A family of solution-processable macrocyclic and open-chain oligothiophenes with atropoisomeric scaffolds: structural and electronic features for potential energy applications

Cyclic and linear inherently chiral oligothiophenes have been employed as donors in bulk heterojunction solar cells with fullerenes as acceptors.

Endogenous serotonin facilitates in vivo acetylcholine release in rat frontal cortex through 5-HT 1B receptors

We characterized the role of endogenous serotonin (5-HT) in regulating in vivo acetylcholine (ACh) output in frontal cortex of freely moving rats using the microdialysis technique. Systemic (0.63, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or local (20 and 40 microM, reverse dialysis) administration of the 5-HT releaser and uptake inhibitor, d-norfenfluramine, dose-dependently enhanced frontal cortex ACh output. The d-norfenfluramine-induced increase in cortical ACh release was tetrodotoxin sensitive and completely prevented by a 7-day chemical degeneration of the serotonergic afferents to the frontal cortex. Investigating the 5-HT receptors that might mediate the d-norfenfluramine cholinergic effect, we found that the 5-HT4 (GR 125487) and 5-HT2A/2C (ritanserin) receptor antagonists, at doses effective in other in vivo tests, did not prevent the increase in cortical ACh output induced by the maximal effective does of d-norfenfluramine. However, the 5-HT1A/1B receptor antagonists (-)-pindolol (8 mg/kg, s.c.) or (-)-propanolol (8.8 mg/kg, i.p.) antagonized the increasing effect of d-norfenfluramine although the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (1 and 2 mg/kg, s.c.) did not. In accordance with an involvement of the 5-HT1B receptor in the ACh facilitation induced by d-norfenfluramine is the finding that the selective 5-HT1B agonist, CP-93,129, given locally (2, 4 and 8 micrograms/side) does-dependently raised cortical ACh release. In conclusion, the overall regulatory control exerted by endogenous 5-HT in vivo is to facilitate frontal cortex ACh release through 5-HT1B receptors located in the frontal cortex. The 5-HT1B receptors may act indirectly to facilitate ACh release probably by inhibiting cortical inhibitory inputs onto the cholinergic neurons.

5-HT4 receptor stimulation facilitates acetylcholine release in rat frontal cortex

The effect of the serotonergic 5-HT4 receptor agonists BIMU 1 and BIMU 8 on in vivo acetylcholine (ACh) release in brain hemispheric regions of freely moving rats was investigated using the microdialysis technique. Both agonists, applied intracerebroventricularly, facilitated the release of ACh selectively in the frontal cortex and were ineffective in the striatum or dorsal hippocampus. The facilitatory effect of BIMU 1 in frontal cortex was prevented by the selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonists GR 125487 and GR 113808 which by themselves did not alter basal release. the results provide the first evidence that serotonin facilitates ACh release in frontal cortex through stimulation of 5-HT4 receptors which are not tonically activated. 5-HT4 receptor agonists might thus offer a novel means of boosting central cholinergic function to overcome the cholinergic deficit in memory disorders.