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Keogh SM, Pfeiffer JM, Simons AM, Edie SM. Riverine flow rate drives widespread convergence in the shell morphology of imperiled freshwater mussels. Evolution 2024; 78:39-52. [PMID: 37862600 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Frequent and strong morphological convergence suggests that determinism tends to supersede historical contingencies in evolutionary radiations. For many lineages living within the water column of rivers and streams, hydrodynamic forces drive widespread morphological convergence. Living below the sediment-water interface may release organisms from these hydrodynamic pressures, permitting a broad array of morphologies, and thus less convergence. However, we show here that the semi-infaunal freshwater mussels have environmentally determined convergence in shell morphology. Using 3D morphometric data from 715 individuals among 164 Nearctic species, we find that species occurring in rivers with high flow rates have evolved traits that resist dislodgement from their burrowed position in the streambed: thicker shells for their body size, with the thickest sector of the shell being the most deeply buried. Species occurring in low flow environments have evolved thinner and more uniformly thickened shells, corresponding to an alternative adaptation to dislodgement: increased burrowing efficiency. Within species, individuals also show increased shell thickness for their body size at higher flow rates, suggesting that ecophenotypy may, in part, be an important mechanism for establishing populations in new environments and thus evolutionary divergence in this highly imperiledinvertebrate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Keogh
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, United States
- Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
| | - John M Pfeiffer
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, United States
| | - Andrew M Simons
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Stewart M Edie
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, United States
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Hopper GW, Bucholz JR, DuBose TP, Fogelman KJ, Keogh SM, Kubala ME, Lodato MB, Nichols DH, Sánchez González I, Pfeiffer JM, Stoeckel JA, Lozier JD, Atkinson CL. A trait dataset for freshwater mussels of the United States of America. Sci Data 2023; 10:745. [PMID: 37891169 PMCID: PMC10611710 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States of America has a diverse collection of freshwater mussels comprising 301 species distributed among 59 genera and two families (Margaritiferidae and Unionidae), each having a unique suite of traits. Mussels are among the most imperilled animals and are critical components of their ecosystems, and successful management, conservation and research requires a cohesive and widely accessible data source. Although trait-based analysis for mussels has increased, only a small proportion of traits reflecting mussel diversity in this region has been collated. Decentralized and non-standardized trait information impedes large-scale analysis. Assembling trait data in a synthetic dataset enables comparison across species and lineages and identification of data gaps. We collated data from the primary literature, books, state and federal reports, theses and dissertations, and museum collections into a centralized dataset covering information on taxonomy, morphology, reproductive ecology and life history, fish hosts, habitats, thermal tolerance, geographic distribution, available genetic information, and conservation status. By collating these traits, we aid researchers in assessing variation in mussel traits and modelling ecosystem change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett W Hopper
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Jamie R Bucholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Traci P DuBose
- ORISE Postdoctoral Research Fellow, United States Forest Service, Frankfort, KY, 40601, USA
| | - Kaelyn J Fogelman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Troy University, Troy, AL, 36082, USA
| | - Sean M Keogh
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Megan E Kubala
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Matthew B Lodato
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - David H Nichols
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA
| | | | - John M Pfeiffer
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA
| | - James A Stoeckel
- College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Carla L Atkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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Keogh SM, Simons AM. Molecules and morphology reveal 'new' widespread North American freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 138:182-192. [PMID: 31129350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the Family Unionidae, the greatest radiation of freshwater mussels, malacologists have been misled by extreme intraspecific shell variation and conversely interspecific conchological stasis or convergence. We characterized the genetic and morphological diversity of two phenotypes of Lampsilis teres from specimens (n = 108) collected across its distribution using geometric and traditional morphometrics and multilocus molecular phylogenetics to test the hypothesis that phenotypes represent separate species. Results from our morphometric and molecular phylogenetic analyses unanimously indicate that L. teres sensu lato is made up of two divergent, widespread species with overlapping distributions. We describe a new species and provide a revised description of L. teres sensu stricto. We use morphometrics and machine-learning classification algorithms to test if shell morphology alone can be used to discriminate between these species. Classification percentages of 97.02% and 93.86% demonstrate that shell morphology is highly informative for species identification. This study highlights our lack of understanding of species diversity of freshwater mussels and the importance of multiple characters and quantitative approaches to species delimitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Keogh
- Conservation Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, 135B Skok Hall, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Andrew M Simons
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 135B Skok Hall, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Keogh SM, Cournane S, León Vintró L, McGee EJ, Mitchell PI. Modelling the biological half-life and seasonality of ¹⁴C in Fucus vesiculosus from the east coast of Ireland: implications for the estimation of future trends. Mar Pollut Bull 2011; 62:696-700. [PMID: 21371721 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Radiocarbon levels were recorded in Fucus vesiculosus samples collected on a monthly basis over a three-year period at a site on the east coast of Ireland. The resulting data was analysed using a numerical model which estimates the transit times from the Sellafield plant to the sampling location, and the mean availability time of ¹⁴C in seaweed. With the inclusion of a model parameter allowing for seasonal variability in uptake by the Fucus, good correlation was observed between the predicted and measured concentrations. Future temporal trends of ¹⁴C Fucus concentrations along the eastern Irish coastline were modelled with the application of three possible prospective discharge scenarios, predicting ¹⁴C Fucus concentrations to reduce to ambient background levels within 2.5-years of discharges being set to zero. Such projections may prove helpful in assessing the consequences of discharge management and policy making in the context of the OSPAR convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Keogh
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Keogh SM, Aldahan A, Possnert G, Finegan P, León Vintró L, Mitchell PI. Trends in the spatial and temporal distribution of 129I and 99Tc in coastal waters surrounding Ireland using Fucus vesiculosus as a bio-indicator. J Environ Radioact 2007; 95:23-38. [PMID: 17383058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal trends in (129)I and (99)Tc concentrations around the Irish coastline have been evaluated using Fucus vesiculosus as a bio-indicator. (129)I concentrations in a recent set of seawater samples have also been recorded and reveal an identical spatial pattern. Concentrations of (129)I in Fucus from the northeast coast of Ireland proved to be at least two orders of magnitude higher than concentrations in Fucus from the west coast. The (129)I content of Fucus increased significantly between 1985 and 2003, in line with increases in discharges of (129)I from the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant. Similar trends were observed in the case of (99)Tc. (129)I/(99)Tc ratios in Irish seawater were deduced from the Fucus data, and compared to ratios in discharges from Sellafield and from the French reprocessing plant at Cap de la Hague. Levels of (129)I and (99)Tc in Fucus from the west coast were found to be enhanced with respect to levels in seaweeds from other regions in the Northern Hemisphere unaffected by discharges from nuclear installations such as those referred to.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Keogh
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Keogh SM, Hedderman TG, Lynch P, Farrell GF, Byrne HJ. Bundling and Diameter Selectivity in HiPco SWNTs Poly(p-phenylene vinylene-co-2,5-dioctyloxy-m-phenylene vinylene) Composites. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:19369-74. [PMID: 17004793 DOI: 10.1021/jp056321k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-dependent (TD) Raman measurements at laser excitation 514.5 nm were performed at different concentrations. The spectral profile of the radial breathing modes were investigated up to a polymer concentration of 1 g/L and were found to be dominated by approximately 1.2-1.4 nm diameter tubes at room temperature. Upon heating above the glass transition of the polymer (60 degrees C) the smaller tubes around approximately 0.9 nm increased significantly in relative intensity. This suggests that below the glass transition of the polymer (60 degrees C) RBMs within the composite are damped and spectral changes cannot be interpreted as diameter selective solubilization. The observed RBM damping at room temperature only occurred up to a concentration of approximately 1.2 x 10(-4) g/L and below this no damping was observed. Photoluminescence intensity (PL) measurements were taken for a range of PmPV concentrations, in which HiPco single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) at 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0% mass fractions were added. Fitting of the concentration dependence to a dynamic absorption/desorption model indicates that the polymer interacts with nanotube bundles until a critical concentration of approximately 1.2 x 10(-4) g/L is reached, below which the nanotubes are isolated. The polymer and or solvent has a significant effect on the debundling and aggregation within these systems. Aggregation and/or interaction with the polymer at higher concentrations can effect the RBM profile in the composite at ambient temperatures, providing an incomplete representation of the selection of diameters present within composites at a particular wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Keogh
- FOCAS Institute/School of Physics, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Keogh SM, Hedderman TG, Rüther MG, Lyng FM, Gregan E, Farrell GF, Chambers G, Byrne HJ. Temperature-Induced Nucleation of Poly(p-phenylene vinylene-co-2,5-dioctyloxy-m-phenylene vinylene) Crystallization by HiPco Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:5600-7. [PMID: 16851603 DOI: 10.1021/jp044755u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid systems of the conjugated organic polymer poly(p-phenylene vinylene-co-2,5-dioctyloxy-m-phenylene vinylene)(PmPV) and HiPco single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are explored using spectroscopic and thermal techniques to determine specific interactions. Vibrational spectroscopy indicates a weak interaction, and this is further elucidated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), confocal laser scanning microscopy, temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy, and temperature-dependent infrared spectroscopy of the raw materials and the composite. An endothermic transition is observed in the DSC of both the polymer and the 0.1% HiPco composite in the region of 50 degrees C. Also observed in the DSC of the composite is a double-peaked endotherm at -39 and -49 degrees C, which does not appear in the polymer. The Raman spectroscopy of the polymer upon increasing the temperature to 60 degrees C shows a diminished cis-vinylene mode at 1575 cm(-1), with an increase in relative intensity of the trans-vinylene mode at 1630 cm(-1). Partially irreversible change in isomerization suggests increased order in the polymer. This change in the polymer is also manifest in the Raman composite spectrum upon increase of the temperature to 60 degrees C, where the spectrum becomes abruptly dominated by nanotubes. Raman spectroscopy of the composite shows no change at -35 degrees C; however, infrared absorption measurements suggest that the transition at -35 degrees C derives from the polymer side chains. Here the composite at -35 degrees C shows a change in the absorbance of the polymer side chain aryl-oxide linkage at 1250 cm(-1) and alkyl-oxide stretch at 1050 cm(-1). Infrared spectra thus suggest that the transitions in the lower temperature region around -35 degrees C are side chain-induced, while Raman spectra suggest that the transition at 60 degrees C is backbone-induced. Furthermore, temperature cycling induces an irreversible decrease in the mean fluorescence intensity of the polymer, coupled with a further reduction in the mean fluorescence intensity of the composite. This suggests that an increase in crystallization of the composite is supported and enhanced by an increase in ordering of the polymer. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Keogh
- FOCAS Institute/School of Physics, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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