Mg- and Zn-modified calcium phosphates prepared by biomimetic precipitation and subsequent treatment at high temperature

Powders of magnesium-modified as well as zinc-modified calcium phosphates (Me-β-TCP and HA) with a (Ca(2+)+Mg(2+)+Zn(2+)+Na(+)+K(+))/P ratio of 1.3-1.4 and various Me(2+)/(Me(2+)+Ca(2+)) ratios (from 0.005 to 0.16) were prepared in biomimetic electrolyte systems at pH 8, mother liquid maturation and further syntering at 600-1000°C. Some differences in zinc and magnesium modifications have been prognosed on the basis of thermodynamic modeling of the studied systems and explained by the Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) ion chemical behaviour. The temperature as well as the degree of Zn(2+) and Mg(2+) ions substitutions were found to stabilize the β-TCP structure and this effect was more prononced for zinc. Thus, zinc-modified β-TCP powders consisting of idiomorphic crystals were obtained through sintering of Zn(2+) ion substituted calcium phosphates precursors at 800-1000°C. The Mg(2+) ion substitution leads to obtaining magnesium-modified β-TCP with spherical grains.

Biomimetic transformations of amorphous calcium phosphate: kinetic and thermodynamic studies

The biomimetic synthesis and phase transformation of XRD amorphous calcium phosphate were studied by application of kinetic, chemical and spectral (XRD and IR) methods and thermodynamic simulations. Two SBFs (SBFc and SBFr), differing in their HCO(3)(-) and Cl(-) ion contents, were used in the maturation studies. It has been proven that the biomimetic maturation accelerated the phase transformation of less thermodynamically stable amorphous calcium phosphate to poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite. Several regularities have been found: (i) kinetic reasons determined the biomimetic precipitation of XRD-amorphous calcium deficient phosphate (ACP); (ii) the precipitated ACP always contained impurities due to co-precipitation, ion substitution and incorporation phenomena; (iii) the increased content of HCO(3)(-) ions in the surrounding microenvironments increased the rate of phase transformation and the concentration of MeHCO(3)(+) (Me = Ca, Mg) species in the solution, but the solubility of CaCO(3) has only been decreased and its precipitation accelerated, thus playing a crucial role in the process under study.

Trace element levels in the liver of rats with acute and chronic fascioliasis and after treatment with zinc-copper hydroxochloride mixed crystals

Quantities of trace elements including copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese and iron were investigated in the liver tissue of rats at the acute or chronic stages of fascioliasis following treatment with zinc-copper hydroxochloride mixed crystals. Oral dosing (with food) of zinc-copper mixed crystals to healthy rats increased zinc and copper levels in the liver and decreased the iron content compared with controls. Manganese and cobalt levels did not change significantly. Significant reductions in all trace elements except manganese occurred in the liver of rats with acute or chronic fascioliasis. Manganese levels were slightly increased in rats at the acute stage and slightly decreased in rats at the chronic stage of fascioliasis. The application of mixed zinc-copper crystals at the acute or chronic stages of fascioliasis lead to a restoration of zinc and copper levels and a slight reduction in the iron levels in liver tissue of rats. The beneficial effects of applied salts were more apparent in rats chronically infected with Fasciola hepatica.

The effect of excess dietary manganese on uninfected and Ascaridia galli infected chicks

The effect of dietary manganese from two different sources on chicks (uninfected and infected with Ascaridia galli) was studied. Chick diet was supplemented with 0.9 g Mn2+ kg-1 food either in the form of MnSO4.H2O or 2Gly. MnCl2.2H2O for 20 days. Chicks were divided into six groups: group 0, control; group 1, control + MnSO4.H2O; group 2, control + 2Gly.MnCl2.2H2O; group 3, infected with A. galli; group 4, infected with A. galli + MnSO4.H2O; and group 5, infected with A. galli + 2Gly.MnCl2.2H2O. Body weight, mortality, worn burden, and liver manganese content were investigated. Excess dietary manganese increased weights and manganese level, but mortality and worm burden were unaffected. A greater bioavailability of manganese from 2Gly.MnCl2.2H2O was established.