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Hooijer A, Vernimmen R, Mulyadi D, Triantomo V, Hamdani, Lampela M, Agusti R, Page SE, Doloksaribu J, Setiawan I, Suratmanto B, Swarup S. Benefits of tropical peatland rewetting for subsidence reduction and forest regrowth: results from a large-scale restoration trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10721. [PMID: 38729962 PMCID: PMC11087581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Drainage and deforestation of tropical peat swamp forests (PSF) in Southeast Asia cause carbon emissions and biodiversity loss of global concern. Restoration efforts to mitigate these impacts usually involve peatland rewetting by blocking canals. However, there have been no studies to date of the optimal rewetting approach that will reduce carbon emission whilst also promoting PSF regeneration. Here we present results of a large-scale restoration trial in Sumatra (Indonesia), monitored for 7.5 years. Water levels in a former plantation were raised over an area of 4800 ha by constructing 257 compacted peat dams in canals. We find peat surface subsidence rates in the rewetted restoration area and adjoining PSF to be halved where water tables were raised from ~ - 0.6 m to ~ - 0.3 m, demonstrating the success of rewetting in reducing carbon emission. A total of 57 native PSF tree species were found to spontaneously grow in the most rewetted conditions and in high densities, indicating that forest regrowth is underway. Based on our findings we propose that an effective PSF restoration strategy should follow stepwise rewetting to achieve substantial carbon emission reduction alongside unassisted regrowth of PSF, thereby enabling the peat, forest and canal vegetation to establish a new nature-based ecosystem balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hooijer
- Data for Sustainability, 4571 AK, Axel, The Netherlands.
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
| | - R Vernimmen
- Data for Sustainability, 4571 AK, Axel, The Netherlands
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - D Mulyadi
- PT Alas Rawa Khatulistiwa, Jl. M.H. Thamrin Kav. 28-30, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - V Triantomo
- PT Alas Rawa Khatulistiwa, Jl. M.H. Thamrin Kav. 28-30, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - Hamdani
- PT Alas Rawa Khatulistiwa, Jl. M.H. Thamrin Kav. 28-30, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - M Lampela
- Geological Survey of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, 02151, Espoo, Finland
| | - R Agusti
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- Tumbuhan Asli Nusantara, BTN Korpri Blok C1 No. 96, Kawatuna, Mantikulore, Palu, 94233, Indonesia
| | - S E Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - J Doloksaribu
- Asia Pulp and Paper Group, Sinar Mas Land Plaza, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - I Setiawan
- Asia Pulp and Paper Group, Sinar Mas Land Plaza, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - B Suratmanto
- Asia Pulp and Paper Group, Sinar Mas Land Plaza, Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
| | - S Swarup
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
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2
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Apers S, De Lannoy GJM, Baird AJ, Cobb AR, Dargie GC, del Aguila Pasquel J, Gruber A, Hastie A, Hidayat H, Hirano T, Hoyt AM, Jovani‐Sancho AJ, Katimon A, Kurnain A, Koster RD, Lampela M, Mahanama SPP, Melling L, Page SE, Reichle RH, Taufik M, Vanderborght J, Bechtold M. Tropical Peatland Hydrology Simulated With a Global Land Surface Model. J Adv Model Earth Syst 2022; 14:e2021MS002784. [PMID: 35860446 PMCID: PMC9285420 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are among the most carbon-dense ecosystems on Earth, and their water storage dynamics strongly control these carbon stocks. The hydrological functioning of tropical peatlands differs from that of northern peatlands, which has not yet been accounted for in global land surface models (LSMs). Here, we integrated tropical peat-specific hydrology modules into a global LSM for the first time, by utilizing the peatland-specific model structure adaptation (PEATCLSM) of the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM). We developed literature-based parameter sets for natural (PEATCLSMTrop,Nat) and drained (PEATCLSMTrop,Drain) tropical peatlands. Simulations with PEATCLSMTrop,Nat were compared against those with the default CLSM version and the northern version of PEATCLSM (PEATCLSMNorth,Nat) with tropical vegetation input. All simulations were forced with global meteorological reanalysis input data for the major tropical peatland regions in Central and South America, the Congo Basin, and Southeast Asia. The evaluation against a unique and extensive data set of in situ water level and eddy covariance-derived evapotranspiration showed an overall improvement in bias and correlation compared to the default CLSM version. Over Southeast Asia, an additional simulation with PEATCLSMTrop,Drain was run to address the large fraction of drained tropical peatlands in this region. PEATCLSMTrop,Drain outperformed CLSM, PEATCLSMNorth,Nat, and PEATCLSMTrop,Nat over drained sites. Despite the overall improvements of PEATCLSMTrop,Nat over CLSM, there are strong differences in performance between the three study regions. We attribute these performance differences to regional differences in accuracy of meteorological forcing data, and differences in peatland hydrologic response that are not yet captured by our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Apers
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | | | - A. J. Baird
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - A. R. Cobb
- Center for Environmental Sensing and ModelingSingapore‐MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologySingaporeSingapore
| | | | - J. del Aguila Pasquel
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP)IquitosPeru
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP)IquitosPeru
| | - A. Gruber
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | - A. Hastie
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - H. Hidayat
- Research Center for LimnologyNational Research and Innovation AgencyCibinongIndonesia
| | - T. Hirano
- Research Faculty of AgricultureHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - A. M. Hoyt
- Department of Earth System ScienceStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - A. J. Jovani‐Sancho
- UK Centre for Ecology and HydrologyBangorUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - A. Katimon
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering TechnologyUniversiti Malaysia PerlisKangarMalaysia
| | - A. Kurnain
- Department of Soil ScienceLambung Mangkurat UniversityBanjarmasinIndonesia
| | - R. D. Koster
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - M. Lampela
- Department of Forest SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - S. P. P. Mahanama
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - L. Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research InstituteKuchingMalaysia
| | - S. E. Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - R. H. Reichle
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - M. Taufik
- Department of Geophysics and MeteorologyIPB UniversityBogorIndonesia
| | - J. Vanderborght
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
- Agrosphere InstituteIBG‐3Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - M. Bechtold
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
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3
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Evans CD, Peacock M, Baird AJ, Artz RRE, Burden A, Callaghan N, Chapman PJ, Cooper HM, Coyle M, Craig E, Cumming A, Dixon S, Gauci V, Grayson RP, Helfter C, Heppell CM, Holden J, Jones DL, Kaduk J, Levy P, Matthews R, McNamara NP, Misselbrook T, Oakley S, Page SE, Rayment M, Ridley LM, Stanley KM, Williamson JL, Worrall F, Morrison R. Overriding water table control on managed peatland greenhouse gas emissions. Nature 2021; 593:548-552. [PMID: 33882562 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Global peatlands store more carbon than is naturally present in the atmosphere1,2. However, many peatlands are under pressure from drainage-based agriculture, plantation development and fire, with the equivalent of around 3 per cent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases emitted from drained peatland3-5. Efforts to curb such emissions are intensifying through the conservation of undrained peatlands and re-wetting of drained systems6. Here we report eddy covariance data for carbon dioxide from 16 locations and static chamber measurements for methane from 41 locations in the UK and Ireland. We combine these with published data from sites across all major peatland biomes. We find that the mean annual effective water table depth (WTDe; that is, the average depth of the aerated peat layer) overrides all other ecosystem- and management-related controls on greenhouse gas fluxes. We estimate that every 10 centimetres of reduction in WTDe could reduce the net warming impact of CO2 and CH4 emissions (100-year global warming potentials) by the equivalent of at least 3 tonnes of CO2 per hectare per year, until WTDe is less than 30 centimetres. Raising water levels further would continue to have a net cooling effect until WTDe is within 10 centimetres of the surface. Our results suggest that greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands drained for agriculture could be greatly reduced without necessarily halting their productive use. Halving WTDe in all drained agricultural peatlands, for example, could reduce emissions by the equivalent of over 1 per cent of global anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Evans
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK. .,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - M Peacock
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A J Baird
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R R E Artz
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - A Burden
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK
| | - N Callaghan
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK
| | - P J Chapman
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - H M Cooper
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - M Coyle
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK.,UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - E Craig
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK.,School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - A Cumming
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - S Dixon
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - V Gauci
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - R P Grayson
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C Helfter
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - C M Heppell
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - J Holden
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Kaduk
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - P Levy
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - R Matthews
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, UK
| | - N P McNamara
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - S Oakley
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, UK
| | - S E Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - M Rayment
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - L M Ridley
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - K M Stanley
- Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - F Worrall
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - R Morrison
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
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4
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Abstract
Peatlands are a significant component of the global carbon (C) cycle, yet despite their role as a long-term C sink throughout the Holocene, they are increasingly vulnerable to destabilization. Nowhere is this shift from sink to source happening more rapidly than in Southeast Asia, and nowhere else are the combined pressures of land-use change and fire on peatland ecosystem C dynamics more evident nor the consequences more apparent. This review focuses on the peatlands of this region, tracing the link between deforestation and drainage and accelerating C emissions arising from peat mineralization and fire. It focuses on the implications of the recent increase in fire occurrence for air quality, human health, ecosystem resilience and the global C cycle. The scale and controls on peat-driven C emissions are addressed, noting that although fires cause large, temporary peaks in C flux to the atmosphere, year-round emissions from peat mineralization are of a similar magnitude. The review concludes by advocating land management options to reduce future fire risk as part of wider peatland management strategies, while also proposing that this region's peat fire dynamic could become increasingly relevant to northern peatlands in a warming world.This article is part of the themed issue 'The interaction of fire and mankind'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Page
- Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - A Hooijer
- Stichting Deltares, Rotterdamseweg 185, 2629 HD Delft, The Netherlands
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5
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Musarika S, Atherton CE, Gomersall T, Wells MJ, Kaduk J, Cumming AMJ, Page SE, Oechel WC, Zona D. Effect of water table management and elevated CO 2 on radish productivity and on CH 4 and CO 2 fluxes from peatlands converted to agriculture. Sci Total Environ 2017; 584-585:665-672. [PMID: 28153403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activity is affecting the global climate through the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) e.g. CO2 and CH4. About a third of anthropogenic GHGs are produced from agriculture, including livestock farming and horticulture. A large proportion of the UK's horticultural farming takes place on drained lowland peatlands, which are a source of significant amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. This study set out to establish whether raising the water table from the currently used -50cm to -30cm could reduce GHGs emissions from agricultural peatlands, while simultaneously maintaining the current levels of horticultural productivity. A factorial design experiment used agricultural peat soil collected from the Norfolk Fens (among the largest of the UK's lowland peatlands under intensive cultivation) to assess the effects of water table levels, elevated CO2, and agricultural production on GHG fluxes and crop productivity of radish, one of the most economically important fenland crops. The results of this study show that a water table of -30cm can increase the productivity of the radish crop while also reducing soil CO2 emissions but without a resultant loss of CH4 to the atmosphere, under both ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. Elevated CO2 increased dry shoot biomass, but not bulb biomass nor root biomass, suggesting no immediate advantage of future CO2 levels to horticultural farming on peat soils. Overall, increasing the water table could make an important contribution to global warming mitigation while not having a detrimental impact on crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Musarika
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - C E Atherton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - T Gomersall
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - M J Wells
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - J Kaduk
- Centre for Landscape & Climate Research, Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | - A M J Cumming
- Centre for Landscape & Climate Research, Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | - S E Page
- Centre for Landscape & Climate Research, Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | - W C Oechel
- College of Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter, EX4 4RU, United Kingdom; Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - D Zona
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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Tansey K, Beston J, Hoscilo A, Page SE, Paredes Hernández CU. Relationship between MODIS fire hot spot count and burned area in a degraded tropical peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The visual uniformity of tropical peat swamp forest masks the considerable variation in forest structure that has evolved in response to differences and changes in peat characteristics over many millennia. Details are presented of forest structure and tree composition of the principal peat swamp forest types in the upper catchment of Sungai Sebangau, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, in relation to thickness and hydrology of the peat. Consideration is given to data on peat geochemistry and age of peat that provide evidence of the ombrotrophic nature of this vast peatland and its mode of formation. The future sustainability of this ecosystem is predicted from information available on climate change and human impact in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Page
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, UK.
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Newman FL, Griffin BP, Black RW, Page SE. Linking level of care to level of need: Assessing the need for mental health care for nursing home residents. American Psychologist 1989; 44:1315-24. [PMID: 2679257 DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.44.10.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
What are the mental health status and active treatment needs of nursing home residents? A stratified random sample of 828 residents in 25 facilities serving Medicaid recipients was assessed for levels of physical and psychosocial functioning. Although 91.2% had sufficiently high levels of medical and physical care needs to justify nursing home placement, 79.6% also had moderate to intense needs for mental health care. Older residents, relative to their younger counterparts, had more intense medical and mental health care needs. It was also found that psychiatric diagnosis was a poor indicator of mental health service needs, particularly among elderly individuals.
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