1
|
van den Berg H, Bashar K, Chowdhury R, Bhatt RM, Gupta HP, Kumar A, Sabesan S, Shriram AN, Konuganti HKR, Sinha ATS, Sedaghat MM, Enayati A, Hassan HM, Najmee AS, Saleem S, Uranw S, Kusumawathie PHD, Perera D, Esmail MA, Carrington LB, Al-Eryani SM, Kumari R, Nagpal BN, Sultana S, Velayudhan R, Yadav RS. Perceived needs of disease vector control programs: A review and synthesis of (sub)national assessments from South Asia and the Middle East. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011451. [PMID: 38630832 PMCID: PMC11075900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Systems for disease vector control should be effective, efficient, and flexible to be able to tackle contemporary challenges and threats in the control and elimination of vector-borne diseases. As a priority activity towards the strengthening of vector control systems, it has been advocated that countries conduct a vector-control needs assessment. A review was carried out of the perceived needs for disease vector control programs among eleven countries and subnational states in South Asia and the Middle East. In each country or state, independent teams conducted vector control needs assessment with engagement of stakeholders. Important weaknesses were described for malaria, dengue and leishmaniases regarding vector surveillance, insecticide susceptibility testing, monitoring and evaluation of operations, entomological capacity and laboratory infrastructure. In addition, community mobilization and intersectoral collaboration showed important gaps. Countries and states expressed concern about insecticide resistance that could reduce the continued effectiveness of interventions, which demands improved monitoring. Moreover, attainment of disease elimination necessitates enhanced vector surveillance. Vector control needs assessment provided a useful planning tool for systematic strengthening of vector control systems. A limitation in conducting the vector control needs assessment was that it is time- and resource-intensive. To increase the feasibility and utility of national assessments, an abridged version of the guidance should focus on operationally relevant topics of the assessment. Similar reviews are needed in other regions with different contextual conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henk van den Berg
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kabirul Bashar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Chowdhury
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, and Department of Public Health, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- World Health Organization Country Office for Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
- Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ahmadali Enayati
- School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Surendra Uranw
- B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - Devika Perera
- Retired Regional Malaria Officer, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Mohammed A. Esmail
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Public Health & Population, Sana’a, Yemen
| | | | - Samira M. Al-Eryani
- Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roop Kumari
- World Health Organization Country Office for India, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhupender N. Nagpal
- Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Sabera Sultana
- World Health Organization Country Office for Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raman Velayudhan
- Veterinary Public Health, Vector Control and Environment Unit, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rajpal S. Yadav
- Veterinary Public Health, Vector Control and Environment Unit, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Academy of Public Health Entomology, Udaipur, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Eryani SM, Irish SR, Carter TE, Lenhart A, Aljasari A, Montoya LF, Awash AA, Mohammed E, Ali S, Esmail MA, Hussain A, Amran JG, Kayad S, Nouredayem M, Adam MA, Azkoul L, Assada M, Baheshm YA, Eltahir W, Hutin YJ. Public health impact of the spread of Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region countries in Horn of Africa and Yemen: need for integrated vector surveillance and control. Malar J 2023; 22:187. [PMID: 37337209 PMCID: PMC10278259 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi is an efficient vector of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in South Asia and the Middle East. The spread of An. stephensi to countries within the Horn of Africa threatens progress in malaria control in this region as well as the rest of sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS The available malaria data and the timeline for the detection of An. stephensi was reviewed to analyse the role of An. stephensi in malaria transmission in Horn of Africa of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) in Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen. RESULTS Malaria incidence in Horn of Africa of EMR and Yemen, increased from 41.6 in 2015 to 61.5 cases per 1000 in 2020. The four countries from this region, Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen had reported the detection of An. stephensi as of 2021. In Djibouti City, following its detection in 2012, the estimated incidence increased from 2.5 cases per 1000 in 2013 to 97.6 cases per 1000 in 2020. However, its contribution to malaria transmission in other major cities and in other countries, is unclear because of other factors, quality of the urban malaria data, human mobility, uncertainty about the actual arrival time of An. stephensi and poor entomological surveillance. CONCLUSIONS While An. stephensi may explain a resurgence of malaria in Djibouti, further investigations are needed to understand its interpretation trends in urban malaria across the greater region. More investment for multisectoral approach and integrated surveillance and control should target all vectors particularly malaria and dengue vectors to guide interventions in urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira M Al-Eryani
- Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Seth R Irish
- World Health Organization, Headquarters, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adel Aljasari
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | - Abdullah A Awash
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Sub-Office, Aden, Yemen
| | | | - Said Ali
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health Development, Hargeisa, Somaliland
| | - Mohammed A Esmail
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health & Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | - Jamal G Amran
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Samatar Kayad
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Djibouti, Djibouti
| | | | - Mariam A Adam
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Lina Azkoul
- Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Methaq Assada
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health & Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Yasser A Baheshm
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health & Population, Aden, Yemen
| | - Walid Eltahir
- Directorate of the Integrated Vector Management (IVM), Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yvan J Hutin
- Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Mekhlafi AM, Abdul-Ghani R, Al-Eryani SM, Saif-Ali R, Mahdy MA. School-based prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors in rural communities of Sana'a, Yemen. Acta Trop 2016; 163:135-41. [PMID: 27515811 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Yemen is a developing country overwhelmed with a triad of poverty, diseases and social conflicts. Moreover, the majority of its population live in rural communities and suffer from intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs). Therefore, the present school-based, cross-sectional survey aimed to detect the prevalence of such infections and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in the rural communities of Bani Alharith, Hamdan and Bani Hushaysh districts of Sana'a, north of Yemen. Socio-demographic data and certain behavioral risk factors as well as stool samples were collected from 1218 schoolchildren from ten randomly schools in the study area. Fresh stool samples were examined for parasites by direct saline and iodine preparations and after concentration with formol-ether technique. The overall prevalence of IPIs was 54.8%, with a higher frequency of protozoal than helminthic infections (37.6 vs. 17.2%, respectively). Parasite species recovered were Entameba histolytica (21.5%), Giardia lamblia (16.1%), Ascaris lumbricoides (8.3%), Hymenolepis nana (5.3%), Schistosoma mansoni (2.6%), Trichuris trichiura (0.5%) and Enterobius vermicularis (0.4%). Univariate analysis showed that the male gender and illiteracy of fathers and/or mothers were the socio-demographic factors significantly associated with higher infection rates. The illiteracy of mothers was also confirmed as an independent risk factor by multivariable analysis. On the other hand, not washing hands before eating, not washing fruits and vegetables before consumption, eating uncovered food and not clipping fingernails were the risk behaviors significantly associated with higher infection rates, with the last three ones being confirmed as independent risk factors. Therefore, control measures should include regular treatment of protozoal infections and deworming of schoolchildren, promotion of hygiene in rural schools through health education programs, regular inspection of schoolchildren for personal hygiene practices and the provision of a healthy school infrastructure.
Collapse
|
4
|
Al-Eryani SM, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Al-Shibani LA, Mahdy MMK, Azazy AA. Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Yemen: Factors associated with high seroprevalence. J Infect Dev Ctries 2016; 10:667-72. [DOI: 10.3855/jidc.6638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although toxoplasmosis is an important public health problem, there is scarcity of data on the disease available from Yemen. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in health facilities to determine seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Sana’a, the capital city of Yemen. Methodology: A total of 593 pregnant women were included and examined for anti-T. gondii antibodies (Ab) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bio and socio-demographic data were collected by pre-tested structured questionnaires through face-to-face interviews. Results: The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 45.4% (95% confidence interval: 41%–49%). The prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM was 43.7 (95% CI: 40–%48%) and 9.1% (95% CI: 7%–12%), respectively. About 7.4 (95% CI: 6%–10%) of pregnant women were seropositive for both IgG and IgM Abs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following risk factors for toxplasmosis (IgG and/or IgM): age ≥ 25 years (adjusted OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.44–2.84, p < 0.001), rearing cats in the house (OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.20–2.55, p = 0.004), and contact with soil (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.32–2.75, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The study reported high seroprevalence among pregnant women in Sana’a, Yemen, with a high proportion of pregnant women having a possibility of acute toxoplasmosis. This highlights the need for including routine screening for T. gondii in pregnant women in the country’s antenatal clinics. In addition, health education on the mode of transmission of toxoplasmosis should be provided for pregnant women in Yemen.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdul-Ghani R, Mahdy MAK, Saif-Ali R, Alkubati SA, Alqubaty AR, Al-Mikhlafy AA, Al-Eryani SM, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Alhaj A. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among Yemeni children residing in malaria-endemic areas of Hodeidah governorate and evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for its detection. Malar J 2016; 15:327. [PMID: 27329471 PMCID: PMC4915072 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, the most common genetic enzymopathy worldwide, is associated with an acute haemolytic anaemia in individuals exposed to primaquine. The present study aimed to determine G6PD deficiency among Yemeni children in malaria-endemic areas as well as to assess the performance of the CareStart™ G6PD rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for its detection. METHODS A cross-sectional study recruiting 400 children from two rural districts in Hodeidah governorate was conducted. Socio-demographic data and blood samples were collected and G6PD deficiency was qualitatively detected in fresh blood in the field using the CareStart™ G6PD RDT, while the enzymatic assay was used to quantitatively measure enzyme activity. Performance of the CareStart™ G6PD RDT was assessed by calculating its sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV) against the reference enzymatic assay. RESULTS The ranges of enzyme activity were 0.14-18.45 and 0.21-15.94 units/g haemoglobin (U/gHb) for males and females, respectively. However, adjusted male median G6PD activity was 5.0 U/gHb. Considering the adjusted male median as representing 100 % normal enzyme activity, the prevalence rates of G6PD deficiency were 12.0 and 2.3 % at the cut-off activities of ≤60 and ≤10 %, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that gender, district of residence and consanguinity between parents were independent risk factors for G6PD deficiency at the cut-off activity of ≤30 % of normal. The CareStart™ G6PD RDT showed 100 % sensitivity and NPV for detecting G6PD deficiency at the cut-off activities of ≤10 and ≤20 % of normal activity compared to the reference enzymatic method. However, it showed specificity levels of 90.0 and 95.4 % as well as positive/deficient predictive values (PPVs) of 18.0 and 66.0 % at the cut-off activities of ≤10 and ≤20 %, respectively, compared to the reference method. CONCLUSIONS G6PD deficiency with enzyme activity of ≤60 % of normal is prevalent among 12.0 % of children residing in malaria-endemic areas of Hodeidah governorate, with 2.3 % having severe G6PD deficiency. Gender, district of residence and consanguinity between parents are significant independent predictors of G6PD deficiency at the cut-off activity of ≤30 % of normal among children in malaria-endemic areas of Hodeidah. The CareStart™ G6PD RDT proved reliable as a point-of-care test to screen for severely G6PD-deficient patients, with 100 % sensitivity and NPV, and it can be used for making clinical decisions prior to the administration of primaquine in malaria elimination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Abdul-Ghani
- />Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Mohammed A. K. Mahdy
- />Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Reyadh Saif-Ali
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Sameer A. Alkubati
- />Department of Critical Care Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
| | - Abdulhabib R. Alqubaty
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Abdullah A. Al-Mikhlafy
- />Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Samira M. Al-Eryani
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Abdusalam M. Al-Mekhlafi
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Ali Alhaj
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mahdy MAK, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Abdul-Ghani R, Saif-Ali R, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Al-Eryani SM, Lim YAL, Mahmud R. First Molecular Characterization of Leishmania Species Causing Visceral Leishmaniasis among Children in Yemen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151265. [PMID: 26966902 PMCID: PMC4788415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a debilitating, often fatal disease caused by Leishmania donovani complex; however, it is a neglected tropical disease. L. donovani complex comprises two closely related species, L. donovani that is mostly anthroponotic and L. infantum that is zoonotic. Differentiation between these two species is critical due to the differences in their epidemiology and pathology. However, they cannot be differentiated morphologically, and their speciation using isoenzyme-based methods poses a difficult task and may be unreliable. Molecular characterization is now the most reliable method to differentiate between them and to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The present study aims to characterize Leishmania species isolated from bone marrows of Yemeni pediatric patients using sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) gene. Out of 41 isolates from Giemsa-stained bone marrow smears, 25 isolates were successfully amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction and sequenced in both directions. Phylogenetic analysis using neighbor joining method placed all study isolates in one cluster with L. donovani complex (99% bootstrap). The analysis of ITS1 for microsatellite repeat numbers identified L. infantum in 11 isolates and L. donovani in 14 isolates. These data suggest the possibility of both anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission of VL-causing Leishmania species in Yemen. Exploring the possible animal reservoir hosts is therefore needed for effective control to be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. K. Mahdy
- Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
- * E-mail:
| | - Abdulsalam M. Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Rashad Abdul-Ghani
- Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Reyadh Saif-Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samira M. Al-Eryani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|