's University of Belfast
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18
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Sivam R, Robinson SN. Orthodontic bracketing: an alternative for intermaxillary fixation in mandibular fracture. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 37:155-6. [PMID: 10371333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Baker NJ, David S, Barnard DW, Birnie DJ, Robinson SN. Occlusal outcome in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery with internal fixation. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 37:90-3. [PMID: 10371307 DOI: 10.1054/bjom.1998.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fifty consecutive patients undergoing orthognathic surgery with internal fixation (IF) were studied retrospectively with a weighted Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index to assess occlusal outcome at the end of all active treatment, and compared with 50 patients who had undergone treatment for malocclusion by orthodontic means alone. In the surgically treated patients, the mean percentage reduction in the weighted PAR Index was 83% and 31 out of 38 patients (82%) were 'greatly improved'. This implies a high standard of treatment in terms of the occlusal outcome. There was no difference in the proportion of patients having a final weighted PAR Index of less than 10 and no significant difference in the final weighted PAR Index between the two groups. This suggests that the occlusal outcome is no different whether patients undergo orthognathic surgery or orthodontic treatment alone, and that excellent occlusal results can be achieved in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery with internal fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Baker
- Maxillofacial Unit, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, Portsmouth, UK
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20
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Abstract
The impacted palatal canine requires a combination of both surgical and orthodontic management. Two types of approach are commonly used: simple exposure, or exposure with bracketing at the time of surgery. In this study 104 consecutively treated patients with palatally impacted canines were examined at two centres, one at which the ectopic tooth was surgically exposed alone and the other where an orthodontic bracket was bonded to facilitate early traction, and the flap replaced. The aim was to compare the outcome and complication rate for each type of procedure. In 30.7 per cent of all cases exposed and bracketed a second surgical intervention was required, compared with 15.3 per cent in the simple exposure group. Bracketing, though effective, is a more costly and time-consuming procedure, and it is suggested that simple exposure provides an equally efficient and predictable method of managing the palatally impacted canine with obvious clinical and financial benefits. The long-term periodontal status of the teeth which have been exposed in these two ways, however, needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Pearson
- Maxillofacial Unit, Queen Alexandra NHS Trust Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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Abstract
The inhalation of benzene is toxic to various components of the immunologic system in rodents. Spleen and thymus weights, total spleen and femur marrow cell counts, enumeration of spleen B- and T-lymphocytes, and an assessment of humoral immunocompetence, were used to evaluate the immunotoxicity of benzene in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were exposed to 0, 30, 200 or 400 ppm benzene for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 or 4 weeks. An early indicator of immunotoxicity was a reduction in the number of B-lymphocytes after 2 weeks of 400 ppm. After 4 weeks of 400 ppm, there was a reduction in thymus weight and spleen B-, CD4+/CD5+ and CD5+ T-lymphocytes. Rats exposed to 30, 200 or 400 ppm benzene for 2 or 4 weeks and challenged with sheep red blood cells developed a humoral response comparable to that of the control (0 ppm) animals. Enumeration of spleen T- and B-lymphocytes in rats exposed to benzene and challenged with SRBC showed only a transient reduction in spleen B-lymphocytes after 2 weeks of exposure to 400 ppm. These data suggest that there are no immunotoxicological effects of exposure to 200 ppm benzene or less, in rats exposed for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 or 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Robinson
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2137, USA.
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22
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Farris GM, Robinson SN, Gaido KW, Wong BA, Wong VA, Hahn WP, Shah RS. Benzene-induced hematotoxicity and bone marrow compensation in B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1997; 36:119-29. [PMID: 9143481 DOI: 10.1006/faat.1997.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-term inhalation exposure of benzene has been shown to cause hematotoxicity and an increased incidence of acute myelogenous leukemia in humans. The progression of benzene-induced hematotoxicity and the features of the toxicity that may play a major role in the leukemogenesis are not known. We report the hematological consequences of benzene inhalation in B6C3F1 mice exposed to 1, 5, 10, 100, and 200 ppm benzene for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 1, 2, 4, or 8 weeks and a recovery group. There were no significant effects on hematopoietic parameters from exposure to 10 ppm benzene or less. Exposure of mice to 100 and 200 ppm benzene reduced the number of total bone marrow cells, progenitor cells, differentiating hematopoietic cells, and most blood parameters. Replication of primitive progenitor cells in the bone marrow was increased during the exposure period as a compensation for the cytotoxicity induced by 100 and 200 ppm benzene. In mice exposed to 200 ppm benzene, the primitive progenitor cells maintained an increased percentage of cells in S-phase through 25 days of recovery compared with controls. The increased replication of primitive progenitor cells in concert with the reported genotoxicity induced by benzene provides the components necessary for producing an increased incidence of lymphoma in mice. Furthermore, we propose this mode of action as a biologically plausible mechanism for benzene-induced leukemia in humans exposed to high concentrations of benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Farris
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2137, USA
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23
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Abstract
Chronic exposure to high concentrations of benzene, primarily by inhalation, can affect the function of the human immune system. Limited data are available on the immunotoxic effects of low concentrations of benzene. This study evaluated the effects of 1, 5, 10, 100, and 200 ppm benzene on lymphocytes in mice exposed by inhalation for up to 8 weeks. Exposure to 100 or 200 ppm benzene induced rapid and persistent reductions in femoral B-, splenic T- and B-, and thymic T-lymphocytes. The percentage of femoral B-lymphocytes and thymic T-lymphocytes in apoptosis was increased 6- to 15-fold by 200 ppm benzene compared to controls. Replication of femoral B-lymphocytes was increased during the exposure period in the bone marrow as a compensation for the lymphocyte loss induced by 100 and 200 ppm benzene. Exposure of mice to 10 ppm benzene or less did not have a statistically significant effect on numbers or replication of the lymphocyte populations evaluated. A reduced number of splenic B-lymphocytes after 2 weeks of exposure to benzene appeared to be the most sensitive end point and time point for evaluating benzene cytotoxicity in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Farris
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Farris GM, Robinson SN, Gaido KW, Wong BA, Wong VA, Leonard L, Shah R. Effects of low concentrations of benzene on mouse hematopoietic cells in vivo: a preliminary report. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104 Suppl 6:1275-1276. [PMID: 9118905 PMCID: PMC1469735 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.961041275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of benzene-induced hematotoxicity following exposure to low concentration is important for understanding mechanisms of toxicity and determining the dose response at benzene levels close to the current occupational exposure limit (1 ppm). Male B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 1, 10, 100, or 200 ppm benzene by inhalation for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 1, 2, 4, or 8 weeks. At each sampling time, we evaluated primitive and committed progenitor cells, differentiating and maturing lineage-specific cells, and stromal cells in the bone marrow; T and B lymphocytes of the spleen and thymus; micronucleated reticulocytes and erythrocytes; and standard blood parameters. At 100 and 200 ppm benzene, there were rapid and significant reductions in number of reticulocytes in the blood, B lymphocytes in the bone marrow and spleen, and an increased frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes in the bone marrow. At 10 ppm, the only parameter affected was a transient reduction in the number of splenic B lymphocytes. There were no significant effects induced by 1 ppm benzene in this study. The present study suggests numbers of B lymphocytes and maturing erythrocytes, and frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes are sensitive indicators of benzene-induced hematotoxicity and will be useful in further investigation of the hematotoxicity induced by 10 to 100 ppm benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Farris
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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25
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Tan LK, Robinson SN, Chatterjee S. Glycerol versus radiofrequency rhizotomy--a comparison of their efficacy in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Br J Neurosurg 1995; 9:165-9. [PMID: 7632362 DOI: 10.1080/02688699550041502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the anatomical basis of trigeminal neuralgia has been postulated to be vascular compression, microvascular decompression has been gaining acceptance as the definitive treatment of the condition. However, the majority of patients are over 50 years of age, and posterior fossa procedures carry significant risk in terms of morbidity and mortality. Radiofrequency and glycerol rhizotomy are the two procedures commonly performed in patients considered unsuitable for posterior fossa craniectomy. This study attempts to assess the relative merits and demerits of these two procedures and seeks to establish indications for each. It is felt that glycerol rhizotomy is better as the first line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK
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26
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Robinson SN. Orthodontic treatment and the wind instrument. Dent Update 1993; 20:116-120. [PMID: 8224344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many children are learning to play musical instruments at the same time as they are undergoing orthodontic treatment. If a patient or parent enquires about how orthodontic treatment might affect their child's playing, what advice could you give them?
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Abstract
Specific ion metering of fluoride ion levels of water samples obtained after passage through water softeners and a conditioner showed no alteration in concentration when compared with controls. Similar comparison of water samples passed through water filters demonstrated that highly significant amounts of fluoride ion were removed. In one filter tested, 90% of the fluoride content was lost in the filtration process. The findings of this study suggest that, in a household using a filter, it may be necessary to increase the fluoride supplement or in some cases to initiate use of fluoride supplements as children are not receiving as much fluoride as was thought. New guidelines are required to take account of this surprising effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Robinson
- Department of Orthodontics, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, Portsmouth
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29
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Robinson SN. Trends in the number of active and discontinued orthodontic treatments in the general dental service. Br J Orthod 1991; 18:243. [PMID: 1931860 DOI: 10.1179/bjo.18.3.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of urolithiasis, but its success depends in part upon minimizing potential sequelae. Although ESWL is safe, effective, and relatively economical, one complication can be urosepsis, resulting from liberation of bacteria when the stones disintegrate. Patients who are at increased risk of infection are those who have existing urinary tract infection; perioperative urologic manipulation; infected stones; predisposition for infectious endocarditis; or multiple, large, or complex stones. If urosepsis occurs, it usually requires prolonged hospitalization, which obviates any cost-benefits that can be accrued from ESWL. Prophylactic use of an antibiotic before ESWL is rational and cost-effective. Ideally, the antibiotic should possess a spectrum of activity against the most likely bacteria to be encountered, require a limited number of doses, and offer the flexibility of sustained coverage in the event that the procedure is delayed. Our experience at Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas supports the use of a long-acting cephalosporin for the prevention of infections following ESWL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Cochran
- Department of Urology, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas
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Robinson SN, Crane VS, Jones DG, Cochran JS, Williams OB. Principles and application of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Am J Hosp Pharm 1987; 44:805-10. [PMID: 3578316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The physics, instrumentation, and patient-care aspects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the treatment of kidney stone disease are described. The kidney stone is located through the use of two integrated roentgenographic imaging systems. The x-ray tubes, fixed on either side of a tub of water in which the patient is partially immersed, are directed upward. The patient is maneuvered until the imaging systems indicate the kidney stone is within the second focus of the reflector and within the 1.5-cu cm target area. Once within this alignment, the stone is ready for shock wave treatment; general or regional anesthesia is used to immobilize the patient so that the position of the stone can be maintained within the focus of the shock wave. When the stone is repeatedly subjected to this high-energy force, it begins to disintegrate until fragments of less than 1 mm are left. ESWL can (1) disintegrate kidney stones of all types, (2) be efficiently transmitted over distances that allow the shock wave source to be outside the body, (3) safely pass through living tissue, and (4) be precisely controlled and focused into a small target area. ESWL is a safe, effective, and cost-saving treatment that can be used for 90% of all kidney stone disease that previously required surgery.
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Robinson SN, Crane VS, Jones DG. Pharmaceutical services in an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy center. Am J Hosp Pharm 1987; 44:799-802. [PMID: 3578314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Satellite pharmacy services in a hospital's extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) center are described. At an 833-bed hospital, an ESWL center was opened in 1985. The existing surgical pharmacy satellite provided pharmaceutical services to the ESWL center with no addition of pharmacy staff. Drug boxes for the ESWL procedure were prepared, and the ESWL area was provided with a limited stock of infusion and irrigation fluids, drugs, and supplies. After each ESWL procedure, the box was checked for patient charges and restocked. Charge slips for floor-stock items were also placed in the box. The initial pharmacy cost to supply the ESWL unit was $500. The satellite pharmacist provides distributive functions, drug information, and quality assurance. Estimated annual pharmacy revenue from the ESWL is $239,240. Pharmacists' new role in the ESWL was beneficial to the pharmacy department and to the hospital.
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