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Koutlas NT, Eluri S, Rusin S, Perjar I, Hollyfield J, Woosley JT, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES. Impact of smoking, alcohol consumption, and NSAID use on risk for and phenotypes of eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus 2017; 31:1-7. [PMID: 29025076 PMCID: PMC6036648 DOI: 10.1093/dote/dox111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are few data exploring modifiable risk factors for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). We aimed to determine if smoking, alcohol consumption, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use were risk factors for EoE, and to assess their impact on EoE phenotypes and treatment outcomes. We performed a case-control study analyzing data collected from a prospective cohort of adults undergoing upper endoscopy for symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. Incident EoE cases were diagnosed via consensus guidelines. Exposure data were collected via standardized patient questionnaire. Follow-up assessments for cases were made after treatment, with histologic response defined as <15 eosinophils per high-power field (eos/hpf). Exposures were compared between EoE cases and controls, among EoE cases with and without fibrostenosis, and among EoE responders and nonresponders. A total of 115 cases and 225 controls were analyzed. Cases were less likely to have ever smoked cigarettes (23% vs. 47%, P < 0.001) or currently use NSAIDs (17% vs. 40%, P < 0.001) compared to controls. These relations persisted after multivariate analysis. Although alcohol use was more common among cases (75% vs. 51%, P < 0.001), the effect was abrogated after multivariate analysis. Smoking, alcohol, and NSAID use were not associated with the fibrostenotic phenotype. There was a trend toward improved histologic response among EoE patients concomitantly using NSAIDs (87% vs. 63%, P = 0.08; aOR 6.97 (95% CI: 0.81-60.3). In conclusion, NSAID and smoking were inversely associated with EoE compared to endoscopy-based controls. Alcohol use was more prevalent in the EoE cases, although not an independent risk factor. Concomitant NSAID use may improve treatment response and is worthy of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Koutlas
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Eluri
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Rusin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - I Perjar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Hollyfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J T Woosley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - N J Shaheen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - E S Dellon
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Address correspondence to: Dr. Evan S. Dellon MD, MPH, CB#7080, Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Rd. UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA.
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