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Kamal N, Nizam S, Abdul Aziz A. The effects of nuclear level density model and alpha optical model potential to the excitation functions of novel therapeutic radionuclides. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 203:111085. [PMID: 37924626 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the theoretical cross sections of 209Bi(α,2n)211At, 65Cu(α,n)68Ga, 100Ru(α,n)103Pd, and 121Sb(α,n)124I are calculated using TALYS 1.96, incorporating the effects of the alpha optical model potential and nuclear level density models. The validation process involves comparing the calculated cross sections with experimental data and utilizing statistical deviation factors. This comparison allows us to determine the optimal combination of nuclear model parameters for each reaction. The result shows that theoretical calculations which utilized semi microscopic level density models and alpha OMP managed to describe the excitation functions close to the experimental data. The comparison of nuclear model calculations with experimental data plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability of the data, making it an essential aspect of modern evaluation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kamal
- Department of Physics, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - S Nizam
- Department of Physics, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - A Abdul Aziz
- Department of Physics, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Pahang, Malaysia.
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Sen IS, Nizam S, Ansari A, Bowes M, Choudhary B, Glendell M, Ray S, Scott M, Miller C, Wilkie C, Sinha R. Geochemical evolution of dissolved trace elements in space and time in the Ramganga River, India. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1150. [PMID: 37668950 PMCID: PMC10480240 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of river water chemistry from its source to sinks is critical for constraining the origin, transformation, and "hotspots" of contaminants in a river basin. To provide new spatiotemporal constraints on river chemistry, dissolved trace element concentrations were measured at 17 targeted locations across the Ramganga River catchment. River water samples were collected across three seasons: pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon between 2019 and 2021. To remove the dependency of trace element concentrations on discharge, we used molar ratios, as discharge data on Indian transboundary rivers are not publicly available. The dataset reveals significant spatiotemporal variability in dissolved trace element concentrations of the Ramganga River. Samples collected upstream of Moradabad, a major industrial city in western Uttar Pradesh, are characterized by ~ 1.2-2.5 times higher average concentrations of most of the trace elements except Sc, V, Cr, Rb, and Pb, likely due to intense water-rock interactions in the headwaters. Such kind of enrichment in trace metal concentrations was also observed at sites downstream of large cities and industrial centers. However, such enrichment was not enough to bring a major change in the River Ganga chemistry, as the signals got diluted downstream of the Ramganga-Ganga confluence. The average river water composition of the Ramganga River was comparable to worldwide river water composition, albeit a few sites were characterized by very high concentrations of dissolved trace elements. Finally, we provide an outlook that calls for an assessment of stable non-traditional isotopes that are ideally suited to track the origin and transformation of elements such as Li, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Pt, and Hg in Indian rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Sekhar Sen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Sarwar Nizam
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
- Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Aqib Ansari
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Michael Bowes
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, OX10 8BB, Wallingford, UK
| | - Bharat Choudhary
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | | | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ, UK.
| | - Marian Scott
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ, UK
| | - Claire Miller
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ, UK
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ, UK
| | - Rajiv Sinha
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
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Nizam S, Acharya T, Dutta S, Sen IS. Occurrence, sources, and spatial distribution of fluoride in the Ganga alluvial aquifer, India. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:1975-1989. [PMID: 35753004 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination throughout India is a global concern as it feeds more than a billion people. Of all the contaminants, fluoride (F) is one of the most widespread and well documented since its toxic nature pose serious threats to human health. In India, groundwater F concentrations have been extensively studied over the past decades. These studies have generally concluded that the groundwater F concentrations are typically higher than the drinking water standard for human health. Here, we present the occurrence, distribution, and sources of groundwater F in the Kanpur Nagar and Kanpur Dehat districts covering ~ 6000 km2 of the area in the central part of the Ganga Basin. The result revealed significant spatial variability in dissolved F concentration ranging between 0.2 and 5.2 mg/L (average 0.9 ± 0.7 mg/L, n = 172, 1 SD), which is beyond the drinking water guideline (0.5-1.5 mg/L) of the Indian Standards. We find that 31% of groundwater sampled have F content below the optimal requirement of 0.5-1.0 mg/L causing dental caries problems. The F levels only exceeded the safe drinking water limit of 1.5 mg/L in 8% of the groundwater sampled mostly in the urban regions. Fluoride distribution shows a closer resemblance with the spatial distribution pattern of electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids demonstrate that F in the shallow alluvial aquifers is largely derived from geogenic sources. This is further confirmed by a strong positive correlation (r = 0.91, p < 0.05) observed between chloride-normalized concentration of F and the sum of geogenic elements (∑Li, Rb, Sr, Ba). We additionally performed health risk assessments, which revealed that children are most vulnerable to dental caries (commonly known as tooth decay) and dental fluorosis problems. As F concentrations show large spatial variability in the studied aquifer, we suggest that uniform application of a single de-fluoridation and fluoridation technology on an aquifer or sub-aquifer scale without a detailed well-designed groundwater F survey will have an adverse health impact on local residents as optimal level of F in drinking water may not be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Nizam
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.
| | - Tirthabasa Acharya
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Subham Dutta
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Indra Sekhar Sen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
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Mitra A, Sen IS, Pandey SK, Velu V, Reisberg L, Bizimis M, Cloquet C, Nizam S. Lead Isotope Evidence for Enhanced Anthropogenic Particle Transport to the Himalayas during Summer Months. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:13697-13708. [PMID: 34583513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is one of the most highly polluted regions of the world, yet the temporal pattern of transport of anthropogenic aerosols from this region to the Himalayas is poorly constrained. On the basis of the seasonal variation of planetary boundary layer heights, air mass back trajectory analysis, and year-long time-series data for 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/204Pb, and 143Nd/144Nd from aerosols collected over a high-altitude station, we demonstrate that anthropogenic Pb transport to the glacierized catchment has a seasonal pattern. The Pb isotope data reveal that during winter, the thinned boundary layer traps up to 10 ± 7% more coal-derived Pb in the IGP. In contrast, in nonwinter months, a thicker boundary layer and enhanced subtropical westerly winds result in efficient Pb transport to the Himalayas. As Pb isotope ratios are robust conservative chemical tracers and Pb is predominantly derived from anthropogenic sources, these observations suggest that enhanced transport of anthropogenic aerosols to the glacierized catchment of the Himalayas coincides with higher near-surface temperatures in the summer, creating positive feedback that enhances melting. Our results further suggest that >50% of Pb in the Himalayan aerosols originates from the resuspension of historic Pb derived from phased out leaded gasoline, highlighting the importance of legacy Pb stored in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijeet Mitra
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Indra S Sen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Satyendra K Pandey
- School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Vinoj Velu
- School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Laurie Reisberg
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), UMR 7358 Université de Lorraine - CNRS, 15 Rue Notre-Dame des Pauvres, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54501 Cedex, France
| | - Michael Bizimis
- School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Christophe Cloquet
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), UMR 7358 Université de Lorraine - CNRS, 15 Rue Notre-Dame des Pauvres, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54501 Cedex, France
| | - Sarwar Nizam
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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Nizam S, Sen IS, Vinoj V, Galy V, Selby D, Azam MF, Pandey SK, Creaser RA, Agarwal AK, Singh AP, Bizimis M. Biomass-Derived Provenance Dominates Glacial Surface Organic Carbon in the Western Himalaya. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:8612-8621. [PMID: 32584029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The origin, transport pathway, and spatial variability of total organic carbon (OC) in the western Himalayan glaciers are poorly understood compared to those of black carbon (BC) and dust, but it is critically important to evaluate the climatic role of OC in the region. By applying the distribution of OC activation energy; 14C activity; and radiogenic isotopes of 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 206Pb/204Pb in glacial debris and atmospheric particulate matter (PM10 size fraction), we demonstrate that 98.3 ± 1.6 and 1.7 ± 1.6% of OC in western Himalayan glaciers are derived from biomass and petrogenic sources, respectively. The δ13C and N/C composition indicates that the biomass is a complex mixture of C3 vegetation and autochthonous photoautotrophic input modified by heterotrophic microbial activity. The data set reveals that the studied western Himalayan glacier has negligible contributions from fossil-fuel-derived particles, which contrasts to the central and eastern Himalayan glaciers that have significant contributions from fossil fuel sources. We show that this spatial variability of OC sources relates to regional differences in air mass transport pathways and precipitation regimes over the Himalaya. Moreover, our observation suggests that biomass-derived carbon could be the only primary driver of carbon-induced glacier melting in the western Himalaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Nizam
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Indra S Sen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Velu Vinoj
- School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Valier Galy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - David Selby
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mohammad F Azam
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - Satyendra K Pandey
- School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Robert A Creaser
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta, 126 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G2R3
| | - Avinash K Agarwal
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Akhilendra P Singh
- Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Michael Bizimis
- School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Harrison S, Nizam S, McDermot M, McGonagle D, Savic S. Anakinra as a diagnostic challenge and treatment option for systemic autoinflammatory disorders of undefined genetic cause. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015. [PMCID: PMC4599821 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-13-s1-p189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Castillo-Gallego C, Green M, Aydin S, Nizam S, Emery P, Marzo-Ortega H. FRI0275 Long term follow up of an early oligoarthritis cohort shows that early aggressive intervention leads to drug free remission after 10 years: Results from the loto study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Saleem B, Brown AK, Keen H, Nizam S, Freeston J, Wakefield R, Karim Z, Quinn M, Hensor E, Conaghan PG, Emery P. Should imaging be a component of rheumatoid arthritis remission criteria? A comparison between traditional and modified composite remission scores and imaging assessments. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70:792-8. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.134445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Saleem B, Mackie S, Quinn M, Nizam S, Hensor E, Jarrett S, Conaghan PG, Emery P. Does the use of tumour necrosis factor antagonist therapy in poor prognosis, undifferentiated arthritis prevent progression to rheumatoid arthritis? Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:1178-80. [PMID: 18234715 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.084269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Saleem
- Academic Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Saleem B, Nizam S, Emery P. Can remission be maintained with or without further drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis? Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006; 24:S-33-6. [PMID: 17083760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Remission is now the accepted goal of management in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This article highlights the controversies surrounding the definition of remission and reviews the potential of current treatment options to achieve remission. Defining "true" remission can be difficult based on current criteria, which do not consider structural and physical function. Nonetheless, considerable advances in recent years have made the concept of remission a realistic goal. In early RA, substantial and largely irreversible radiographic damage is seen in 60% of patients within the first 2 years of diagnosis. Early therapeutic intervention would ideally lead to reduction in long-term disability in RA and likelihood of inducing and maintaining remission.Long-term maintenance therapy with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) has been shown to be effective in preventing flares of disease. Stopping therapy for short periods does not necessarily lead to flares, but the effect on long-term radiographic damage and potential to achieve similar levels of disease control following reinstatement of therapy is not established. Early use of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-antagonist therapy (e.g. infliximab) has been shown to lead to significant improvement in disease activity measures (clinical and radiologic outcomes) when compared to monotherapy or combination DMARD and corticosteroid therapies. Response was shown to be sustained in 70% of patients receiving TNF-blocking therapy 1 year after stopping treatment. This suggests the significant role of TNF-blocking therapy in enabling sustainable remission without need for long-term administrations, which has important implications for favourable health economics. At present, little published evidence exists on the effects of withdrawal of TNF-blocking therapy in patients with established RA in remission. In conclusion, evidence indicates that remission is a realistic goal, but more evidence is required to establish optimal treatment strategies and define criteria for remission that include imaging and immunological as well as clinical assessment of the disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Saleem
- Academic Unit Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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Nissapatorn V, Lim YAL, Jamaiah I, Agnes LSH, Amyliana K, Wen CC, Nurul H, Nizam S, Quake CT, Valartmathi C, Woei CY, Anuar AK. Parasitic infections in Malaysia: changing and challenges. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005; 36 Suppl 4:50-9. [PMID: 16438180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1,885 blood and stool samples of four main protozoan parasitic infections were retrospectively reviewed from January, 2000 to April, 2004. Eleven of the 1,350 stool samples were shown positive for Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections; one of the 5 cases was clinically diagnosed as gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis, while 6 cases were giardiasis. In patients with giardiasis, children were among the high-risk groups, making up 66.7% of these patients. The common presenting signs and symptoms were: diarrhea (83.3%), loss of appetite (83.3%), lethargy (83.3%), fever (66.7%), nausea/vomiting (50.0%), abdominal pain (16.7%), dehydration (16.7%) and rigor and chills (16.7%). Metronidazole was the drug of choice and was given to all symptomatic patients (83.3%). For the blood samples, 28 of the 92 peripheral smears for Plasmodium spp infection were diagnosed as malaria. The age range was from 4 to 57, with a median of 32.5 years. The sex ratio (M:F) was 3.6:1, while the age group of 30-44 years was the most commonly affected in both sexes. The majority of patients were foreigners (60.7%) and non-professional (39%). Plasmodium vivax (71%) infection was the most common pathogen found in these patients, along with a history of traveling to an endemic area of malaria (31%). The predominant presenting signs and symptoms were: fever (27%), rigor and chills (24%), nausea/vomiting (15%) and headache (8%). Chloroquine and primaquine was the most common anti-malarial regimen used (78.6%) in these patients. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in different groups was 258/443 (58%): seropositive for IgG 143 (32.3%); IgM 67 (15%); and IgG + IgM 48 (10.8%). The age range was from 1 to 85, with a mean of 34 (+/- SD 16.6) years. The predominant age group was 21 to 40 years (126; 28.4%). The sex ratio (M:F) was 1.2:1. Subjects were predominantly male (142; 32%) and the Malay (117; 26.4%). Of these, 32 cases were clinically diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis. The range of age was from 10 to 56 years with a mean of 30.5 (+/- SD 12.05) years. The sex ratio (M:F) was 1:1.7. The majority were in the age group of 21 to 40 years, female (20; 62.5%), and Malay (17; 53%). They were also single (16; 50%), unemployed (12; 37%), and resided outside Kuala Lumpur (21; 65.6%). The more common clinical presentations were blurring of vision (25; 78%), floaters (10; 31%) and pain in the eye (7; 22%). We found that funduscopic examination (100%) and seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies (93.7%) were the main reasons for investigation. Choroidoretinitis was the most common clinical diagnosis (69%), while clindamycin was the most frequently used antimicrobial in all cases. Among HIV-infected patients, 10 cases were diagnosed as AIDS-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) (9 were active and 1 had relapse TE). In addition, 1 case was confirmed as congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nissapatorn
- Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya Medical Center, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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