Dynamics of magnetization at infinite temperature in a Heisenberg spin chain

Understanding universal aspects of quantum dynamics is an unresolved problem in statistical mechanics. In particular, the spin dynamics of the one-dimensional Heisenberg model were conjectured as to belong to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) universality class based on the scaling of the infinite-temperature spin-spin correlation function. In a chain of 46 superconducting qubits, we studied the probability distribution of the magnetization transferred across the chain's center, [Formula: see text]. The first two moments of [Formula: see text] show superdiffusive behavior, a hallmark of KPZ universality. However, the third and fourth moments ruled out the KPZ conjecture and allow for evaluating other theories. Our results highlight the importance of studying higher moments in determining dynamic universality classes and provide insights into universal behavior in quantum systems.

Stable quantum-correlated many-body states through engineered dissipation

Engineered dissipative reservoirs have the potential to steer many-body quantum systems toward correlated steady states useful for quantum simulation of high-temperature superconductivity or quantum magnetism. Using up to 49 superconducting qubits, we prepared low-energy states of the transverse-field Ising model through coupling to dissipative auxiliary qubits. In one dimension, we observed long-range quantum correlations and a ground-state fidelity of 0.86 for 18 qubits at the critical point. In two dimensions, we found mutual information that extends beyond nearest neighbors. Lastly, by coupling the system to auxiliaries emulating reservoirs with different chemical potentials, we explored transport in the quantum Heisenberg model. Our results establish engineered dissipation as a scalable alternative to unitary evolution for preparing entangled many-body states on noisy quantum processors.

Weekly vs. Bolus Cisplatin Concurrent with Definitive Radiotherapy for Squamous Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

The optimal schedule for cisplatin delivered concurrently with definitive radiation for squamous carcinoma of the head and neck remains controversial. Randomized data in the postoperative setting is mixed, and definitive studies are ongoing. Meanwhile, multiple trials have already compared cetuximab to cisplatin in the definitive setting. Across these trials, the cetuximab dosing was identical, but cisplatin dosing was variable and can be categorized as weekly (40 mg/m2 q1 week) or bolus (100 mg/m2 q3 weeks). We indirectly compared these two cisplatin schedules by performing a network meta-analysis of cetuximab trials.

MATERIALS/METHODS

We performed a PRISMA-concordant systematic review to identify randomized controlled trials comparing cisplatin to cetuximab for patients with non-metastatic squamous carcinoma of the head and neck treated with definitive radiation therapy. Trials of primary surgery, incorporating induction therapy, or mixing other therapeutics were excluded. The analysis was pre-registered with the Open Science Foundation. Individual patient survival data was extracted from the published overall survival curves using a digitizer, and outcomes were validated against published point-estimates and hazard ratios. A random effects Cox regression was used to perform the individual-patient analysis using a one-step approach under a frequentist framework. Random effects were applied to model heterogeneity in the baseline hazard function and treatment effect. Models were adjusted by HPV and smoking status, which were trial-level covariates. Alternative endpoints (DFS, LRF, DM, etc.) were analyzed qualitatively. IRB approval was not required.

RESULTS

Five randomized trials were identified, including 1,678 patients. Bolus cisplatin was delivered to 572 patients in 2 trials, and weekly to 271 in 3 trials. The risk of bias was low. Relative to cetuximab, both bolus and weekly cisplatin reduced the risk of death (adjusted HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46-0.87, p = 0.004 & HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37-0.86, p = 0.008 respectively). No interaction was identified between regimen and HPV or smoking status. Between-study heterogeneity (δ2) was 0.148 and treatment effect heterogeneity (τ2) was small (<0.0002). There was no statistical difference in OS between bolus vs. weekly regimens (weekly vs. bolus HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.53-1.52, p = 0.345). This Cox model therefore suggested that on average, the absolute difference in 5-year OS is <1.5% between the two regimens, which was not statistically significant. Secondary endpoints and toxicity were not obviously different by regimen, qualitatively.

CONCLUSION

Using cetuximab as a common reference, there was no significant difference in survival between weekly and bolus cisplatin schedules.

Measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor

Measurement has a special role in quantum theory1: by collapsing the wavefunction, it can enable phenomena such as teleportation2 and thereby alter the 'arrow of time' that constrains unitary evolution. When integrated in many-body dynamics, measurements can lead to emergent patterns of quantum information in space-time3-10 that go beyond the established paradigms for characterizing phases, either in or out of equilibrium11-13. For present-day noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors14, the experimental realization of such physics can be problematic because of hardware limitations and the stochastic nature of quantum measurement. Here we address these experimental challenges and study measurement-induced quantum information phases on up to 70 superconducting qubits. By leveraging the interchangeability of space and time, we use a duality mapping9,15-17 to avoid mid-circuit measurement and access different manifestations of the underlying phases, from entanglement scaling3,4 to measurement-induced teleportation18. We obtain finite-sized signatures of a phase transition with a decoding protocol that correlates the experimental measurement with classical simulation data. The phases display remarkably different sensitivity to noise, and we use this disparity to turn an inherent hardware limitation into a useful diagnostic. Our work demonstrates an approach to realizing measurement-induced physics at scales that are at the limits of current NISQ processors.

Prospective Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cell Kinetics in Patients with Localized Lung Cancer Treated with Radiotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy with Definitive Intent

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

To characterize circulating tumor cell (CTC) kinetics in response to definitive therapy in patients with local or locoregional lung cancer and identify CTC kinetic profiles associated with favorable disease response versus progression.

MATERIALS/METHODS

In this single-institution prospective correlative biomarker study, we enrolled patients receiving definitive intent radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy for non-metastatic lung cancer. Blood specimens were collected prior to RT (baseline), during RT and at follow up visits up to 24 months post RT. Subsequent lines of therapy were administered per standard of care. CTCs were captured and enumerated using a previously reported nanotechnology-based assay functionalized with aEpCAM, aHER-2, and aEGFR to facilitate biomimetic cell rolling and dendrimer-mediated multivalent binding. Disease status was assessed per RECIST 1.1 criteria. CTC kinetics and absolute values were analyzed to identify patterns associated with disease control versus progression.

RESULTS

We enrolled 24 patients with median follow up of 8 months corresponding to 114 CTC measurements. Seven patients (30%) had biopsy proven disease, while 17 (70%) were diagnosed based on clinical and radiographic features alone. Nineteen patients (79%) received stereotactic body radiation therapy. Median baseline CTC count was 12.6 CTCs/ml (range 0-290) and post RT decreased to median 4 CTCs/ml (0-42.7). For 95% of patients, a favorable kinetic profile (defined as stable CTC count, decreased CTC count or <24 CTCs/ml corresponding to the 80th percentile) during radiotherapy or at the time of first follow up corresponded to local control of the irradiated lesion. Five patients (20%) experienced disease progression within the follow up period. In the two patients with local progression of the irradiated lesion, the CTC count rose >10 fold prior to or at the time of radiographic detection of progression. In the three patients with systemic progression, CTC count rose 1.46-5.8-fold at the time of progression. Notably, four of the five patients with disease progression did not have initial biopsy confirmation of disease but did experience a CTC elevation at the time of progression.

CONCLUSION

Our data suggests CTCs may serve as a biomarker for response to therapy in patients being treated with RT with definitive intent for early stage or locally advanced lung cancer. This finding is of importance given important limitations in obtaining pathologic confirmation of disease in select patients and challenges distinguishing disease progression versus benign post radiotherapy radiographic changes. Further studies are needed to characterize the predictive and prognostic value of circulating biomarker levels and kinetics in lung cancer.

Childhood-Onset Lupus Nephritis in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry: Short-Term Kidney Status and Variation in Care

OBJECTIVE

The goal was to characterize short-term kidney status and describe variation in early care utilization in a multicenter cohort of patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) and nephritis.

METHODS

We analyzed previously collected prospective data from North American patients with cSLE with kidney biopsy-proven nephritis enrolled in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry from March 2017 through December 2019. We determined the proportion of patients with abnormal kidney status at the most recent registry visit and applied generalized linear mixed models to identify associated factors. We also calculated frequency of medication use, both during induction and ever recorded.

RESULTS

We identified 222 patients with kidney biopsy-proven nephritis, with 64% class III/IV nephritis on initial biopsy. At the most recent registry visit at median (interquartile range) of 17 (8-29) months from initial kidney biopsy, 58 of 106 patients (55%) with available data had abnormal kidney status. This finding was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.88, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.21-12.46) and age at cSLE diagnosis (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01-1.49). Patients with class IV nephritis were more likely than class III to receive cyclophosphamide and rituximab during induction. There was substantial variation in mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab ever use patterns across rheumatology centers.

CONCLUSION

In this cohort with predominately class III/IV nephritis, male sex and older age at cSLE diagnosis were associated with abnormal short-term kidney status. We also observed substantial variation in contemporary medication use for pediatric lupus nephritis between pediatric rheumatology centers. Additional studies are needed to better understand the impact of this variation on long-term kidney outcomes.

Non-Abelian braiding of graph vertices in a superconducting processor

Indistinguishability of particles is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics¹. For all elementary and quasiparticles observed to date-including fermions, bosons and Abelian anyons-this principle guarantees that the braiding of identical particles leaves the system unchanged^2,3. However, in two spatial dimensions, an intriguing possibility exists: braiding of non-Abelian anyons causes rotations in a space of topologically degenerate wavefunctions^4-8. Hence, it can change the observables of the system without violating the principle of indistinguishability. Despite the well-developed mathematical description of non-Abelian anyons and numerous theoretical proposals^9-22, the experimental observation of their exchange statistics has remained elusive for decades. Controllable many-body quantum states generated on quantum processors offer another path for exploring these fundamental phenomena. Whereas efforts on conventional solid-state platforms typically involve Hamiltonian dynamics of quasiparticles, superconducting quantum processors allow for directly manipulating the many-body wavefunction by means of unitary gates. Building on predictions that stabilizer codes can host projective non-Abelian Ising anyons^9,10, we implement a generalized stabilizer code and unitary protocol²³ to create and braid them. This allows us to experimentally verify the fusion rules of the anyons and braid them to realize their statistics. We then study the prospect of using the anyons for quantum computation and use braiding to create an entangled state of anyons encoding three logical qubits. Our work provides new insights about non-Abelian braiding and, through the future inclusion of error correction to achieve topological protection, could open a path towards fault-tolerant quantum computing.

In vivo cadmium-assisted dilute acid pretreatment of the phytoremediation sweet sorghum for enzymatic hydrolysis and cadmium enrichment

Phytoremediation with energy crops is considered an integrated technology that provides both environment and energy benefits. Herein, the sweet sorghum cultivated on Cd-contaminated farmland (1.21 mg/kg of Cd in the soil) showed promising phytoremediation potential, and the approach for utilizing sorghum stalks was explored. Sweet sorghum bagasse with Cd contamination was pretreated with dilute acid in order to improve enzymatic saccharification and achieve Cd recovery, resulting in harmless and value-added utilization. After pretreatment, hemicelluloses were dramatically degraded, and the lignocellulosic structures were partially deconstructed with xylan removal up to 98.1%. Under the optimal condition (0.75% H₂SO₄), the highest total sugar yield was 0.48 g/g of raw bagasse; and nearly 98% of Cd was enriched in the liquid phase. Compared with normal biomass, Cd reduced the biomass recalcitrance and further facilitated the deconstruction of biomass under super dilute acid conditions. This work provided an example for the subsequent valorization of Cd-containing biomass and Cd recovery, which will greatly facilitate the development of phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.

Dynamic structural evolution of lignin macromolecules and hemicelluloses during Chinese pine growth

To comprehend the biosynthesis processes of conifers, it is essential to investigate the disparity between the cell wall shape and the interior chemical structures of polymers throughout the development of Chinese pine. In this study, branches of mature Chinese pine were separated according to their growth time (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 years). The variation of cell wall morphology and lignin distribution was comprehensively monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM), respectively. Moreover, the chemical structures of lignin and alkali-extracted hemicelluloses were extensively characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thickness of latewood cell walls increased steadily from 1.29 μm to 3.38 μm, and the structure of the cell wall components became more complicated as the growth time increased. Based on the structural analysis, it was found that the content of β-O-4 (39.88-45.44/100 Ar), β-β (3.20-10.02/100 Ar) and β-5 (8.09-15.35/100 Ar) linkages as well as the degree of polymerization of lignin increased with the growth time. The complication propensity increased significantly over 6 years before slowing to a trickle over 8 and 10 years. Furthermore, alkali-extracted hemicelluloses of Chinese pine mainly consist of galactoglucomannans and arabinoglucuronxylan, in which the relative content of galactoglucomannans increased with the growth of the pine, especially from 6 to 10 years.

A high-fidelity quantum matter-link between ion-trap microchip modules

System scalability is fundamental for large-scale quantum computers (QCs) and is being pursued over a variety of hardware platforms. For QCs based on trapped ions, architectures such as the quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) are used to scale the number of qubits on a single device. However, the number of ions that can be hosted on a single quantum computing module is limited by the size of the chip being used. Therefore, a modular approach is of critical importance and requires quantum connections between individual modules. Here, we present the demonstration of a quantum matter-link in which ion qubits are transferred between adjacent QC modules. Ion transport between adjacent modules is realised at a rate of 2424 s^-1 and with an infidelity associated with ion loss during transport below 7 × 10^-8. Furthermore, we show that the link does not measurably impact the phase coherence of the qubit. The quantum matter-link constitutes a practical mechanism for the interconnection of QCCD devices. Our work will facilitate the implementation of modular QCs capable of fault-tolerant utility-scale quantum computation.

Formation of robust bound states of interacting microwave photons

Systems of correlated particles appear in many fields of modern science and represent some of the most intractable computational problems in nature. The computational challenge in these systems arises when interactions become comparable to other energy scales, which makes the state of each particle depend on all other particles1. The lack of general solutions for the three-body problem and acceptable theory for strongly correlated electrons shows that our understanding of correlated systems fades when the particle number or the interaction strength increases. One of the hallmarks of interacting systems is the formation of multiparticle bound states2-9. Here we develop a high-fidelity parameterizable fSim gate and implement the periodic quantum circuit of the spin-½ XXZ model in a ring of 24 superconducting qubits. We study the propagation of these excitations and observe their bound nature for up to five photons. We devise a phase-sensitive method for constructing the few-body spectrum of the bound states and extract their pseudo-charge by introducing a synthetic flux. By introducing interactions between the ring and additional qubits, we observe an unexpected resilience of the bound states to integrability breaking. This finding goes against the idea that bound states in non-integrable systems are unstable when their energies overlap with the continuum spectrum. Our work provides experimental evidence for bound states of interacting photons and discovers their stability beyond the integrability limit.

Intraarticular steroids as DMARD-sparing agents for juvenile idiopathic arthritis flares: Analysis of the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry

BACKGROUND

Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) who achieve a drug free remission often experience a flare of their disease requiring either intraarticular steroids (IAS) or systemic treatment with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). IAS offer an opportunity to recapture disease control and avoid exposure to side effects from systemic immunosuppression. We examined a cohort of patients treated with IAS after drug free remission and report the probability of restarting systemic treatment within 12 months.

METHODS

We analyzed a cohort of patients from the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry who received IAS for a flare after a period of drug free remission. Historical factors and clinical characteristics and of the patients including data obtained at the time of treatment were analyzed.

RESULTS

We identified 46 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of those with follow up data available 49% had restarted systemic treatment 6 months after IAS injection and 70% had restarted systemic treatment at 12 months. The proportion of patients with prior use of a biologic DMARD was the only factor that differed between patients who restarted systemic treatment those who did not, both at 6 months (79% vs 35%, p < 0.01) and 12 months (81% vs 33%, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

While IAS are an option for all patients who flare after drug free remission, it may not prevent the need to restart systemic treatment. Prior use of a biologic DMARD may predict lack of success for IAS. Those who previously received methotrexate only, on the other hand, are excellent candidates for IAS.

Early on-treatment tumor growth rate (EOT-TGR) determines treatment outcomes of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with programmed cell death protein 1 axis inhibitor

BACKGROUND

Tumor growth rate (TGR), denoted as percentage change in tumor size per month, is a well-established indicator of tumor growth kinetics. The predictive value of early on-treatment TGR (EOT-TGR) for immunotherapy remains unclear. We sought to establish and validate the association of EOT-TGR with treatment outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) undergoing anti-PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1) therapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This bicenter retrospective cohort study included a training cohort, a contemporaneously treated internal validation cohort, and an external validation cohort. Computed tomography images were retrieved to calculate EOT-TGR, denoted as tumor burden change per month during a period between baseline and the first imaging evaluation after immunotherapy. Kaplan-Meier methodology and Cox regression analysis were conducted for survival analyses.

RESULTS

In the pooled cohort (n = 172), 125 patients (72.7%) were males; median age at diagnosis was 58 (range 28-79) years. Based on the training cohort, we determined the optimal cut-off value for EOT-TGR as 10.4%/month. Higher EOT-TGR was significantly associated with inferior overall survival [OS; hazard ratio (HR) 2.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-5.83; P = 0.002], worse progression-free survival (PFS; HR 2.44, 95% CI 1.46-4.08; P = 0.001), and lower objective response rate (3.3% versus 20.9%; P = 0.040) and durable clinical benefit rate (6.7% versus 41.9%; P = 0.001). Results were reproducible in the two validation cohorts for OS and PFS. Among 43 patients who had a best response of progressive disease in the training cohort, those with high EOT-TGR had worse OS (HR 2.64; P = 0.041) and were more likely to progress due to target lesions at the first tumor evaluation (85.2% versus 0.0%; P <0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Higher EOT-TGR was associated with inferior OS and immunotherapeutic response in patients with aNSCLC undergoing anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. This easy-to-calculate radiologic biomarker may help evaluate the abilities of immunotherapy to prolong survival and assist in tailoring patients' management.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.govNCT04722406; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04722406.

Noise-resilient edge modes on a chain of superconducting qubits

Inherent symmetry of a quantum system may protect its otherwise fragile states. Leveraging such protection requires testing its robustness against uncontrolled environmental interactions. Using 47 superconducting qubits, we implement the one-dimensional kicked Ising model, which exhibits nonlocal Majorana edge modes (MEMs) with ℤ 2 parity symmetry. We find that any multiqubit Pauli operator overlapping with the MEMs exhibits a uniform late-time decay rate comparable to single-qubit relaxation rates, irrespective of its size or composition. This characteristic allows us to accurately reconstruct the exponentially localized spatial profiles of the MEMs. Furthermore, the MEMs are found to be resilient against certain symmetry-breaking noise owing to a prethermalization mechanism. Our work elucidates the complex interplay between noise and symmetry-protected edge modes in a solid-state environment.

Unveiling the Migration and Transformation Mechanism of Lignin in Eucalyptus During Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have unique advantages in biomass conversion. However, the migration and transformation mechanism of lignin in the cell wall during the DES pretreatment is still elusive. In this work, Eucalyptus blocks were pretreated in choline chloride/lactic acid DES to reveal the lignin migration. Meanwhile, the remaining lignin in the pretreated residue, the regenerated DES lignin, and the solubilized degraded lignin in the recovered DES were investigated to decipher the lignin transformation. Results showed that the DES pretreatment resulted in the penetration of DES from the cell lumen to the cell wall, and lignin in the secondary wall was more easily dissolved than that in the cell corner middle lamella. The syringyl unit of lignin was better stabilized in the DES than the guaiacyl unit of lignin. The condensed lignin fraction mainly remained in the pretreated residue, while the solubilized degraded lignin fraction was monomeric aromatic ketone compounds. This study elucidates the fate of lignin during the DES pretreatment, which could also promote the development of a modern lignocellulosic pretreatment technique.

POS1247 THE EFFECT OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS ON ANTIBODY FORMATION AFTER COVID-19 VACCINATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS

Background

There is still controversy about the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination and its extent in lowering immunogenicity of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients. The guideline in whether immunosuppressive agents need to be discontinued before the vaccination is continuously updated because it is considered to lower immunogenicity. Furthermore, there is great discussion on the effectiveness of the COVID-19 booster vaccine and interest in antibody generation in different types of vaccine, as in South Korea there are many patients who were prescribed the mRNA booster vaccine after two doses of ChAdOx1-S nCoV-19 vaccine.

Objectives

Thus, we investigated the differences of antibody production between patients who received only two doses of ChAdOx1-S nCoV-19 and those who received the mRNA booster vaccine. Also, antibody production under different types of immunosuppressive agents was analyzed.

Methods

From October 14, 2021 to January 21, 2022 at a tertiary referral center, two patient groups diagnosed with RA were studied prospectively; one group that completed 1st and 2nd doses of ChAdOx1-S nCoV-19 vaccine, second group that completed mRNA booster vaccine as well as two doses of ChAdOx1-S nCoV-19 vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing on the semiquantitative anti-SARS-CoV-2 S enzyme immunoassay was done, and differences in antibody titers were analyzed in patients who received different immunosuppressive agents such as csDMARD, TNF inhibitor, JAK inhibitor, Tocilizumab, Abatacept and Corticosteroid. Statistical analysis with a multivariate logistic regression model was performed.

Results

In a total of 261 patients, 153 patients had completed two doses of ChAdOx1-S nCoV-19, 108 patients had completed third mRNA booster vaccine. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody positive rate (titer>0.8U/mL) was 97%(149/153) and 99%(107/108) respectively, and only 5 patients showed negative result. In the aspect of high antibody titer(>250U/mL), which is the upper limit of the RBD antibody immunoassay, the result showed rate of 31% (47/153) in the non-booster group and 94%(102/108) in the booster group respectively.

Among the different immunosuppressive agents and other clinical aspects, multivariate analysis revealed that corticosteroid use (OR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.86-0.98), older age(OR 4.33; 95% CI: 1.34-13.91), and male gender(OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.16-0.75) were significantly associated with low rate of high antibody titer.

Furthermore, out of 14 patients who underwent antibody test twice before and after the mRNA booster vaccine, other than four patients who already showed high titer of >250U/mL before the mRNA booster vaccine, 10 patients showed an increase in titer after the booster vaccine and 7 patients were acquired high titer of >250U/mL.

Figure 1.

Anti-SARS-CoV RBD antibody titer of two groups

Table 1.

Analysis of immunosuppressive agents and other clinical aspects for high antibody titer(>250U/mL) after two doses of ChAdOx1-S nCoV-19

Univariate analysisMultivariate analysisParameterOR95% CIp valueOR95% CIp valueClinical features Age0.9170.860-0.9780.0080.9170.857-0.9810.012 Sex3.6741.206-11.1910.0224.3301.348-13.9120.014 DAS 281.1440.670-1.9500.622 Duration0.9300.830-1.0430.214Medications csDMARD1.2730.639-2.5331.273 TNF inhibitor2.2110.795-6.1450.128 JAK inhibitor0.6650.275-1.6070.365 Abatacept0.3680.038-3.6020.391 Tocilizumab1.2640.438-3.6480.665 Corticosteroid0.4720.235-0.9490.0350.3490.163-0.7480.007Medication dose Methotrexate0.9930.919-1.0720.855 Corticosteroid0.8490.719-1.0030.054

Conclusion

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody positive rate was 97% or more regardless of the mRNA booster vaccination. However, patients who received the mRNA booster vaccine after two doses of ChAdOx1-S nCoV-19 vaccine showed high antibody titer (>250U/mL) three times more than those who did not receive the booster shot.

Our findings also showed that corticosteroid use, old age, and male gender is significantly associated with low rate of acquiring high antibody titer.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

AB0476 PREDICTIVE FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS IN PATIENTS WITH IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA

Background

Patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) have a risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We sought to examine the clinical characteristics of patients with primary ITP who later developed SLE, and identified the risk factors for the development of SLE.

Objectives

We retrospectively examined patients who were diagnosed with primary ITP at a tertiary hospital between August 2001 and November 2019. We compared the clinical characteristics according to the development of SLE. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the development of SLE.

Methods

Of 130 patients with primary ITP, 10 (7.7%) were later diagnosed with SLE during follow-up (median, 30 months [IQR, 15.5–105]). The presence of skin bleeding, organ bleeding, lymphopenia, anemia, and positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer (> 1:160) were more common among patients who later developed SLE than did those who did not develop SLE. Multivariate analysis showed that young age (< 40 years; odds ratio [OR], 8.359 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.230–56.793]; p = 0.033), organ bleeding (OR, 18.349 [95% CI, 2.771–121.517]; p = 0.003), and ANA positivity (>1:160; OR, 7.692 [95% CI, 1.482–39.910]; p = 0.015) were significantly associated with the development of SLE.

Results

Young age (< 40 years), organ bleeding, and ANA positivity (> 1:160) were risk factors for the development of SLE in patients with primary ITP.

Conclusion

These results suggest that continued follow-up for the detection of SLE development is needed for patients with ITP, particularly those with young age, ANA positivity, or organ bleeding.

References

[1]Zhu, Fang-Xiao, et al. “Risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a population-based cohort study.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases 79.6 (2020): 793-799.

Table 1.

Factors associated with the development of SLE in patients with primary ITP

UnivariateMultivariateOR95% CIP valueOR95% CIP valueYoung agea5.4441.332–22.2500.0188.3591.230–56.7930.033Female4.3330.530–35.4220.17BMI0.8730.717–1.0700.20Skin bleeding8.4191.034–68.5330.046Mucosa bleeding1.2500.247–6.3300.79Organ bleeding14.8643.633–60.815< 0.00118.3492.771–121.5170.003Platelet counts0.9110.828–1.0020.06ANA positivityb16.5003.984–68.341< 0.0017.6921.482–39.9100.015Neutropeniac2.1110.229–19.4990.51Lymphopeniad4.8461.189–19.7590.028Anemiae10.1182.044–50.0910.005

SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, ITP: immune thrombocytopenia, BMI: body mass index, ANA: antinuclear antibody, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.

aYoung age = age < 40 years

bANA positivity ≥ 1:160

cNeutropenia = Absolute neutrophil count < 1500 μL

dLymphopenia = Absolute lymphocyte count < 1500 μL

eAnemia = Hemoglobin < 12 g/dL

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

AB0456 DISEASE FLARE OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS IN PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE ON DIALYSIS

Background

The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) generally declines after the initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT); this is known as the “burn out” phenomenon that possibly occurs due to the suppression of cellular and humoral immunity in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) state and elimination of disease pathogenic factor by dialysis [1-4]. However, several studies showed that SLE flares could occur even during RRT [5-8]. Nevertheless, the details of disease flares of SLE in patients under dialysis have not been studied yet.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the clinical features, risk factors, and treatment details of SLE patients experiencing disease flare under RRT.

Methods

The medical records of SLE patients who received dialysis at two tertiary referral hospitals in Seoul and Ulsan, South Korea were reviewed. All patients in this study were either clinically or histologically diagnosed with LN

Results

Of a total of 121 patients with SLE on dialysis, 96 (79.3%) were on hemodialysis (HD) and 25 (20.6%) were on peritoneal dialysis (PD). During a median follow-up of 45 months (IQR, 23–120) after the initiation of dialysis, 32 (26.4%) patients experienced SLE flare (HD, n = 25; PD, n = 7). The most common features of SLE flare were hematologic (40.6%) and constitutional manifestations (40.6%). Treatments for disease flares were based on corticosteroids, and 11 (34.3%) patients required additional immunosuppressants including cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil. There was no case of severe adverse events related to medication. non-renal SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score before dialysis initiation (HR 1.235; 95% CI, 1.122–1.359; P = 0.001) was a significant risk factor for disease flare during dialysis.

Table 1.

Multivariable analysis of factors associated with SLE flare under dialysis

Hazard ratio95% CIP-valueNon-renal SLEDAI at the initiation of dialysis1.2351.122–1.3590.001Hematologic manifestation prior to dialysis1.2560.690–2.8260.150Cumulative amount of steroid during 1 year prior to the initiation of dialysis1.0400.995–1.0870.086Dialysis modality: hemodialysis0.7660.262–2.2430.630

Conclusion

More than one-quarter of SLE patients experienced disease flare during dialysis, which most commonly had hematologic manifestations. Continued follow-up and appropriate treatments including immunosuppressants should be considered for patients with SLE under dialysis.

References

[1]Coplon NS, Diskin CJ, Petersen J, Swenson RS. The Long-Term Clinical Course of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in End-Stage Renal Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1983;308:186-90.

[2]Lee P-T, Fang H-C, Chen C-L, Chiou Y-H, Chou K-J, Chung H-M. Poor prognosis of end-stage renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cohort of Chinese patients. Lupus 2003;12:827-32.

[3]Pahl MV, Gollapudi S, Sepassi L, Gollapudi P, Elahimehr R, Vaziri ND. Effect of end-stage renal disease on B-lymphocyte subpopulations, IL-7, BAFF and BAFF receptor expression. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2010;25:205-12.

[4]Ribeiro FM, Fabris CL, Bendet I, Lugon JR. Survival of lupus patients on dialysis: a Brazilian cohort. Rheumatology 2013;52:494-500.

[5]Okano K, Yumura W, Nitta K et al. Analysis of Lupus Activity in End-Stage Renal Disease Treated by Hemodialysis. Internal Medicine 2001;40:598-602.

[6]Barrera-Vargas A, Quintanar-Martínez M, Merayo-Chalico J, Alcocer-Varela J, Gómez-Martín D. Risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus flares in patients with end-stage renal disease: a case–control study. Rheumatology 2015:kev349.

[7]Cucchiari D, Graziani G, Ponticelli C. The dialysis scenario in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29:1507-13.

[8]Kang S-H, Chung B-H, Choi S-R et al. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes by Different Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Secondary to Lupus Nephritis. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 2011;26:60.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

AB1273 MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION SYNDROME IN RHEUMATIC DISEASE: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROGNOSIS OF 20 PATIENTS

Background

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a hyperinflammatory condition that is known to be secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in patients with rheumatic disease.

Objectives

The aim of study was to evaluate the clinical manifestations and outcomes in patients with MAS with rheumatic disease.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of 20 adult patients who were diagnosed with MAS from 2012 to 2020. MAS was classified according to the HLH-2004 criteria. Patients’ information, including clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment regimens, was collected, and the overall survival rate was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Twenty patients (18 women, 35.6 ± 18.3 years) who met the HLH-2004 criteria also fulfilled the 2016 EULAR/ACR/PRINTO classification criteria for MAS, and HScore was higher than 169 (median, 238.5). Fourteen patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 6 patients with adult-onset Still’s disease were included. All patients were treated initially with corticosteroids, and 16 patients required additional immunosuppressants. The overall survival at 3 and 6 months was 75.2% and 64.3%. In survivors, renal impairment was less common (23.1% versus 42.9%, p = 0.007), the levels of AST (202.0 versus 72.0 IU/L, p = 0.006) and LDH (1144.0 versus 343.0IU/L, p = 0.001), and platelet count (90.0 versus 46.0 × 109/L, p = 0.016) were higher in compared to non-survivors. Nine patients had opportunistic infections, five of whom died during admission.

Conclusion

The mortality of patients with MAS remains high. Renal impairment, levels of AST and LDH, and platelet count might be associated with prognosis.

Table 1.

Treatments and management characteristics of patients with MAS

No.Age/sexDiseaseDisease duration (months)1st Treatment (corticosteroids)2nd Treatment3rd TreatmentCombined infectionAlive/dead119/FSLE11 mg/kgIVIG + PPTCZ, RTXBacteremiaDead220/MSLE01 mg/kg---Alive320/FAOSD11 mg/kgVP16--Alive422/FSLE1100 mgIVIG + PP-PneumoniaDead522/FAOSD0500 mgIVIG--Alive623/FSLE1821 mg/kg---Alive723/FSLE411 mg/kg---Alive830/FSLE1461 mg/kgIVIGCsA-Alive932/FSLE1271 mg/kgIVIG + PPCsA, TCZPneumoniaAlive1035/FAOSD01 mg/kgCsA-Viral infectionAlive1137/FSLE651 mg/kgCsA, VP16-BacteremiaAlive1238/FSLE01 mg/kgIVIG + PPRTX-Dead1340/FAOSD00.5 mg/kgCsA--Alive1443/FSLE601 mg/kgIVIG + PPTCZ, RTX, CsA,PCP,DeadVP16, IFXViral infection1549/FSLE01 mg/kgCYC-BacteremiaAlive1651/FAOSD01 mg/kg---Alive1757/FSLE01 mg/kgIVIG + PPCsA, VP16Fungal infectionDead1861/FSLE21 mg/kgIVIG + PPTCZ-Dead1968/FSLE21 mg/kgIVIG + PPCsAFungal infectionAlive2070/MAOSD01 mg/kgIVIG + PPCsA, VP16Fungal infectionDead

SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus, IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin, PP: Plasmapheresis, TCZ: Tocilizumab, RTX: Rituximab, AOSD: Adult-onset still’s disease, VP16: Etoposide, PCP: Pneumocystis pneumonia, CsA: Cyclosporin, IFX: Infliximab, MCTD: Mixed connective tissue disease.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

POS0762 LONG-TERM RENAL OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH NON-PROLIFERATIVE LUPUS NEPHRITIS

Background

Although proliferative (class III or IV) lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common finding in the classification of LN, pure membranous (class V) or mesangial (class I or II) LN can occur as a form of LN. Even though non-proliferative LN (class I, II, or V) is a less severe form with good outcomes, data on long-term renal prognosis are limited.

Objectives

This study investigated the long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in non-proliferative LN.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who were diagnosed with LN class I, II, V or II+IV by kidney biopsy between 1997 and 2021 at a tertiary referral center. Clinical and laboratory data were compared between patients with and without poor renal outcomes. Poor renal outcome was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or death due to renal cause. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with the Cox proportional hazard model to identify the factors associated with poor renal outcomes.

Results

We included 71 patients with non-proliferative LN (4: class I; 17: class II; 48: class V, 17; 2: class II+V). Median follow-up duration was 103 months (interquartile range 27–185) and the overall rate of poor renal outcomes at last follow-up was 29% (21/71), including end-stage renal disease (n=2) and renal death (n=1).

Univariate analysis indicated that older age (HR 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00–1.09), low eGFR (HR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95–0.99) and failure to reach complete remission at 6 months (HR 0.332; 95% CI: 0.12–0.92) were significantly associated with poor renal outcomes. Multivariate analysis revealed that low eGFR at 6 months (HR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95–0.99) was significantly associated with poor renal outcomes.

Figure 1.

Renal outcomes at last follow up

eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73m2)

Table 1.

Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses of the factor associated with poor renal outcomes

ParameterUnivariate analysisMultivariate analysisHR95% CIp valueHR95% CIp valueClinical features Age1.0461.003-1.0910.0361.0020.960-1.0470.921 Sex1.6540.375-7.2980.506 SLEDAI1.0360.965-1.1120.327 Extra renal SLEDAI1.0380.971-1.110.272Renal profiles eGFR at LN diagnosis0.9930.976-1.0110.456 Proteinuria at LN diagnosis1.0001.000-1.0000.444 > 1g/24 hours0.6690.243-1.8410.437  > 3g/24 hours0.6240.229-1.6990.356 eGFR at 6M0.9670.948-0.9860.0010.9680.948-0.9880.002 eGFR at 12M0.9640.947-0.9810.000 Complete remission at 6M0.3320.119-0.9240.0350.5530.179-1.7070.303 Complete remission at 12M0.6670.232-1.9140.451 Transformation1.2460.423-0.7010.692Laboratory data Anti-dsDNA1.0010.999-1.0030.196 C31.0201.000-1.0410.051 C41.0270.969-1.0890.367 Albumin1.1800.661-2.1090.576ClassificationaClass I0.8020.102-6.3030.834Class II1.2980.412-4.0880.656Class V0.8870.308-2.5570.824Class II+V0.0480.000-16850.837Medicationsb ACEi/ARB1.6520.603-4.5280.329 Hydroxychloroquine1.3260.414-4.2420.635 Corticosteroid1.1860.154-9.1080.870 CNI2.4390.464-12.8240.292 MMF3.7880.959-14.9650.057  　 AZA0.5890.133-2.6110.486

a LN classifications were based on the International Society of Pathology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) classification.

b Medications maintained at least one year since Lupus Nephritis diagnosis.

HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SLEDAI, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LN, lupus nephritis; anti-dsDNA, anti-double strand DNA; C3/C4; complement 3/4; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CNI, carcineurin inhibitor; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; AZA, azathioprine.

Conclusion

Poor renal outcomes occurred in approximately 30% of patients with non-proliferative LN (class I, II or V) after long-term follow-up.

Our findings suggest that more active management may be needed for non-proliferative LN, particularly in patients with low eGFR at 6 months.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

Social determinants of health influence disease activity and functional disability in Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

BACKGROUND

Social determinants of health (SDH) greatly influence outcomes during the first year of treatment in rheumatoid arthritis, a disease similar to polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA). We investigated the correlation of community poverty level and other SDH with the persistence of moderate to severe disease activity and functional disability over the first year of treatment in pJIA patients enrolled in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry.

METHODS

In this cohort study, unadjusted and adjusted generalized linear mixed effects models analyzed the effect of community poverty and other SDH on disease activity, using the clinical Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score-10, and disability, using the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire, measured at baseline, 6, and 12 months.

RESULTS

One thousand six hundred eighty-four patients were identified. High community poverty (≥20% living below the federal poverty level) was associated with increased odds of functional disability (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.28-2.60) but was not statistically significant after adjustment (aOR 1.23, 95% CI 0.81-1.86) and was not associated with increased disease activity. Non-white race/ethnicity was associated with higher disease activity (aOR 2.48, 95% CI: 1.41-4.36). Lower self-reported household income was associated with higher disease activity and persistent functional disability. Public insurance (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.06-2.29) and low family education (aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.14-3.12) was associated with persistent functional disability.

CONCLUSION

High community poverty level was associated with persistent functional disability in unadjusted analysis but not with persistent moderate to high disease activity. Race/ethnicity and other SDH were associated with persistent disease activity and functional disability.

Sweet sorghum for phytoremediation and bioethanol production

As an energy crop, sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) receives increasing attention for phytoremediation and biofuels production due to its good stress tolerance and high biomass with low input requirements. Sweet sorghum possesses wide adaptability, which also has high tolerances to poor soil conditions and drought. Its rapid growth with the large storage of fermentable saccharides in the stalks offers considerable scope for bioethanol production. Additionally, sweet sorghum has heavy metal tolerance and the ability to remove cadmium (Cd) in particular. Therefore, sweet sorghum has great potential to build a sustainable phytoremediation system for Cd-polluted soil remediation and simultaneous ethanol production. To implement this strategy, further efforts are in demand for sweet sorghum in terms of screening superior varieties, improving phytoremediation capacity, and efficient bioethanol production. In this review, current research advances of sweet sorghum including agronomic requirements, phytoremediation of Cd pollution, bioethanol production, and breeding are discussed. Furthermore, crucial problems for future utilization of sweet sorghum stalks after phytoremediation are combed.

Graphical Abstract

Realizing topologically ordered states on a quantum processor

[Figure: see text].

Removing leakage-induced correlated errors in superconducting quantum error correction

Quantum computing can become scalable through error correction, but logical error rates only decrease with system size when physical errors are sufficiently uncorrelated. During computation, unused high energy levels of the qubits can become excited, creating leakage states that are long-lived and mobile. Particularly for superconducting transmon qubits, this leakage opens a path to errors that are correlated in space and time. Here, we report a reset protocol that returns a qubit to the ground state from all relevant higher level states. We test its performance with the bit-flip stabilizer code, a simplified version of the surface code for quantum error correction. We investigate the accumulation and dynamics of leakage during error correction. Using this protocol, we find lower rates of logical errors and an improved scaling and stability of error suppression with increasing qubit number. This demonstration provides a key step on the path towards scalable quantum computing.

Pre-Transplant Marital Status and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Outcomes

Background

Evidence about the impact of marital status before hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct) on outcomes after hct is conflicting.

Methods

We identified patients 40 years of age and older within the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research registry who underwent hct between January 2008 and December 2015. Marital status before hct was declared as one of: married or living with a partner, single (never married), separated or divorced, and widowed. We performed a multivariable analysis to determine the association of marital status with outcomes after hct.

Results

We identified 10,226 allogeneic and 5714 autologous hct cases with, respectively, a median follow-up of 37 months (range: 1-102 months) and 40 months (range: 1-106 months). No association between marital status and overall survival was observed in either the allogeneic (p = 0.58) or autologous (p = 0.17) setting. However, marital status was associated with grades 2-4 acute graft-versus-host disease (gvhd), p < 0.001, and chronic gvhd, p = 0.04. The risk of grades 2-4 acute gvhd was increased in separated compared with married patients [hazard ratio (hr): 1.13; 95% confidence interval (ci): 1.03 to 1.24], and single patients had a reduced risk of grades 2-4 acute gvhd (hr: 0.87; 95% ci: 0.77 to 0.98). The risk of chronic gvhd was lower in widowed compared with married patients (hr: 0.82; 95% ci: 0.67 to 0.99).

Conclusions

Overall survival after hct is not influenced by marital status, but associations were evident between marital status and grades 2-4 acute and chronic gvhd. To better appreciate the effects of marital status and social support, future research should consider using validated scales to measure social support and patient and caregiver reports of caregiver commitment, and to assess health-related quality of life together with health care utilization.

AB0212 FLARE RISK AFTER DISCONTINUING LONG-TERM METHOTREXATE TREATMENT IN PATIENTS HAVING RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS WITH LOW DISEASE ACTIVITY

Background:

Several recent studies have reported that MTX could be discontinued in patients with low disease activity who are taking biologic DMARDs or tofacitinib. However, there are limited studies on whether MTX could be discontinued in patients with low disease activity who have taken MTX for a long term.

Objectives:

We investigated the disease flare rate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who achieved low disease activity following long-term methotrexate (MTX) treatment and the factors related to flare.

Methods:

This retrospective longitudinal cohort study included patients with RA and low disease activity who were exposed to MTX for >10 years. Disease flare was defined as an increase in DAS28 of >1.2 within 6 months of discontinuation of MTX. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with flare.

Results:

In total, 97 patients with RA were included in the study. The mean baseline DAS28 was 1.96 ± 0.56. The median cumulative MTX dose was 11.7g; the median duration of exposure to MTX was 19 years. Following MTX discontinuation, flare occurred in 43 (44.3%) patients; the mean time to flare was 98 ± 37.7 days. According to univariable logistic regression analysis, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at discontinuation, the average ESR in the 6 months before discontinuation of MTX, a weekly dose of MTX before discontinuation, and use of other conventional synthetic DMARDs were associated with a higher risk of disease flare. In multivariable analysis, a weekly dose of MTX before discontinuation (OR, 1.014; 95% CI, 1.014–1.342; p = 0.031) was significantly associated with flare risk.

Conclusion:

Among patients with RA who achieved low disease activity with long-term treatment with MTX, more than half of the patients remained flare free after MTX discontinuation. A higher MTX dose before discontinuation was associated with a high flare risk.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

FRI0118 RISK OF LIVER FIBROSIS ON TRANSIENT ELASTOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATIC DISEASE UNDER LONG-TERM METHOTREXATE TREATMENT

Background:

Methotrexate (MTX) is a cornerstone drug for the treatment of rheumatic disease and low doses of MTX are both tolerable and safe, with monitored toxicity, assessed via the liver function test. However, there is still controversy regarding the risk of liver fibrosis with long-term use of MTX. Transient elastography is commonly used to assess and monitor fibrosis progression in patients with chronic liver disease.

Objectives:

The present study aims to investigate liver fibrosis using transient elastography and related factors in patients with rheumatic disease receiving long-term MTX.

Methods:

The present retrospective, longitudinal, cross-sectional study included patients with an autoimmune disease who are taking cumulative MTX dosed over 7 g, and who had liver fibrosis upon examination using transient elastography. Liver fibrosis was defined as liver stiffness, valued over 7.2 kPa. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with liver fibrosis, and receiver operating characteristics analysis was used to determine the predictive value of each factor.

Results:

We included 83 patients with autoimmune disease, with a median MTX cumulative dose of 11.6 (range 7.3-16.0) g. Sixty-eight patients (81.9%) had rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 13 patients (15.7%) had Takayasu arteritis. The median MTX exposure duration was 18 (range 9-31) years. The median liver stiffness value was 4 (range 1.8-10.2) kPa. Five patients (6%) showed liver fibrosis (3 patients; RA, 2 patients; Takayasu arteritis). In the linear regression analysis, cumulative MTX dose showed a tendency towards a positive correlation with increasing liver stiffness value (r2 =0.039, p = 0.074). In the logistic regression analysis, cumulative MTX dose was associated with a higher risk of liver fibrosis (OR: 1.734, 95% CI: 1.060–2.837, p = 0.029). In addition, cumulative MTX dose had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.813 (95% CI 0.695-0.930) and a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 71.8% at a cut-off value of 12.7 g.

Conclusion:

Liver fibrosis was observed in 6% of patients with long-term MTX use and higher cumulative MTX doses increased the risk of liver fibrosis. Thus, transient elastography should be considered in patients exposed to high cumulative doses of MTX.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

THU0210 EARLY DISCONTINUATION OF TOFACITINIB IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS CO-TREATED WITH RIFAMPIN FOR LATENT TUBERCULOSIS: RESULTS FROM THE REAL-WORLD DATA

Background:

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients need to undergo screening and receive treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) before starting tofacitinib, which is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. Among chemoprophylactic agents, rifampin is known to be a potent CYP3A4 inducer; therefore, it is expected to decrease the efficacy of tofacitinib. However, tofacitinib and rifampin have been co-administered practically because of the short duration of chemoprophylaxis.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of tofacitinib on co-administration with rifampin.

Methods:

Biologic-naïve RA patients treated with tofacitinib were selected, and electronic medical reports were reviewed retrospectively. All patients underwent screening for LTBI before starting tofacitinib, and patients with positive results were treated to prevent progression to active tuberculosis. To evaluate the efficacy of tofacitinib with or without rifampin, the discontinuation rates of tofacitinib were examined during the first 6 months. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to construct cumulative discontinuation curves, and comparisons were performed using the log-rank test.

Results:

Among 81 patients who started tofacitinib, 21 (25.9%) were LTBI-positive and 18 (22.2%) were administered rifampin concomitantly with tofacitinib. The median follow-up time was 6 months in both patients who received rifampin (interquartile range [IQR] 2.21, 6.00) and those who did not receive rifampin (IQR 5.97, 6.00) (p = 0.083). There were no significant differences between patients who received rifampin and those who did not receive rifampin in all baseline characteristics, except the swollen joint count (3.00 [1.75, 5.25] vs. 5.00 [4.00, 7.00]; p = 0.025), at the time of starting tofacitinib. In patients who received rifampin at the time of starting tofacitinib, the mean duration of co-administration was 47.00 ± 23.54 days (median 56; IQR 28.75, 59.00). During follow-up, 14 of the 81 patients (17.3%) discontinued tofacitinib. As shown in the Figures 1 and 2, the discontinuation rate of tofacitinib within the first 6 months was significantly higher among patients who received rifampin for LTBI than among those who did not receive rifampin (lack of efficacy: 24.7% vs. 5.1%, p = 0.008; all causes: 38.9% vs. 11.2%, p = 0.002). Seven patients discontinued tofacitinib because of uncontrolled RA activity, and rifampin had been administered concomitantly in four of these seven patients. Of the four patients, three stopped taking tofacitinib in the middle of LTBI treatment, and the DAS28-ESR scores of these patients were higher at discontinuation than at baseline.

Conclusion:

Discontinuation rates were higher in RA patients who started tofacitinib during chemoprophylaxis involving rifampin than in those who did not receive rifampin. Physicians should be aware that the efficacy of tofacitinib could be decreased by the chemoprophylactic regimen for tuberculosis.

Disclosure of Interests:None declared

SAT0009 ROLE OF EC-18 IN AUTOIMMUNE ARTHRITIS AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE IN CURDLAN-ADMINISTERED SKG MICE

Background:

Although the mortality of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), for which interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the major contributors, has still not decreased, new target therapies for RA have shown good response in peripheral arthritis. EC-18 (acetylated diacylglycerol 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol) is a mono-acetyl-diglyceride that has been isolated from the antlers of sika deer and can be chemically synthesized from glycerol, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid. Research using LPS-induced acute lung injury murine model has reported that EC-18 stimulates a more rapid resolution of LPS-induced lung Inflammation. In addition, it has been reported that in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis, EC-18 treatment ameliorated arthritis, with down-regulation of IL-6 level by regulating the activity of STAT3 in the synovium. Curdlan-administered SKG mice develop ILD spontaneously followed by peripheral arthritis, which resembles RA-ILD.

Objectives:

We evaluated the modulatory effect of the EC-18 on arthritis and ILD in autoimmune arthritis animal model.

Methods:

Male SKG mice were obtained from Dr. S. Sakaguchi. We injected curdlan (3 mg/mice) in 8-week-old SKG mice and identified the presence of ILD by histological analysis at 20 weeks post-injection. Arthritis score was measured every week for up to 20 weeks. EC-18 (250 mg/kg body weight/day, Enzychem Lifesciences Co., Daejeon, Korea) was administered every day orally. At 20 weeks post-injection, lung sections were stained with H&E and Masson’s trichrome. Using the Opal method, multiplexed immunofluorescent staining of lung tissue was performed. According to the scale by Ashcroft et al., fibrosis severity of lung sections was assessed by a system of eight grades. Analysis of serum cytokines by the luminex multiplex cytokine assay was performed at 20 weeks post-injection.

Results:

Oral administration of EC-18 decreased arthritis score significantly until 8 weeks post-injection and remained unchanged thereafter. At 20 weeks post-injection, histological analysis showed severe pulmonary destruction, including bronchial alveolar tissue damage and massive leukocyte infiltration, and fibrosis in the curdlan-administered mice, which was attenuated in EC-18 treated mice. In particular, 67% of curdlan-administered mice showed ILD-like phenotype, whereas the incidence rate in EC-18-treated mice was 17%. Furthermore, immunofluorescent-staining showed both IL-17A and neutrophil accumulation in lung in curdlan-administered mice; these were decreased in EC-18-treated mice. Interestingly, at 20weeks post-injection, EC-18 treatment down-regulated serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and up-regulated sIL-7Rα (anti-fibrotic molecule).

Conclusion:

Taken together, EC-18 exerts an anti-arthritic effect in early phase, but a long-term effect was not indicated. We emphasize the effect on ILD prevention of EC-18 via up-regulation of sIL-7Rα and inhibition of neutrophil accumulation, suggesting a therapeutic agent potentially for RA-ILD.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

OP0023 PREDICTION OF REMISSION FOR EACH BIOLOGICS BASED ON PATIENT’S CLINICAL INFORMATION BEFORE STARTING BIOLOGICS USING EXPLAINABLE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: DATA FROM THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF RHEUMATOLOGY BIOLOGICS REGISTRY

Background:

Many studies have identified predictive factors of response to biologics in patients wirh rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there is still a lack in using them in daily clinical practice. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method that can assist the physician in selecting effective biologics.

Objectives:

The purpose of this study is to establish machine learning model that predicts remission in patients treated with biologics using data of RA patients from the Korean College of Rheumatology Biologics (KOBIO) registry, and to identify the important features that have the most influence on the response to biologics using explainable artificial intelligence (AI).

Methods:

A total of 1,527 patients who started with biologics such as etanercept, adalimumab, golimumab, infliximab, abatacept, and tocilizumab from December 2012 to June 2019 were enrolled. Remission was predicted using 46 variables corresponding to baseline profiles at the starting of each biologics. We used five machine learning methods such as lasso, ridge, SVM, random forest, and XGBoost. For explainability of those models, we used Shapley plot to interpret the feature importance for each biologics.

Results:

In all machine learning methods, the accuracy and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) were 57.2%~74.5%, 0.547~0.747, respectively (Table 1). The accuracy and AUROC of each biologics were similar between machine learning methods. Figure 2 showed interpretation of feature importance with the Shapley plot for remission. The most important feature was age in adalimumab (younger were closer to remission), daily corticosteroid dose in etanercept, golimumab, and all TNF inhibitors (using fewer doses daily were closer to remission), baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate in infliximab (lower ESR were closer to remission), disease duration in abatacept (longer disease durations showed difficulty determining remission), baseline c-reactive protein in tocilizumab (higher CRP were closer to remission).

Table.

Predicting remission for all biologics in various machine learning method.

MeasureLassoRidgeSVMRandom ForestXGBoostNo info rateSampleAbataceptAccuracy74.1%74.1%70.6%71.8%68.8%70.6%216AUROC0.7250.7420.7070.6770.6470.500AdalimumabAccuracy73.6%72.0%70.4%72.0%70.4%68.8%315AUROC0.7100.7290.7000.6750.6630.500EtanerceptAccuracy72.0%72.0%70.0%71.5%70.0%68.0%250AUROC0.7410.7470.7260.7190.7040.500GolimumabAccuracy71.3%68.5%66.7%68.5%68.5%68.5%138AUROC0.7460.7270.7010.6900.6550.500InfliximabAccuracy72.8%73.5%67.6%73.5%69.1%72.5%172AUROC0.6630.6830.6160.5970.5270.500TNF inhibitorsAccuracy73.9%74.5%73.9%74.2%73.6%70.3%875AUROC0.7390.7410.7260.7470.7240.500TocilizumabAccuracy62.4%63.6%62.4%59.5%57.2%59.5%436AUROC0.6330.6400.6330.6150.5470.500Figure 2.

Shapley plots and SHAP values for the feature importance from clinical information in patients with RA.

Conclusion:

We developed machine learning models for predicting remission as a response to each biologics in active RA patients based on their clinical profiles, and found important clinical features using explainable AI. This approach may support clinical decisions to improve treatment outcomes in patients with RA.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared