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[Cell senescence, a new target for respiratory viral infections: From influenza virus to SARS-CoV-2]. BULLETIN DE L'ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2023; 207:193-198. [PMID: 36624738 PMCID: PMC9812359 DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of senescent cells in tissues is a key process of aging and age-related diseases, including lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung fibrosis, or cancer. In recent years, the spectrum of respiratory diseases associated with cellular senescence has been broadened, in particular acute viral pulmonary infections, foremost among which is coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), which is particularly severe in the elderly or in subjects with comorbidities. Influenza virus infection, which strikes more severely at the extreme ages of life, is also associated with severe pulmonary senescence. Cellular senescence potentially represents an original target for attacking these diseases, although its specific mechanisms remain largely misunderstood. New anti-senescent therapeutic approaches are thus proposed during severe viral pulmonary infections, with the aim of preventing acute effects and/or, in the longer term, pulmonary sequelae.
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[Discussion about the presentation: "Cell senescence, a new target for respiratory viral infections: from influenza virus to SARS-CoV-2"]. BULLETIN DE L'ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2023; 207:228-229. [PMID: 36713612 PMCID: PMC9874491 DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Role of adipose tissue macrophages in the cross-talk between visceral adipose tissue and heart during high fat diet. ARCHIVES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES SUPPLEMENTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvdsp.2020.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Consequence of Desmin gene mutation on development of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in mice. ARCHIVES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES SUPPLEMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvdsp.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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P2536Role of adipose tissue macrophages in the cross-talk between visceral adipose tissue and heart during high fat diet. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy565.p2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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6
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SFSPM 2018 — Congrès de la Société Française de Sénologie et de Pathologie Mammaire (Avignon, 7-9/11-2018). ONCOLOGIE 2018. [DOI: 10.3166/onco-2019-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Les 40es Journées de la SFSPM se sont tenues à Avignon du 7 au 9 novembre 2018. Le thème abordé—Cancer du sein : optimisation du parcours de soins — a réuni plus de 1 200 participants sous les voûtes du Palais des Papes. La fluidité de chaque segment du parcours a été analysée en termes de risques de rupture de continuité des soins tant au sein du segment lui-même qu’en amont et en aval. Dans un parcours par essence pluridisciplinaire et plurimétiers, la nécessité d’une réflexion globale et d’une coordination active réalisées par des professionnels formés a été rappelée à chaque session. Chacun des intervenants a esquissé de potentiels indicateurs de qualité tenant compte à la fois de son implication dans son segment d’intervention, mais tenant compte aussi d’une vision plus globale de ce que devrait être le parcours au travers de la maladie et des soins. La parole a été très largement partagée entre soignants et associations de malades, entre paramédicaux et acteurs en sciences humaines et sociales, entre responsables de la santé publique HAS, ARS, CNAM–CPAM 84 et représentants des différents modes d’hospitalisation publique/privée et ESPIC. La session grand public a été l’occasion d’échanges fructueux et instructifs sur la perception des difficultés comme des satisfactions rencontrées que nous ont fait partager les malades, leurs proches et les représentantes des associations. Au total, un congrès de réflexion partagé par de nombreux acteurs qui cherchent tous à améliorer le parcours de soins des malades atteintes de cancer du sein. La publication le 21 janvier par l’INCa de dix indicateurs de qualité du parcours de soins pour les malades atteints de cancer du sein est une étape importante qu’attendaient tous les participants d’Avignon — SFSPM 2018.
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7
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Exercise rescues obesity-induced adipose tissue premature aging and restores cardio-metabolic homeostasis. ARCHIVES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES SUPPLEMENTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvdsp.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Axial stretch-dependent cation entry in dystrophic cardiomyopathy: Involvement of several TRPs channels. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:145-155. [PMID: 26803937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), deficiency of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin leads to well-described defects in skeletal muscle but also to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In cardiac cells, the subsarcolemmal localization of dystrophin is thought to protect the membrane from mechanical stress. The dystrophin deficiency leads to membrane instability and a high stress-induced Ca(2+) influx due to dysregulation of sarcolemmal channels such as stretch-activated channels (SACs). In this work divalent cation entry has been explored in isolated ventricular Wild Type (WT) and mdx cardiomyocytes in two different conditions: at rest and during the application of an axial stretch. At rest, our results suggest that activation of TRPV2 channels participates to a constitutive basal cation entry in mdx cardiomyocytes.Using microcarbon fibres technique, an axial stretchwas applied to mimic effects of physiological conditions of ventricular filling and study on cation influx bythe Mn(2+)-quenching techniquedemonstrated a high stretch-dependentcationic influx in dystrophic cells, partially due to SACs. Involvement of TRPs channels in this excessive Ca(2+) influx has been investigated using specific modulators and demonstratedboth sarcolemmal localization and an abnormal activity of TRPV2 channels. In conclusion, TRPV2 channels are demonstrated here to play a key role in cation influx and dysregulation in dystrophin deficient cardiomyocytes, enhanced in stretching conditions.
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The role of 5-HT2B receptors in development of valvulopathy, cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary hypertension in Fawn-Hooded rats. Rev Mal Respir 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Extracellular calpastatin protects against hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mice and is elevated in human PH. Rev Mal Respir 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Involvement of interleukin-1 receptor (IL1R1) and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) signaling in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Rev Mal Respir 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Selective TSC1 deletion in smooth muscle results in mTOR signaling activation and development of pulmonary hypertension that can be reversed by rapamycin. Rev Mal Respir 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Caractéristiques et parcours de soins de 81 cas de gale hospitalisés en CHU. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.09.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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[Cellular senescence and pulmonary disease: COPD as an example]. Rev Mal Respir 2014; 31:893-902. [PMID: 25496787 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms of aging, and more specifically cellular senescence, are increasingly a subject of research. Cellular senescence may be a common determinant of many age-related diseases, including some chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Many arguments suggest that these diseases are associated with premature senescence of lung cells, which may be involved in the pathophysiology of respiratory alterations. Furthermore, these diseases are associated with systemic manifestations, such as bone loss, muscle wasting and atherosclerosis, which impact on symptoms and prognosis. Whether these alterations are related to a common pathogenic mechanism or develop independently in patients with COPD remains an open question. In this review, we will focus on cellular senescence and COPD. Two concepts will be discussed: (1) the role of cell senescence in the pathophysiology of lung destruction, vascular remodeling and inflammation in COPD, (2) the possible link between the pulmonary and systemic manifestations of COPD which could reflect a general process of accelerated aging.
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Effects of NO donors on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in wild-type and SAD mice. Rev Mal Respir 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Targeting the Calpain/Calpastatin system to protect against hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. Rev Mal Respir 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of telomerase protect against pulmonary hypertension in mice. Rev Mal Respir 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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P374Expression pattern of sarco (endo) plasmic reticulum calcium atpases (SERCA) isoforms in normal and diseased mouse cardiovascular tissues. Cardiovasc Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu091.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Calpastatin overexpression favors cardiac rupture and aggravates left ventricular dysfunction in mice after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht308.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Étude polysomnographique chez des adultes drépanocytaires majeurs. Neurophysiol Clin 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2013.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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Vieillissement prématuré lié à une destruction précoce du poumon chez les fumeurs et au cours de la broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive. Rev Mal Respir 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2012.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Caractéristiques et évolution des troubles respiratoires nocturnes (TRS) au cours de l’insuffisance cardiaque aiguë (ICA). Rev Mal Respir 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2012.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Impact pronostique des troubles respiratoires du sommeil sur l’évolution de l’insuffisance cardiaque chronique : suivi prospectif de 384 patients. Rev Mal Respir 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2012.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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NO et hypertension artérielle pulmonaire. Med Sci (Paris) 2012. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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25
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Bone morphogenetic protein signalling in heritable versus idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2009; 34:1100-10. [PMID: 19324947 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00183008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor type 2 (BMPR-2) have been reported in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but their functional relevance remains incompletely understood. BMP receptor expression was evaluated in human lungs and in cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) isolated from 19 idiopathic PAH patients and nine heritable PAH patients with demonstrated BMPR-2 mutations. BMP4-treated PASMCs were assessed for Smad and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling associated with mitosis and apoptosis. Lung tissue and PASMCs from heritable PAH patients presented with decreased BMPR-2 expression and variable increases in BMPR-1A and BMPR-1B expression, while a less important decreased BMPR-2 expression was observed in PASMCs from idiopathic PAH patients. Heritable PAH PASMCs showed no increased phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 in the presence of BMP4, which actually activated the p38MAPK pathway. Individual responses varied from one mutation to another. PASMCs from PAH patients presented with an in vitro proliferative pattern, which could be inhibited by BMP4 in idiopathic PAH but not in heritable PAH. PASMCs from idiopathic PAH and more so from heritable PAH presented an inhibition of BMP4-induced apoptosis. Most heterogeneous BMPR-2 mutations are associated with defective Smad signalling compensated for by an activation of p38MAPK signalling, accounting for PASMC proliferation and deficient apoptosis.
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H014 PDE V polymoprhism modulate no-inhaled response. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-2136(09)72313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Role for dysregulated endothelium- derived FGF2 signaling in progression of pulmonary hypertension. Rev Mal Respir 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(08)75061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is now considered to be a proliferative disorder characterised by unexplained proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs) and pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PA-ECs). An abnormal phenotype of PA-SMCs and PA-ECs has been described in PAH and some analogies now appear between pulmonary vascular cells from patients with PAH and cancer cells. Such analogies are discussed here with respect to essential hallmarks of cancer cells and with the hope that new treatments targeted at one or more of these cancer cell abnormalities may be appropriate for PAH.
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086 Altered Endothelin-1 (ET1) synthesis and ET1 receptors expression and function in idiopathic pulmonary hypertension: influence of BMPRII mutations. Rev Mal Respir 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(07)74377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 knockout and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 polymorphism: effects on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L1045-52. [PMID: 17675372 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00082.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] biosynthesis depends on two rate-limiting tryptophan hydroxylases (Tph): Tph1, which is expressed in peripheral organs, and Tph2, which is expressed in neurons. Because 5-HT is involved in pulmonary hypertension (PH), we investigated whether genetic variations in Tph1 and/or Tph2 affected PH development in mice. To examine the functional impact of peripheral Tph1 deficiency on hypoxic PH, we used Tph1(-/-) mice characterized by very low 5-HT synthesis rates and contents in the gut and lung and increased 5-HT synthesis in the forebrain. With chronic hypoxia, 5-HT synthesis in the forebrain increased further. Hypoxic PH, right ventricular hypertrophy, and distal pulmonary artery muscularization were less severe (P < 0.001) than in wild-type controls. The Tph inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mgxkg(-1)xday(-1)) further improved these parameters. We then investigated whether mouse strains harboring the C1473G polymorphism of the Tph2 gene showed different PH phenotypes during hypoxia. Forebrain Tph activity was greater and hypoxic PH was more severe in C57Bl/6 and 129X1/SvJ mice homozygous for the 1473C allele than in DBA/2 and BALB/cJ mice homozygous for the 1473G allele. p-Chlorophenylalanine reduced PH in all groups and abolished the difference in PH severity across mouse strains. Hypoxia increased 5-hydroxytryptophan accumulation but decreased 5-HT contents in the forebrain and lung, suggesting accelerated 5-HT turnover during hypoxia. These results provide evidence that dysregulation of 5-HT synthesis is closely linked to the hypoxic PH phenotype in mice and that Tph1 and Tph2 may contribute to PH development.
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is characterised by a progressive increase in pulmonary arterial resistance due to endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation resulting in chronic obstruction of small pulmonary arteries. There is evidence that inflammatory mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis of human and experimental pulmonary hypertension. The aim of the study was to address the role of fractalkine (CX3CL1) in the inflammatory responses and pulmonary vascular remodelling of a monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension model. The expression of CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 was studied in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension by means of immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR on laser-captured microdissected pulmonary arteries. It was demonstrated that CX3CL1 was expressed by inflammatory cells surrounding pulmonary arterial lesions and that smooth muscle cells from these vessels had increased CX3CR1 expression. It was then shown that cultured rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells expressed CX3CR1 and that CX3CL1 induced proliferation but not migration of these cells. In conclusion, the current authors proposed that fractalkine may act as a growth factor for pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Chemokines may thus play a role in pulmonary artery remodelling.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Chemokine CX3CL1
- Chemokines, CX3C/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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The serotonin pathway in pulmonary hypertension. ARCHIVES DES MALADIES DU COEUR ET DES VAISSEAUX 2006; 99:621-5. [PMID: 16878724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the primary defect responsible for triggering and maintaining pulmonary artery smooth muscle (PA-SMC) proliferation in pulmonary artery hypertension (PH) is poorly understood but may be either an inherent characteristic of PA-SMCs or a secondary response to an external abnormality, such as up-regulation of growth factors. In previous studies, we found that cultured PA-SMCs from patients with idiopathic PH (iPH) had an abnormally strong proliferative response to serotonin or serum (which contains high levels of serotonin). This abnormal response is due to overexpression of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) which mediates the mitogenic action of serotonin. That 5-HTT plays a key role in pulmonary vascular remodeling is supported by experimental studies showing that transgenic animals overexpressing 5-HTT in smooth muscle (at a level close to that seen in PH) spontaneously develop pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH. Conversely, mice with targeted S-HTT gene disruption are protected against hypoxic PH, and selective 5-HTT inhibitors reverse or prevent experimental PH. In patients with chronic lung disease, a close association has been found between a 5-HTT gene polymorphism and the severity of pulmonary hypertension. Agents capable of selectively inhibiting 5-HTT-mediated PA-SMC proliferation deserve to be investigated as potential treatments for pulmonary hypertension.
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[Serotonin and pulmonary arterial hypertension]. Rev Mal Respir 2006; 23 Suppl 2:4S45-4S51. [PMID: 16733400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is related to hypertrophic remodelling of the pulmonary vessels. Proliferation of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs) plays a key role in these changes. BACKGROUND The PA-SMCs of patients suffering from idiopathic or secondary PAH are characterized by abnormally increased in vitro proliferation in response to serotonin or serum. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT), the mediator of the mitogenic activity of serotonin, and the expression of which is increased in the course of idiopathic or secondary PAH, is the basis of these effects. The overexpression of 5-HTT, selectively induced in vascular smooth muscle by transgenesis in the mouse, leads to the development of PAH. Treatment with selective 5-HTT inhibitors prevents or leads to complete reversal of experimental hypoxic or inflammatory PAH. The presence of polymorphism of the gene causing over expression of the protein and proliferation of PA-SMCs seems to determine the severity of certain types of human PAH, notably that complicating COPD. VIEWPOINT There is a potential therapeutic application of 5-HTT inhibitors in human PAH. A clinical study is currently taking place in France. CONCLUSION The exploration of the role of 5-HTT and the mechanisms leading to its overexpression in PAH, as well as the interactions between 5-HTT and the BMPR2 gene, should lead to a significant increase in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Abstract
Background—
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) overproduction is responsible for cardiac valvular disease in patients with carcinoid tumors. Reduced 5-HT inactivation is one proposed mechanism of the valvulopathy observed in individuals treated with the appetite suppressants fenfluramine and phentermine. One key protein limiting systemic availability of 5-HT is the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) expressed by platelets and pulmonary vascular cells; 5-HTT is responsible for 5-HT uptake and subsequent inactivation of the amine passing through the lung. Here we investigated whether 5-HTT–deficient (5-HTT-KO) mice developed structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities and valvulopathy.
Methods and Results—
Cardiac endothelial cells expressed large amounts of 5-HTT in wild-type mice. 5-HTT deficiency appeared to be associated with marked interstitial, perivascular, and valvular fibrosis as evidenced by staining of cardiac collagen in 5-HTT-KO mice. Histological analysis provided evidence for valvulopathy characterized by valvular hyperplasia and prominent fibrosis at the attachment site and base of the leaflets. Echocardiography revealed an increase in left ventricular lumen diameter and a decrease in left ventricular diameter fractional shortening. Although 5-HT
1B
receptors mediated the 5-HT–induced collagen secretion by human cardiac myofibroblasts, the contribution of this receptor type to valvulopathy was ruled out because double-KO mice deficient in both 5-HTT and 5-HT
1B
receptors showed the same cardiac alterations as 5-HTT-KO mice.
Conclusions—
The present results establish a link between 5-HTT and the development of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy in vivo. 5-HTT-KO mice represent an especially relevant model for studying the mechanisms by which 5-HT induces valvulopathy.
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Rôle de l’interleukine 6 (IL-6) et de monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) dans le développement d’une hypertension pulmonaire dans la BPCO. Rev Mal Respir 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(06)72443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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107 Mice overexpressing the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter in smooth muscle cells spontaneously develop pulmonary hypertension. Rev Mal Respir 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(05)92519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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106 Contribution of the angiopoietin/Tie2 pathway to pulmonary artery smooth muscle hyperplasia in idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Rev Mal Respir 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(05)92518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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101 Un polymorphisme du gène codant pour l’IL-6 est un facteur de susceptibilité d’hypertension pulmonaire dans la BPCO. Rev Mal Respir 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(05)92513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) results from persistent vasoconstriction, smooth muscle growth and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling of pulmonary arteries (PAs). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are matrix-degrading enzymes involved in ECM turnover, and in smooth muscle cell (SMC) and endothelial cell migration and proliferation. MMP expression and activity are increased in experimental PAH. Therefore, this study investigated whether similar changes occur in idiopathic PAH (IPAH; formerly known as primary pulmonary hypertension). Both in situ and in vitro studies were performed on PAs from patients undergoing lung transplantation for IPAH and from patients treated by lobectomy for localised lung cancer, who served as controls. In IPAH, MMP-tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) imbalance was found in cultured PA-SMCs, with increased TIMP-1 and decreased MMP-3. MMP-2 activity was markedly elevated as a result of increases in both total MMP-2 and proportion of active MMP-2. In situ zymography and immunolocalisation showed that MMP-2 was associated with SMCs and elastic fibres, and also confirmed the MMP-3-TIMP-1 imbalance. In conclusion, the findings of this study were consistent with a role for the matrix metalloproteinase-tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase system in pulmonary vascular remodelling in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The matrix metalloproteinase-tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase imbalance may lead to matrix accumulation, and increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity may contribute to smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Whether these abnormalities are potential therapeutic targets deserves further investigation.
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Abstract
Endothelial injury is an important prognostic factor in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Decreased production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ARDS may favour vascular lesions, since VEGF promotes endothelial survival by inhibiting apoptosis. This study sought to document low VEGF levels in lung tissue from ARDS patients, to determine whether the cause was injury to alveolar type II cells (the main pulmonary source of VEGF) and to evaluate the vascular consequences. Lung specimens were obtained by open biopsy or autopsy from 29 patients with severe ARDS (two survivors) and five controls. As compared with controls, homogenates of lung tissue from ARDS patients contained less VEGF (median (interquartile range) ARDS 8.2 (4.7-12.2) versus controls 28.4 (9.9-47.1) ng x g(-1) protein). Increased immunostaining with surfactant protein B was seen in ARDS lungs. Extensive cellular apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labelling staining), including endothelial and alveolar type II cells, was demonstrated, and vascular bed density (CD31 immunostaining) decreased in ARDS lungs as compared with controls. VEGF levels were negatively correlated to apoptotic endothelial cell counts. In conclusion, decreased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in lung tissue may participate in the decrease in lung perfusion in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Comparison of four demand oxygen delivery systems at rest and during exercise for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2004; 98:938-44. [PMID: 15481269 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the performance of four demand oxygen delivery systems (DODS) in improving oxygenation and effort tolerance, at rest and during exercise, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen COPD patients were prospectively included. Four DODS (Oxiclip, Versatile, Venture and Impulse) were compared with continuous-flow oxygen (CFO). Nine of these patients performed 6-min walking tests on room air and on 3 l/min oxygen by DODS and CFO; Oxygen saturation, walking distance and the Borg dyspnea score were recorded. RESULTS With all four DODS devices arterial oxygenation was improved with lower oxygen flow rates than with CFO. Oxygen economy was best with Impulse, but at a cost of less satisfactory oxygenation. Exercise desaturation was similar with CFO, Oxiclip, Venture, and Impulse but significantly higher with Versatile (P < 0.05). Borg dyspnea scores were similar with CFO, Oxiclip, Venture, and Versatile but worse with Impulse (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in walking distances. CONCLUSIONS All four DODS improved oxygen saturation and saved oxygen. However, performance was better with the two devices (Oxiclip and Venture) that deliver a bolus of oxygen at inspiration onset.
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Renal and hormonal responses to isotonic saline infusion after 3 days' head-down tilt vs. supine and seated positions. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2003; 177:167-76. [PMID: 12558553 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2003.01059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The study aimed to determine whether prolonged exposure to simulated microgravity produces a level of thoracic volume receptor loading similar to that seen in the upright position or immediately after lying down. METHODS We used a cross-over design to compare responses to a saline infusion in eight healthy subjects during a 4-day, -6 degree head-down tilt (HDT) and in the acute seated and acute supine positions. RESULTS The first 24 h of HDT were associated with greater urinary excretion of water and sodium (UV, UNaV) than seated and acute supine [cumulative UV, 3035 +/- 219, 2311 +/- 156 (P < 0.05), and 2448 +/- 182 mL (P < 0.05), respectively; cumulative UNaV, 256 +/- 19, 180 +/- 11 (P < 0.05), and 189 +/- 15 mmol (P < 0.05), respectively]. Haemoglobin and haematocrit were increased after 24 h and plasma volume decreased after 48 h of HDT (P < 0.05). With prolongation of HDT, UV and UNaV returned near the baseline values, and plasma atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and renin values returned to acute seated levels; in acute supine, ANF values were higher and renin lower than in the two other positions. After a 30-min infusion of 20 mL kg(-1) isotonic saline on the fourth HDT day or during acute seated or acute supine, sodium excretion within 4 h was similar during HDT and acute seated (83 +/- 6 and 84 +/- 9 mmol, respectively) and greater during supine (104 +/- 8 mmol, P < 0.05). The renin decrease was greater in HDT and seated than in supine. The plasma ANF increase was greater during HDT than during supine; during seated, plasma ANF was unchanged. CONCLUSION These data suggest that, after 4 days of HDT, thoracic volume receptor loading returns to the same level as in the seated position, leading to blunted responses to volume expansion as compared with the acute supine position.
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed important advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Both genetic and mechanistic studies have succeeded in identifying new molecular pathways relevant to the process of pulmonary vascular remodelling, which underlies PPH. Mutations in the type II bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor (BMPR)-II are now considered to be the genetic basis for familial PPH and approximately 30% of cases of sporadic PPH. The identification of the relevance of the BMP pathway to the aetiology of PPH now raises many questions about the link between the BMPR-II mutant genotype and the PPH phenotype. As PPH does not develop in all subjects with BMPR-II mutations, environmental or associated genetic factors may play a crucial role. Among these, the finding of an association between PPH and the L-allelic variant of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene indicates that 5-HTT, which controls smooth muscle hyperplasia, probably contributes to susceptibility to PPH or is an important modifier of the PPH phenotype. Recognition of these molecular pathways should provide insight into the pathogenesis not only of primary pulmonary hypertension, but also of secondary forms of pulmonary hypertension. This should soon lead to the development of new and more selective therapeutic approaches to pulmonary hypertension.
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Abstract
Structural remodelling of pulmonary vessels is an important feature of pulmonary hypertension (PH), which reflects distal artery muscularization and matrix remodelling. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in extracellular matrix turnover and hence, in smooth muscle cell migration and endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Among the MMPs, gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) can degrade basement membrane components and promote cell proliferation and migration. This study evaluated gelatinases in pulmonary vessels during progressive PH in two rat models: exposure to hypoxia or monocrotaline. Zymography of tissue homogenates revealed an association of progression of hypoxic PH with a time-dependent increase in gelatinase MMP-2 activity, specific to pulmonary vessels. Increased MMP-2 activity was also found 30 days postmonocrotaline. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction demonstrated upregulation of MMP-2 messenger ribonucleic acid. Immunolocalization showed MMP-2 throughout the pulmonary vasculature, from the trunk to the distal vessels, with strong staining of the intima, media and adventitia. MMP-2 was found in its active form and gelatinolytic activity was correlated to PH severity. Activity localization by in situ zymography corroborated with the immunolocalization findings. In conclusion, the authors demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity is increased in pulmonary vessels during progression of pulmonary hypertension, probably as a result of involvement in the matrix turnover associated with vascular remodelling during pulmonary hypertension.
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Use of glass capillaries avoids the time changes in high blood PO(2) observed with plastic syringes. Chest 2001; 120:1651-4. [PMID: 11713149 DOI: 10.1378/chest.120.5.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES In adults, arterial blood samples are usually drawn using plastic syringes. In contrast to glass syringes, plastic syringes let oxygen diffuse through their wall. This results in PO(2) changes during storage, especially when PO(2) is high. An alternative to glass syringes is the Microsampler (Roche Diagnostics; Schaffhausen, Switzerland), a commercially available device consisting of a heparinized glass capillary fitted with a 26-gauge needle and used to collect arterial blood in the same way as a plastic syringe fitted with a needle. DESIGN We evaluated the performance of the Roche Microsampler for storing arterial blood in view of PO(2) measurement, comparatively with glass and plastic syringes. Five approximate initial PO(2) levels (650, 400, 200, 130, and 80 mm Hg) and two storage temperatures (ambient temperature and 4 degrees C) were studied. SETTINGS Bench study. RESULTS Plastic syringes allowed reliable measurement of PO(2) values when initial PO(2) was too low to ensure complete hemoglobin oxygen saturation, but were associated with time-dependent underestimation of PO(2) at higher initial PO(2) values. No such underestimation occurred with the Roche Microsampler stored at 4 degrees C for up to 1 h for all PO(2) levels studied. CONCLUSION The Roche Microsamplers appeared to be reliable devices in preventing oxygen diffusion.
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Serotonin transporter overexpression is responsible for pulmonary artery smooth muscle hyperplasia in primary pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:1141-50. [PMID: 11602621 PMCID: PMC209526 DOI: 10.1172/jci12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperplasia of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs) is a hallmark pathological feature of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Here we found that PA-SMCs from patients with PPH grow faster than PA-SMCs from controls when stimulated by serotonin or serum and that these effects are due to increased expression of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT), which mediates internalization of indoleamine. In the presence of 5-HTT inhibitors, the growth stimulatory effects of serum and serotonin were markedly reduced and the difference between growth of PA-SMCs from patients and controls was no longer observed. As compared with controls, the expression of 5-HTT was increased in cultured PA-SMCs as well as in platelets and lungs from patients with PPH where it predominated in the media of thickened pulmonary arteries and in onion-bulb lesions. The L-allelic variant of the 5HTT gene promoter, which is associated with 5-HTT overexpression and increased PA-SMC growth, was present in homozygous form in 65% of patients but in only 27% of controls. We conclude that 5-HTT activity plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PA-SMC proliferation in PPH and that a 5HTT polymorphism confers susceptibility to PPH.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in the acute phase of experimental and clinical lung injury. Eur Respir J 2001; 18:100-6. [PMID: 11510779 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.01.00074701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic and endothelial survival factor, which is abundantly expressed in the normal lung. Conceivably, VEGF may be released by numerous cell types found around the airspaces, including alveolar type 2 cells, alveolar macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Using a bacteria-induced lung injury model in rats, VEGF expression in lung was investigated. Both VEGF protein and VEGF messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), 4 and 24 h after bacterial challenge (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), were decreased compared with sham rats. VEGF protein was also investigated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from patients studied within 7 days of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) onset and in patients without ARDS. VEGF protein levels in BAL were decreased in patients with ARDS versus those without (14.3 +/- 11.1 pg x mL(-1) versus 76.8 +/- 51.1 pg x mL(-1), p = 0.03). In aggregate, these findings show that the initial phase of acute lung injury is associated with a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor in the lung. This downregulation may represent a protective mechanism aimed at limiting endothelial permeability, and may participate in the decrease in capillary number that is observed during early acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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