1
|
Schofield DJ, Lim K, Tanton R, Veerman L, Kelly SJ, Passey M, Shrestha R. Economic impact of informal caring for a person with arthritis in Australia from 2015 to 2030: a microsimulation approach using national survey data. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e076966. [PMID: 38719327 PMCID: PMC11086496 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the economic burden of informal caregivers not in the labour force (NILF) due to caring for a person with arthritis in Australia, with projections of these costs from 2015 to 2030. DESIGN Static microsimulation modelling using national survey data. SETTING Australia nationwide survey. PARTICIPANTS Participants include respondents to the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers who are informal carers of a person who has arthritis as their main chronic condition and non-carers. OUTCOME MEASURES Estimating the economic impact and national aggregated costs of informal carers NILF to care for a person with arthritis and projecting these costs from 2015 to 2030 in 5-year intervals. RESULTS On a per-person basis, when adjusted for age, sex and highest education attained, the difference in average weekly total income between informal carers and non-carers employed in the labour force is $A1051 (95% CI: $A927 to $A1204) in 2015 and projected to increase by up to 22% by 2030. When aggregated, the total national annual loss of income to informal carers NILF is estimated at $A388.2 million (95% CI: $A324.3 to $A461.9 million) in 2015, increasing to $A576.9 million (95% CI: $A489.2 to $A681.8 million) by 2030. The national annual tax revenue lost to the government of the informal carers NILF is estimated at $A99 million (95% CI: $A77.9 to $A126.4 million) in 2015 and is projected to increase 49% by 2030. CONCLUSION Informal carers NILF are economically worse off than employed non-carers, and the aggregated national annual costs are substantial. The future economic impact of informal carers NILF to care for a person with arthritis in Australia is projected to increase, with the estimated differences in income between informal carers and employed non-carers increasing by 22% from 2015 to 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- GenIMPACT: Centre of Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Lim
- GenIMPACT: Centre of Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Tanton
- Communities in Numbers, Manton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lennert Veerman
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon J Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modellig, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Megan Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health, University of Sydney, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rupendra Shrestha
- GenIMPACT: Centre of Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schofield D, Zeppel MJB, Tanton R, Veerman JL, Kelly SJ, Passey ME, Shrestha RN. Individual and national financial impacts of informal caring for people with mental illness in Australia, projected to 2030. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e136. [PMID: 35848155 PMCID: PMC9345331 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental illness has a significant impact not only on patients, but also on their carers' capacity to work. AIMS To estimate the costs associated with lost labour force participation due to the provision of informal care for people with mental illness in Australia, such as income loss for carers and lost tax revenue and increased welfare payments for government, from 2015 to 2030. METHOD The output data of a microsimulation model Care&WorkMOD were analysed to project the financial costs of informal care for people with mental illness, from 2015 to 2030. Care&WorkMOD is a population-representative microsimulation model of the Australian population aged between 15 and 64 years, built using the Australian Bureau of Statistics Surveys of Disability, Ageing and Carers data and the data from other population-representative microsimulation models. RESULTS The total annual national loss of income for all carers due to caring for someone with mental illness was projected to rise from AU$451 million (£219.6 million) in 2015 to AU$645 million (£314 million) in 2030 in real terms. For the government, the total annual lost tax revenue was projected to rise from AU$121 million (£58.9 million) in 2015 to AU$170 million (£82.8 million) in 2030 and welfare payments to increase from AU$170 million (£82.8 million) to AU$220 million (£107 million) in 2030. CONCLUSIONS The costs associated with lost labour force participation due to the provision of informal care for people with mental illness are projected to increase for both carers and government, with a widening income gap between informal carers and employed non-carers, putting carers at risk of increased inequality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Schofield
- Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine (GenIMPACT), Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie J B Zeppel
- Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine (GenIMPACT), Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Tanton
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Simon J Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Megan E Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health, University of Sydney, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rupendra N Shrestha
- Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine (GenIMPACT), Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kelly SJ, Brodecky V, Skuza EM, Berger PJ, Tatkov S. Variability in tracheal mucociliary transport is not controlled by beating cilia in lambs in vivo during ventilation with humidified and nonhumidified air. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L473-L485. [PMID: 33438520 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00485.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary transport in the respiratory epithelium depends on beating of cilia to move a mucus layer containing trapped inhaled particles toward the mouth. Little is known about the relationship between cilia beat frequency (CBF) and mucus transport velocity (MTV) in vivo under normal physiological conditions and when inspired air is dry or not fully humidified. This study was designed to use video-microscopy to simultaneously measure CBF and MTV in the tracheal epithelium through an implanted optical window in mechanically ventilated lambs. The inspired air in 6 animals was heated to body temperature and fully saturated with water for 4 hours as a baseline. In another series of experiments, 5 lambs were ventilated with air at different temperatures and humidities and the mucosal surface temperature was monitored with infrared macro-imaging. In the baseline experiments, during ventilation with fully humidified air at body temperature, CBF remained constant, mean 13.9 ± 1.6 Hz but MTV varied considerably between 0.1 and 26.1 mm/min with mean 11.0 ± 3.9 mm/min, resulting in a maximum mucus displacement of 34.2 µm/cilia beat. Fully humidified air at body temperature prevented fluctuations in the surface temperature during breathing indicating a thermodynamic balance in the airways. When lambs were ventilated with dryer air, the mucosal surface temperature and MTV dropped without a significant change in CBF. When inspired air was dry, mainly latent heat (92%) was transferred to air in the trachea, reducing the surface temperature by 5 °C. Reduced humidity of the inspired air lowered the surface temperature and reduced MTV in the epithelium during ventilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Kelly
- Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - V Brodecky
- Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E M Skuza
- Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P J Berger
- Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Tatkov
- Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schofield D, Zeppel MJB, Tanton R, Veerman JL, Kelly SJ, Passey ME, Shrestha RN. Intellectual disability and autism: socioeconomic impacts of informal caring, projected to 2030. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 215:654-660. [PMID: 31524109 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) influence the interactions of a person with their environment and generate economic and socioeconomic costs for the person, their family and society. AIMS To estimate costs of lost workforce participation due to informal caring for people with intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorders by estimating lost income to individuals, lost taxation payments to federal government and increased welfare payments. METHOD We used a microsimulation model based on the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Surveys of Disability, Ageing and Carers (population surveys of people aged 15-64), and projected costs of caring from 2015 in 5-year intervals to 2030. RESULTS The model estimated that informal carers of people with intellectual disability and/or ASD in Australia had aggregated lost income of AU$310 million, lost taxation of AU$100 million and increased welfare payments of AU$204 million in 2015. These are projected to increase to AU$432 million, AU$129 million and AU$254 million for income, taxation, and welfare respectively by 2030. The income gap of carers for people with intellectual disability and/or ASD is estimated to increase by 2030, meaning more financial stress for carers. CONCLUSIONS Informal carers of people with intellectual disability and/or ASD experience significant loss of income, leading to increased welfare payments and reduced taxation revenue for governments; these are all projected to increase. Strategic policies supporting informal carers wishing to return to work could improve the financial and psychological impact of having a family member with intellectual disability and/or ASD. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Schofield
- Professor of Health Economics, Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Melanie J B Zeppel
- Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Robert Tanton
- Professor, National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Simon J Kelly
- Professor, National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Megan E Passey
- Associate Professor, University Centre for Rural Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Rupendra N Shrestha
- Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Macquarie University, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schofield D, Shrestha RN, Zeppel MJB, Cunich MM, Tanton R, Veerman JL, Kelly SJ, Passey ME. Economic costs of informal care for people with chronic diseases in the community: Lost income, extra welfare payments, and reduced taxes in Australia in 2015-2030. Health Soc Care Community 2019; 27:493-501. [PMID: 30378213 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We estimated the economic costs of informal care in the community from 2015 to 2030, using an Australian microsimulation model, Care&WorkMOD. The model was based on data from three Surveys of Disability, Ageing, and Carers (SDACs) for the Australian population aged 15-64 years old. Estimated national income lost was AU$3.58 billion in 2015, increasing to $5.33 billion in 2030 (49% increase). Lost tax payments were estimated at AU$0.99 billion in 2015, increasing to AU$1.44 billion in 2030 (45% increase), and additional welfare payments were expected to rise from $1.45 billion in 2015 to AU$1.94 in 2030 (34% increase). There are substantial economic costs both to informal carers and the government due to carers being out of the labour-force to provide informal care for people with chronic diseases. Health and social policies supporting carers to remain in the labour force may allow governments to make substantial savings, while improving the economic situation of carers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Schofield
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, GenIMPACT, Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Rupendra N Shrestha
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, GenIMPACT, Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie J B Zeppel
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, GenIMPACT, Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle M Cunich
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Co-Director, Sydney Health Economics, Sydney Local Health District
| | - Robert Tanton
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Simon J Kelly
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, GenIMPACT, Centre for Economic Impacts of Genomic Medicine, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Megan E Passey
- The University of Sydney, University Centre for Rural Health, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muszyński A, Heiss C, Hjuler CT, Sullivan JT, Kelly SJ, Thygesen MB, Stougaard J, Azadi P, Carlson RW, Ronson CW. Structures of exopolysaccharides involved in receptor-mediated perception of Mesorhizobium loti by Lotus japonicus. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5376. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.aac118.002877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
7
|
Schofield D, Shrestha RN, Cunich MM, Passey ME, Veerman L, Tanton R, Kelly SJ. The costs of diabetes among Australians aged 45-64 years from 2015 to 2030: projections of lost productive life years (PLYs), lost personal income, lost taxation revenue, extra welfare payments and lost gross domestic product from Health&WealthMOD2030. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013158. [PMID: 28069621 PMCID: PMC5223630 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To project the number of people aged 45-64 years with lost productive life years (PLYs) due to diabetes and related costs (lost income, extra welfare payments, lost taxation revenue); and lost gross domestic product (GDP) attributable to diabetes in Australia from 2015 to 2030. DESIGN A simulation study of how the number of people aged 45-64 years with diabetes increases over time (based on population growth and disease trend data) and the economic losses incurred by individuals and the government. Cross-sectional outputs of a microsimulation model (Health&WealthMOD2030) which used the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers 2003 and 2009 as a base population and integrated outputs from two microsimulation models (Static Incomes Model and Australian Population and Policy Simulation Model), Treasury's population and labour force projections, and chronic disease trends data. SETTING Australian population aged 45-64 years in 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030. OUTCOME MEASURES Lost PLYs, lost income, extra welfare payments, lost taxation revenue, lost GDP. RESULTS 18 100 people are out of the labour force due to diabetes in 2015, increasing to 21 400 in 2030 (18% increase). National costs consisted of a loss of $A467 million in annual income in 2015, increasing to $A807 million in 2030 (73% increase). For the government, extra annual welfare payments increased from $A311 million in 2015 to $A350 million in 2030 (13% increase); and lost annual taxation revenue increased from $A102 million in 2015 to $A166 million in 2030 (63% increase). A loss of $A2.1 billion in GDP was projected for 2015, increasing to $A2.9 billion in 2030 attributable to diabetes through its impact on PLYs. CONCLUSIONS Individuals incur significant costs of diabetes through lost PLYs and lost income in addition to disease burden through human suffering and healthcare costs. The government incurs extra welfare payments, lost taxation revenue and lost GDP, along with direct healthcare costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Schofield
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rupendra N Shrestha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle M Cunich
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan E Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lennert Veerman
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Tanton
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Simon J Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Kelly SJ, Shrestha RN. Working Beyond the Traditional Retirement Age: The Influence of Health on Australia’s Older Workers. J Aging Soc Policy 2016; 29:235-244. [DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2016.1246319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Schofield D, Shrestha RN, Cunich MM, Tanton R, Veerman L, Kelly SJ, Passey ME. Economic costs of chronic disease through lost productive life years (PLYs) among Australians aged 45-64 years from 2015 to 2030: results from a microsimulation model. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011151. [PMID: 27660315 PMCID: PMC5051341 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To project the number of older workers with lost productive life years (PLYs) due to chronic disease and resultant lost income; and lost taxes and increased welfare payments from 2015 to 2030. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Using a microsimulation model, Health&WealthMOD2030, the costs of chronic disease in Australians aged 45-64 were projected to 2030. The model integrates household survey data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Surveys of Disability, Ageing and Carers (SDACs) 2003 and 2009, output from long-standing microsimulation models (STINMOD (Static Incomes Model) and APPSIM (Australian Population and Policy Simulation Model)) used by various government departments, population and labour force growth data from Treasury, and disease trends data from the Australian Burden of Disease and Injury Study (2003). Respondents aged 45-64 years in the SDACs 2003 and 2009 formed the base population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lost PLYs due to chronic disease; resultant lost income, lost taxes and increased welfare payments in 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030. RESULTS We projected 380 000 (6.4%) people aged 45-64 years with lost PLYs in 2015, increasing to 462 000 (6.5%) in 2030-a 22% increase in absolute numbers. Those with lost PLYs experience the largest reduction in income than any other group in each year compared to those employed full time without a chronic disease, and this income gap widens over time. The total economic loss due to lost PLYs consisted of lost income modelled at $A12.6 billion in 2015, increasing to $A20.5 billion in 2030-a 62.7% increase. Additional costs to the government consisted of increased welfare payments at $A6.2 billion in 2015, increasing to $A7.3 billion in 2030-a 17.7% increase; and a loss of $A3.1 billion in taxes in 2015, increasing to $A4.7 billion in 2030-a growth of 51.6%. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for greater investment in effective preventive health interventions which improve workers' health and work capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Schofield
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rupendra N Shrestha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle M Cunich
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Tanton
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lennert Veerman
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon J Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Megan E Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Muszyński A, Heiss C, Hjuler CT, Sullivan JT, Kelly SJ, Thygesen MB, Stougaard J, Azadi P, Carlson RW, Ronson CW. Structures of Exopolysaccharides Involved in Receptor-mediated Perception of Mesorhizobium loti by Lotus japonicus. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20946-20961. [PMID: 27502279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the symbiosis formed between Mesorhizobium loti strain R7A and Lotus japonicus Gifu, rhizobial exopolysaccharide (EPS) plays an important role in infection thread formation. Mutants of strain R7A affected in early exopolysaccharide biosynthetic steps form nitrogen-fixing nodules on L. japonicus Gifu after a delay, whereas mutants affected in mid or late biosynthetic steps induce uninfected nodule primordia. Recently, it was shown that a plant receptor-like kinase, EPR3, binds low molecular mass exopolysaccharide from strain R7A to regulate bacterial passage through the plant's epidermal cell layer (Kawaharada, Y., Kelly, S., Nielsen, M. W., Hjuler, C. T., Gysel, K., Muszyński, A., Carlson, R. W., Thygesen, M. B., Sandal, N., Asmussen, M. H., Vinther, M., Andersen, S. U., Krusell, L., Thirup, S., Jensen, K. J., et al. (2015) Nature 523, 308-312). In this work, we define the structure of both high and low molecular mass exopolysaccharide from R7A. The low molecular mass exopolysaccharide produced by R7A is a monomer unit of the acetylated octasaccharide with the structure (2,3/3-OAc)β-d-RibfA-(1→4)-α-d-GlcpA-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-(3OAc)β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-*[(2OAc)β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-(2/3OAc)β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-β-d-Galp]. We propose it is a biosynthetic constituent of high molecular mass EPS polymer. Every new repeating unit is attached via its reducing-end β-d-Galp to C-4 of the fourth glucose (asterisked above) of the octasaccharide, forming a branch. The O-acetylation occurs on the four glycosyl residues in a non-stoichiometric ratio, and each octasaccharide subunit is on average substituted with three O-acetyl groups. The availability of these structures will facilitate studies of EPR3 receptor binding of symbiotically compatible and incompatible EPS and the positive or negative consequences on infection by the M. loti exo mutants synthesizing such EPS variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Muszyński
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602,
| | - Christian Heiss
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Christian T Hjuler
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John T Sullivan
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Simon J Kelly
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mikkel B Thygesen
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Russell W Carlson
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Clive W Ronson
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The between-limb symmetry of anterior tibial muscle size was examined in 40 healthy females, aged 18-35 years (20.7 ± 3.9). Real-time ultrasound imaging was used to measure the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the muscle group. With the subject half-lying, bilateral scans were taken and measurements of CSA were made by tracing the muscle group outline using an onscreen electronic calliper. On each scan, two CSA measurements were made and the mean of the two measurements was used in the analysis. Between-side comparisons were made by expressing the CSA of the smaller muscle as a percentage of that of the larger muscle and the mean, standard deviation and range for the 40 subjects were calculated. The paired t-test was used to compare the raw data between-sides, i.e. larger versus smaller muscle. The smaller muscle was approximately 93% of the size of the larger muscle with a mean difference of 7.2% ± 5% and a range of 0.1-20%. The differences between the raw values for CSA were significantly different ( p < 0.001). The degree of symmetry of anterior tibial muscle size has been documented in a group of normal young females using real-time ultrasound scanning, which could be used to examine wasting in patients with unilateral leg injuries or pathology. The degree of normal symmetry for other subject groups of both sexes and different ages needs to be documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SJ Kelly
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - MJ Stokes
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Veerman JL, Shrestha RN, Mihalopoulos C, Passey ME, Kelly SJ, Tanton R, Callander EJ, Schofield DJ. Depression prevention, labour force participation and income of older working aged Australians: A microsimulation economic analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2015; 49:430-6. [PMID: 25425743 DOI: 10.1177/0004867414561528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression has economic consequences not only for the health system, but also for individuals and society. This study aims to quantify the potential economic impact of five-yearly screening for sub-syndromal depression in general practice among Australians aged 45-64 years, followed by a group-based psychological intervention to prevent progression to depression. METHOD We used an epidemiological simulation model to estimate reductions in prevalence of depression, and a microsimulation model, Health&WealthMOD2030, to estimate the impact on labour force participation, personal income, savings, taxation revenue and welfare expenditure. RESULTS Group therapy is estimated to prevent around 5,200 prevalent cases of depression (2.2%) and add about 520 people to the labour force. Private incomes are projected to increase by $19 million per year, tax revenues by $2.4 million, and transfer payments are reduced by $2.6 million. CONCLUSION Group-based psychological intervention to prevent depression could result in considerable economic benefits in addition to its clinical effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Megan E Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health - North Coast, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Lismore, Australia
| | - Simon J Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Robert Tanton
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Shrestha RN, Passey ME, Kelly SJ, Percival R. Back problems, comorbidities, and their association with wealth. Spine J 2015; 15:34-41. [PMID: 25007754 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Studies assessing the economic burden of back problems have given little consideration to the presence of comorbidities. PURPOSE To assess the difference in the value of wealth held by Australians who have back problems and varying numbers of chronic comorbidities. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study. PATIENT SAMPLE Individuals aged 45 to 64 years in 2009: 4,388 with no chronic health conditions, 1,405 with back problems, and 3,018 with other health conditions. OUTCOME MEASURE Total wealth (cash, shares, superannuation, investment property, and owner occupied home). METHODS Using a microsimulation model (Health&WealthMOD), logistic regression models were used to assess the odds of having any wealth. Linear regression models were used to assess the difference in the value of this wealth. RESULTS Those with back problems and two comorbidities had 0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06-0.42) times the odds and those with back problems and three or more comorbidities had 0.20 (95% CI: 0.11-0.38) times the odds of having accumulated some wealth than those with no chronic health conditions. Those with back problems and three or more comorbidities had a median value of total wealth of around $150,000, whereas those with back problems only and back problems and one comorbidity had a median value of total wealth of around $250,500. There was no significant difference in the amount of wealth accumulated by those with back problems and at least one comorbidity and those with other health conditions and the same number of comorbidities. However, those with only one health condition (excluding back problems) had 65% more wealth than those with back problems only (95% CI: 5.1-161.2). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of considering multiple morbidities when discussing the relationship between back problems and economic circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, 92-94 Parramatta Rd, Camperdown, Sydney NSW 1450, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Emily J Callander
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, 92-94 Parramatta Rd, Camperdown, Sydney NSW 1450, Australia.
| | - Rupendra N Shrestha
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, 92-94 Parramatta Rd, Camperdown, Sydney NSW 1450, Australia
| | - Megan E Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health-North Coast, 55-61 Uralba St, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Simon J Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Richard Percival
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Thermoelectric effects in tunnel junctions are currently being revisited for their prospects in cooling and energy harvesting applications, and as sensitive probes of electron transport. Quantitative interpretation of these effects calls for advances in both theory and experiment, particularly with respect to the electron transmission probability across a tunnel barrier which encodes the energy dependence and the magnitude of tunneling thermopower. Using noble metal surfaces as clean model systems, we demonstrate a comparatively simple and quantitative approach where the transmission probability is directly measured experimentally. Importantly, we estimate not only thermovoltage, but also its energy and temperature dependencies. We have thus resolved surface-state enhancement of thermovoltage, which manifests as 10-fold enhancement of thermopower on terraces of the Ag(111) surface compared to single-atom step sites and surface-supported nanoparticles. To corroborate experimental analysis, the methodology was applied to the transmission probability obtained from first-principles calculations for the (111) surfaces of the three noble metals, finding good agreement between overall trends. Surface-state effects themselves point to a possibility of achieving competitive performance of all-metal tunnel junctions when compared to molecular junctions. At the same time, the approach presented here opens up possibilities to investigate the properties of nominally doped or gated thermoelectric tunnel junctions as well as temperature gradient in nanometer gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petro Maksymovych
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kelly SJ, Kim Y, Eliseev E, Morozovska A, Jesse S, Biegalski MD, Mitchell JF, Zheng H, Aarts J, Hwang I, Oh S, Choi JS, Choi T, Park BH, Kalinin SV, Maksymovych P. Controlled mechnical modification of manganite surface with nanoscale resolution. Nanotechnology 2014; 25:475302. [PMID: 25380080 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/47/475302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the surfaces of magnetoresistive manganites, La(1-x)Ca(x)MnO3 and La(2-2x)Sr(1+2x)Mn2O7, using a combination of ultrahigh vacuum conductive, electrostatic and magnetic force microscopy methods. Scanning as-grown film with a metal tip, even with zero applied bias, was found to modify the surface electronic properties such that in subsequent scans, the conductivity is reduced below the noise level of conductive probe microscopy. Scanned areas also reveal a reduced contact potential difference relative to the pristine surface by ∼0.3 eV. We propose that contact-pressure of the tip modifies the electrochemical potential of oxygen vacancies via the Vegard effect, causing vacancy motion and concomitant changes of the electronic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Kelly
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kelly SJ, Ismail MM. Is exposure to chronic stressors a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes? Eur J Public Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku162.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
17
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Shrestha RN, Passey ME, Kelly SJ, Percival R. Multiple chronic health conditions and their link with wealth assets. Eur J Public Health 2014; 25:285-9. [PMID: 25192707 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been little research on the economic status of those with multiple health conditions, particularly on the relationship between multiple health conditions and wealth. This paper will assess the difference in the value and type of wealth assets held by Australians who have multiple chronic health conditions. METHODS Using Health&WealthMOD, a microsimulation model of the 45-64-year-old Australian population in 2009, a counterfactual analysis was undertaken. The actual proportion of people with different numbers of chronic health conditions with any wealth, and the value of this wealth was estimated. This was compared with the counterfactual values had the individuals had no chronic health conditions. RESULTS There was no change in the proportion of people with one health condition who actually had any wealth, compared to the counterfactual proportion had they had no chronic health conditions. Ninety-four percent of those with four or more health conditions had some accumulated wealth; however, under the counterfactual, 100% would have had some accumulated wealth. There was little change in the value of non-income-producing assets under the counterfactual, regardless of number of health conditions. Those with four or more chronic health conditions had a mean value of $17 000 in income-producing assets; under the counterfactual, the average would have been $78 000. CONCLUSION This study has highlighted the variation in the value of wealth according to number of chronic health conditions, and hence the importance of considering multiple morbidities when discussing the relationship between health and wealth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- 1 NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 1450, Australia 2 School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Emily J Callander
- 1 NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 1450, Australia 2 School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Rupendra N Shrestha
- 1 NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 1450, Australia
| | - Megan E Passey
- 3 University Centre for Rural Health-North Coast, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Simon J Kelly
- 4 National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Richard Percival
- 4 National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schofield D, Cunich MM, Shrestha RN, Passey ME, Veerman L, Callander EJ, Kelly SJ, Tanton R. The economic impact of diabetes through lost labour force participation on individuals and government: evidence from a microsimulation model. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:220. [PMID: 24592931 PMCID: PMC3975899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is a costly and debilitating disease. The aim of the study is to quantify the individual and national costs of diabetes resulting from people retiring early because of this disease, including lost income; lost income taxation, increased government welfare payments; and reductions in GDP. Methods A purpose-built microsimulation model, Health&WealthMOD2030, was used to estimate the economic costs of early retirement due to diabetes. The study included all Australians aged 45–64 years in 2010 based on Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Surveys of Disability, Ageing and Carers. A multiple regression model was used to identify significant differences in income, government welfare payments and taxation liabilities between people out of the labour force because of their diabetes and those employed full time with no chronic health condition. Results The median annual income of people who retired early because of their diabetes was significantly lower (AU$11 784) compared to those employed full time without a chronic health condition who received almost five times more income. At the national level, there was a loss of AU$384 million in individual earnings by those with diabetes, an extra AU$4 million spent in government welfare payments, a loss of AU$56 million in taxation revenue, and a loss of AU$1 324 million in GDP in 2010: all attributable to diabetes through its impact on labour force participation. Sensitivity analysis was used to assess the impact of different diabetes prevalence rates on estimates of lost income, lost income taxation, increased government welfare payments, and reduced GDP. Conclusions Individuals bear the cost of lost income in addition to the burden of the disease. The Government endures the impacts of lost productivity and income taxation revenue, as well as spending more in welfare payments. These national costs are in addition to the Government’s direct healthcare costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle M Cunich
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Shrestha RN, Passey ME, Percival R, Kelly SJ. How co-morbidities magnify the effect of arthritis on labour force participation and economic status: a costs of illness study in Australia. Rheumatol Int 2014; 34:481-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-014-2967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Schofield DJ, Cunich M, Shrestha RN, Callander EJ, Passey ME, Kelly SJ, Tanton R, Veerman L. The impact of diabetes on the labour force participation and income poverty of workers aged 45-64 years in Australia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89360. [PMID: 24586716 PMCID: PMC3930716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantify the poverty status and level of disadvantage experienced by Australians aged 45–64 years who have left the labour force due to diabetes in 2010. Research Design and Methods A purpose-built microsimulation model, Health&WealthMOD2030, was used to estimate the poverty status and level of disadvantage of those aged 45–64 years who prematurely retire from the workforce due to diabetes. A multiple regression model was used to identify significant differences in rates of income poverty and the degree of disadvantage between those out of the labour force due to diabetes and those employed full- or part-time with no diabetes. Results 63.9% of people aged 45–64 years who were out of the labour force due to diabetes were in poverty in 2010. The odds of being in poverty for those with no diabetes and employed full-time (OR of being in poverty 0.02 95%CI: 0.01–0.04) or part-time (OR of being in poverty 0.10 95%CI: 0.05–0.23) are significantly lower than those for persons not in the labour force due to diabetes. Amongst those with diabetes, those who were able to stay in either full- or part-time employment were as much as 97% less likely to be in poverty than those who had to retire early because of the condition. Sensitivity analysis was used to assess impacts of different poverty line thresholds and key socioeconomic predictors of poverty. Conclusions This study has shown that having diabetes and not being in the labour force because of this condition significantly increases the chances of living in poverty. Intervening to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes is likely to improve their living standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Michelle Cunich
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Megan E. Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health – North Coast, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon J. Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Robert Tanton
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Lennert Veerman
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have assessed the effect of multiple health conditions among patients with heart disease, particularly the economic implications of having multiple conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS This study used a microsimulation model, Health&WealthMOD, to assess the effect of comorbidities on the labor force participation of 45-64-year-old Australians with heart disease, and the indirect economic costs to these individuals and government. For most comorbid conditions, there is a significant increase in the chance of an individual being out of the labor force, relative to those with heart disease alone. For example, individuals with heart disease and arthritis have more than 6-fold the odds of being out of the labor force relative to those with heart disease alone (OR 6.64, 95% CI: 2.46-17.95). People with heart disease and ≥1 comorbidities also receive a significantly lower income, pay less in taxation and receive more in government transfer payments than those with heart disease alone. CONCLUSIONS It is important to consider whether an individual with heart disease also has other health conditions, as individuals with comorbidities have inferior financial situations and are a greater burden on government finances than those with only heart disease. (Circ J 2014; 78: 644-648).
Collapse
|
22
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Shrestha RN, Passey ME, Percival R, Kelly SJ. Multiple chronic health conditions and their link with labour force participation and economic status. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79108. [PMID: 24223887 PMCID: PMC3815132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To assess the labour force participation and quantify the economic status of older Australian workers with multiple health conditions. Background Many older people suffer from multiple health conditions. While multiple morbidities have been highlighted as an important research topic, there has been limited research in this area to date, particularly on the economic status of those with multiple morbidities. Methods Cross sectional analysis of Health&WealthMOD, a microsimulation model of Australians aged 45 to 64 years. Results People with one chronic health condition had 0.59 times the odds of being employed compared to those with no condition (OR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.71), and those with four or more conditions had 0.14 times the odds of being employed compared to those with no condition (OR 0.14, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.18). People with one condition received a weekly income 32% lower than those with no health condition, paid 49 % less tax, and received 37% more in government transfer payments; those with four or more conditions received a weekly income 94% lower, paid 97% less in tax and received over 2,000% more in government transfer payments per week than those with no condition. Conclusion While having a chronic health condition is associated with lower labour force participation and poorer economic status, having multiple conditions compounds the affect – with these people being far less likely to be employed and having drastically lower incomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily J. Callander
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rupendra N. Shrestha
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan E. Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health – North Coast, University of Sydney, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Percival
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Simon J. Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Shrestha RN, Passey ME, Kelly SJ, Percival R. The impact of co-morbidities on the wealth of people with heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2013; 169:e12-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
24
|
Kim Y, Kelly SJ, Morozovska A, Rahani EK, Strelcov E, Eliseev E, Jesse S, Biegalski MD, Balke N, Benedek N, Strukov D, Aarts J, Hwang I, Oh S, Choi JS, Choi T, Park BH, Shenoy VB, Maksymovych P, Kalinin SV. Mechanical control of electroresistive switching. Nano Lett 2013; 13:4068-4074. [PMID: 23981113 DOI: 10.1021/nl401411r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hysteretic metal-insulator transitions (MIT) mediated by ionic dynamics or ferroic phase transitions underpin emergent applications for nonvolatile memories and logic devices. The vast majority of applications and studies have explored the MIT coupled to the electric field or temperarture. Here, we argue that MIT coupled to ionic dynamics should be controlled by mechanical stimuli, the behavior we refer to as the piezochemical effect. We verify this effect experimentally and demonstrate that it allows both studying materials physics and enabling novel data storage technologies with mechanical writing and current-based readout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunseok Kim
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Shrestha RN, Percival R, Kelly SJ, Passey ME. The association between labour force participation and being in income poverty amongst those with mental health problems. Aging Ment Health 2013; 17:250-7. [PMID: 23082972 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2012.727381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mental health conditions are associated with lower standards of living. This study quantifies the relationship between employment, depression and other mental health conditions and being in income poverty. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis was undertaken using the 2003 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers data for Australians aged 45-64 years. RESULTS Those not in the labour force due to depression and other mental health conditions are significantly more likely (odds ratio (OR) 12.53, 95% CI: 12.20-12.86, p < 0.0001; OR 20.10, 95% CI: 19.67-20.54, p < 0.0001) to be in income poverty than those not in the labour force with no chronic health condition. Amongst those with depression and other mental health conditions, those who were in employment were significantly less likely to be in income poverty than those who have had to retire because of the condition. CONCLUSION Due to the association between leaving the workforce due to mental health problems and poverty status, efforts to increase the employment of individuals with mental health conditions, or prevent the onset of the conditions, will likely improve living standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Daniel M, Paquet C, Kelly SJ, Zang G, Rowley KG, McDermott R, O'Dea K. Hypertriglyceridemic waist and newly-diagnosed diabetes among remote-dwelling Indigenous Australians. Ann Hum Biol 2013; 40:496-504. [PMID: 23865580 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.806588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTgW) is predictive of cardiovascular disease. The HTgW relationship with diabetes is little studied. METHODS This study analysed data from diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor screening programmes in remote Indigenous Australian settlements. Elevated waist girth (EW) was defined as ≥90 cm for men (n = 1134) or ≥80 cm for women (n = 1313). Hypertriglyceridemia (ETg) was defined as ≥1.7 mmol/L. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L. Body mass index (BMI) was categorised as <22, 22-24.9 and >25.0 kg/m(2). Logistic regression was used to analyse the odds of newly-diagnosed diabetes for individuals with either HTgW, ETg or EW, relative to individuals with values below cut-offs. RESULTS The prevalence of HTgW was 33.2% for men and 34.8% for women. Accounting for age-group and gender, newly-diagnosed diabetes was associated (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval)) with HTgW: 9.6 (6.6, 13.8). The relationship remained strong after accounting for the covariates BMI and smoking (OR = 4.9 (2.7, 8.8)). In BMI-stratified analyses the strongest odds were observed for the lowest category (<22 kg/m(2): OR = 12.9 (4.0, 41.7)). CONCLUSIONS HTgW has a high prevalence and is associated with newly-diagnosed diabetes in Indigenous people, particularly those with BMI <22 kg/m(2), whom clinicians might not normally consider for screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Daniel
- School of Population Health, University of South Australia , Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Shrestha RN, Passey ME, Percival R, Kelly SJ. The indirect economic impacts of co-morbidities on people with depression. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:796-801. [PMID: 23507049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is known that people with depression often have other co-morbid conditions; however this is rarely acknowledged in studies that access the economic impacts of depression. This paper aims to quantify the association between co-morbid health conditions and labour force status and economic circumstances of people with depression. This study undertakes cross-sectional analysis using a dataset that is representative of the 45-64 year old Australian population with depression. The probability of being out of the labour force increases with increasing number of co-morbidities, and the amount of weekly income received by people with depression decreased with increasing numbers of co-morbidities. Those with depression and three or more co-morbidities were 4.31 times more likely to be out of the labour force (95% CI: 1.74-10.68), and received a weekly private income 88% lower (95% CI: -94%, -75%) than people with depression alone. It is important to consider the co-morbid conditions an individual has when assessing the impact of depression on labour force participation and economic circumstances.
Collapse
|
28
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Shrestha RN, Percival R, Kelly SJ, Passey ME. Premature retirement due to ill health and income poverty: a cross-sectional study of older workers. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e002683. [PMID: 23793652 PMCID: PMC3669722 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the income-poverty status of Australians who were aged between 45 and 64 years and were out of the labour force due to ill health. DESIGN A cross-sectional study using a microsimulation model of the 2009 Australian population (Health&WealthMOD). SETTING 2009 Australian population. PARTICIPANTS 9198 people aged between 45 and 64 years surveyed for the 2003 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES 50% of the median equivalised income-unit-income poverty line. RESULTS It was found that individuals who had retired early due to other reasons were significantly less likely to be in income poverty than those retired due to ill health (OR 0.43 95% CI 0.33 to 0.51), and there was no significant difference in the likelihood of being in income poverty between these individuals and those unemployed. Being in the same family as someone who is retired due to illness also significantly increases an individual's chance of being in income poverty. CONCLUSIONS It can be seen that being retired due to illness impacts both the individual and their family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schofield DJ, Shrestha RN, Percival R, Passey ME, Callander EJ, Kelly SJ. The personal and national costs of lost labour force participation due to arthritis: an economic study. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:188. [PMID: 23452565 PMCID: PMC3599853 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The costs of arthritis to the individuals and the state are considerable. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of the base population of Health&WealthMOD, a microsimulation model of 45 to 64 year old Australians built on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers and STINMOD, an income and savings microsimulation model. RESULTS Individuals aged 45 to 64 years who had retired early due to arthritis had a median value of AU$260 in total weekly income whereas those who were employed full time were likely to average more than five times this. The large national aggregate impact of early retirement due to arthritis includes AU$9.4 billion in lost GDP, attributable to arthritis through its impact on labour force participation.When looking at the ongoing impact of being out of the labour force those who retired from the labour force early due to arthritis were estimated to have a median value of total savings by the time they are 65 of as little as $300 (for males aged 45-54). This is far lower than the median value of savings for those males aged 45-54 who remained in the labour force full time, who would have an estimated $339,100 of savings at age 65. CONCLUSIONS The costs of arthritis to the individuals and the state are considerable. The impacts on the state include loss of productivity from reduced workforce participation, lost income taxation revenue, and increased government support payments - in addition to direct health care costs. Individuals bear the economic costs of lost income and the reduction of their savings over the long term.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kelly SJ, Muszyński A, Kawaharada Y, Hubber AM, Sullivan JT, Sandal N, Carlson RW, Stougaard J, Ronson CW. Conditional requirement for exopolysaccharide in the Mesorhizobium-Lotus symbiosis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2013; 26:319-29. [PMID: 23134480 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-12-0227-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobial surface polysaccharides are required for nodule formation on the roots of at least some legumes but the mechanisms by which they act are yet to be determined. As a first step to investigate the function of exopolysaccharide (EPS) in the formation of determinate nodules, we isolated Mesorhizobium loti mutants affected in various steps of EPS biosynthesis and characterized their symbiotic phenotypes on two Lotus spp. The wild-type M. loti R7A produced both high molecular weight EPS and lower molecular weight (LMW) polysaccharide fractions whereas most mutant strains produced only LMW fractions. Mutants affected in predicted early biosynthetic steps (e.g., exoB) formed nitrogen-fixing nodules on Lotus corniculatus and L. japonicus 'Gifu', whereas mutants affected in mid or late biosynthetic steps (e.g., exoU) induced uninfected nodule primordia and, occasionally, a few infected nodules following a lengthy delay. These mutants were disrupted at the stage of infection thread (IT) development. Symbiotically defective EPS and Nod factor mutants functionally complemented each other in co-inoculation experiments. The majority of full-length IT observed harbored only the EPS mutant strain and did not show bacterial release, whereas the nitrogen-fixing nodules contained both mutants. Examination of the symbiotic proficiency of the exoU mutant on various L. japonicus ecotypes revealed that both host and environmental factors were linked to the requirement for EPS. These results reveal a complex function for M. loti EPS in determinate nodule formation and suggest that EPS plays a signaling role at the stages of both IT initiation and bacterial release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schofield DJ, Shrestha RN, Percival R, Passey ME, Callander EJ, Kelly SJ. The personal and national costs of early retirement because of spinal disorders: impacts on income, taxes, and government support payments. Spine J 2012; 12:1111-8. [PMID: 23092718 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Spinal disorders can reduce an individual's ability to participate in the labor force, and this can lead to considerable impacts on both the individual and the state. PURPOSE This study was aimed to quantify the personal cost of lost income and the cost to the state from lost income taxation, increased benefits payments, and lost gross domestic product (GDP) as a result of early retirement because of spinal disorders in Australians aged 45 to 64 years in 2009. METHODS This was done using cross-sectional analysis of the base population of Health&WealthMOD, a microsimulation model built on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers, and STINMOD, an income and savings microsimulation model. Linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between spinal disorders, labor force participation, income, taxation, and government support payments. RESULTS It was found that individuals aged 45 to 64 years who have retired early because of spinal disorders have significantly lower income (79% less; 95% confidence interval [CI], -84.7, -71.1; p<.0001), pay significantly less taxation (100% less; 95% CI, -100.0, 99.9; p<.0001), and receive significantly more in government support payments (21,000% more; 95% CI, 12,767.0, 35,336.4; p<.0001) than those employed full time with no health condition. Individuals who have retired early because of spinal disorders have a median value of total weekly income of only AU$310, whereas those who are employed full time are likely to receive four times this. This has a large national aggregate impact, with AU$4.8 billion lost in annual individual earnings, AU$622 million in additional welfare payments, AU$497 million lost in taxation revenue for governments, and AU$2.9 billion in lost GDP: all attributable to spinal disorders through their impact on labor force participation. CONCLUSIONS Although the individual has to bear the economic costs of lost income in addition to the burden of the condition itself, the state experiences the impacts of loss of productivity from reduced workforce participation, lost income taxation revenue, and increasing government support payments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 77, Camperdown, New South Wales 1450, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Shrestha RN, Passey ME, Percival R, Kelly SJ. Association between co-morbidities and labour force participation amongst persons with back problems. Pain 2012; 153:2068-2072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
33
|
Schofield DJ, Callander EJ, Shrestha RN, Percival R, Kelly SJ, Passey ME. Letter to the editor regarding Kawada's comments on the paper labour force participation and the influence of having CVD on income poverty of older workers. Int J Cardiol 2012; 157:139-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
34
|
Passey ME, Shrestha RN, Bertram MY, Schofield DJ, Vos T, Callander EJ, Percival R, Kelly SJ. The impact of diabetes prevention on labour force participation and income of older Australians: an economic study. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:16. [PMID: 22225701 PMCID: PMC3295674 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, diabetes is estimated to affect 246 million people and is increasing. In Australia diabetes has been made a national health priority. While the direct costs of treating diabetes are substantial, and rising, the indirect costs are considered greater. There is evidence that interventions to prevent diabetes are effective, and cost-effective, but the impact on labour force participation and income has not been assessed. In this study we quantify the potential impact of implementing a diabetes prevention program, using screening and either metformin or a lifestyle intervention on individual economic outcomes of pre-diabetic Australians aged 45-64. Methods The output of an epidemiological microsimulation model of the reduction in prevalence of diabetes from a lifestyle or metformin intervention, and another microsimulation model, Health&WealthMOD, of health and the associated impacts on labour force participation, personal income, savings, government revenue and expenditure were used to quantify the estimated outcomes of the two interventions. Results An additional 753 person years in the labour force would have been achieved from 1993 to 2003 for the male cohort aged 60-64 years in 2003, if a lifestyle intervention had been introduced in 1983; with 890 person years for the equivalent female group. The impact on labour force participation was lower for the metformin intervention, and increased with age for both interventions. The male cohort aged 60-64 years in 2003 would have earned an additional $30 million in income with the metformin intervention, and the equivalent female cohort would have earned an additional $25 million. If the lifestyle intervention was introduced, the same male and female cohorts would have earned an additional $34 million and $28 million respectively from 1993 to 2003. For the individuals involved, on average, males would have earned an additional $44,600 per year and females an additional $31,800 per year, if they had continued to work as a result of preventing diabetes. Conclusions In addition to improved health and wellbeing, considerable benefits to individuals, in terms of both additional working years and increased personal income, could be made by introducing either a lifestyle or metformin intervention to prevent diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health--North Coast, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, 61 Uralba St, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schofield DJ, Kelly SJ, Shrestha RN, Callander EJ, Percival R, Passey ME. How depression and other mental health problems can affect future living standards of those out of the labour force. Aging Ment Health 2011; 15:654-62. [PMID: 21815858 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2011.556599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the extent to which those who exit the workforce early due to mental health problems have less savings by the time they reach retirement age. METHODS Using Health & WealthMOD--a microsimulation model of Australians aged 45-64 years that predicts accumulated savings at age 65, regression models were used to analyse the differences between the projected savings and the retirement incomes of people at age 65 for those currently working with no chronic condition, and people not in the labour force due to mental health problems. RESULTS Females who retire early due to depression have a median value of total savings by the time they are 65 of $300. For those with other mental health problems the median figure was $0. This is far lower than the median value of $227,900 for females with no chronic condition who remained employed full-time. Males showed similar differences. Both males and females who were out of the labour force due to depression or other mental health problems had at least 97% (95% CI: -99.9% to -68.7%) less savings and retirement income by age 65 that those who remained employed full-time. CONCLUSIONS People who retire from the labour force early due to mental health problems will face long term financial disadvantage compared to people who are able to remain in employment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schofield DJ, Shrestha RN, Percival R, Passey ME, Kelly SJ, Callander EJ. Economic impacts of illness in older workers: quantifying the impact of illness on income, tax revenue and government spending. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:418. [PMID: 21627844 PMCID: PMC3117714 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long term illness has far reaching impacts on individuals, and also places a large burden upon government. This paper quantifies the indirect economic impacts of illness related early retirement on individuals and government in Australia in 2009. METHODS The output data from a microsimulation model, Health&WealthMOD, was analysed. Health&WealthMOD is representative of the 45 to 64 year old Australian population in 2009. The average weekly total income, total government support payments, and total taxation revenue paid, for individuals who are employment full-time, employed part-time and not in the labour force due to ill health was quantified. RESULTS It was found that persons out of the labour force due to illness had significantly lower incomes ($218 per week as opposed to $1167 per week for those employed full-time), received significantly higher transfer payments, and paid significantly less tax than those employed full-time or part-time. This results in an annual national loss of income of over $17 billion, an annual national increase of $1.5 billion in spending on government support payments, and an annual loss of $2.1 billion in taxation revenue. CONCLUSIONS Illness related early retirement has significant economic impacts on both the individual and on governments as a result of lost income, lost taxation revenue and increased government support payments. This paper has quantified the extent of these impacts for Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre and Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Richard Percival
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Megan E Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health (North Coast), Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Lismore NSW Australia
| | - Simon J Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emily J Callander
- NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schofield DJ, Shrestha RN, Percival R, Passey ME, Callander EJ, Kelly SJ. The personal and national costs of mental health conditions: impacts on income, taxes, government support payments due to lost labour force participation. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11:72. [PMID: 21526993 PMCID: PMC3114713 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-11-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health conditions have the ability to interrupt an individual's ability to participate in the labour force, and this can have considerable follow on impacts to both the individual and the state. METHOD Cross-sectional analysis of the base population of Health&WealthMOD, a microsimulation model built on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers and STINMOD, an income and savings microsimulation model was used to quantify the personal cost of lost income and the cost to the state from lost income taxation, increased benefits payments and lost GDP as a result of early retirement due to mental health conditions in Australians aged 45-64 in 2009. RESULTS Individuals aged 45 to 64 years who have retired early due to depression personally have 73% lower income then their full time employed counterparts and those retired early due to other mental health conditions have 78% lower incomes. The national aggregate cost to government due to early retirement from these conditions equated to $278 million (£152.9 million) in lost income taxation revenue, $407 million (£223.9 million) in additional transfer payments and around $1.7 billion in GDP in 2009 alone. CONCLUSIONS The costs of mental health conditions to the individuals and the state are considerable. While individuals has to bear the economic costs of lost income in addition to the burden of the conditions itself, the impact on the state is loss of productivity from reduced workforce participation, lost income taxation revenue, and increased government support payments--in addition to direct health care costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre and School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 1450, Australia.
| | - Rupendra N Shrestha
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 1450, Australia
| | - Richard Percival
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Megan E Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health (North Coast), University of Sydney, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Emily J Callander
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre and School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 1450, Australia
| | - Simon J Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schofield DJ, Shrestha RN, Percival R, Kelly SJ, Passey ME, Callander EJ. Quantifying the effect of early retirement on the wealth of individuals with depression or other mental illness. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 198:123-8. [PMID: 21282782 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the health burden caused by mental illnesses, these conditions contribute to economic disadvantage because of their impact on labour force participation. AIMS To quantify the cost of lost savings and wealth to Australians aged 45-64 who retire from the labour force early because of depression or other mental illness. METHOD Cross-sectional analysis of the base population of Health&WealthMOD, a microsimulation model built on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers and STINMOD, an income and savings microsimulation model. RESULTS People who are not part of the labour force because of depression or other mental illness have 78% (95% CI 92.2-37.1) and 93% (95% CI 98.4-70.5) less wealth accumulated respectively, compared with people of the same age, gender and education who are in the labour force with no chronic health condition. People who are out of the labour force as a result of depression or other mental illness are also more likely to have the wealth that they do have in cash assets, rather than higher-growth assets such as superannuation, home equity and other financial investments. CONCLUSIONS This lower accumulated wealth is likely to result in lower living standards for these individuals in the future. This will compound the impact of their condition on their health and quality of life, and put a large financial burden on the state as a result of the need to provide financial assistance for these individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown NSW 1450, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
To quantify the impact of early retirement due to diabetes on the level and type of savings among those aged 45–64 years in Australia, the output dataset of the microsimulation model, Health&WealthMOD was analysed. Compared with those who are in full-time employment with no health condition, those who have retired early due to diabetes have significantly lower odds of owning any wealth (odds ratio 0.03, 95% confidence interval 0.00–0.30). Among those with any accumulated wealth, the value of this wealth is 90% less for people who are out of the labour force due to diabetes relative to those in full-time employment, after adjusting for age, sex and education (p=0.037). Retiring from the labour force early due to diabetes is likely to cause large financial stress in the future as not only have retired individuals lost an income stream from paid employment, but they also have little or no savings to draw upon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Percival
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Megan E Passey
- Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rupendra N Shrestha
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily J Callander
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon J Kelly
- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schofield DJ, Shrestha RN, Percival R, Callander EJ, Kelly SJ, Passey ME. Early retirement and the financial assets of individuals with back problems. Eur Spine J 2010; 20:731-6. [PMID: 21132556 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-010-1647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper quantifies the relationship between early retirement due to back problems and wealth, and contributes to a more complete picture of the full costs associated with back problems. The output data set of the microsimulation model Health&WealthMOD was analysed. Health&WealthMOD was specifically designed to measure the economic impacts of ill health on Australian workers aged 45-64 years. People aged 45-64 years who are out of the labour force due to back problems have significantly less chance of having any accumulated wealth. While almost all individuals who are in full-time employment with no chronic health condition have some wealth accumulated, a significantly smaller proportion (89%) of those who have retired early due to back problems do. Of those who have retired early due to back problems who do have some wealth, on average the total value of this wealth is 87% less (95% CI: -90 to -84%) than the total value of wealth accumulated by those who have remained in full-time employment with no health condition controlling for age, sex and education. The financial burden placed on those retiring early due to back problems is likely to cause financial stress in the future, as not only have retired individuals lost an income stream from paid employment, but they also have little or no wealth to draw upon. Preventing early retirement due to back problems will increase the time individuals will have to amass savings to finance their retirement and to protect against financial shocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Schofield
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre and Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Parramatta Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 1450, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Utilization of the technique of immune electron microscopy has enabled the detection of a coronavirus in organ culture harvests derived from a washing from an adult with an acute upper respiratory tract illness; convalescent serum was the source of specific antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Z Kapikian
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Kelly SJ, Bernard K, Muñoz C, Lawrence RC, Thacker J, Grillo CA, Piroli GG, Reagan LP. Effects of the AMPA receptor modulator S 18986 on measures of cognition and oxidative stress in aged rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 202:225-35. [PMID: 18762915 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Development of cognitive-enhancing drugs that delay or halt mild cognitive impairment progression to Alzheimer's disease would be of great benefit. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the ability of (S)-2,3-dihydro-[3,4]-cyclopentano-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (S 18986), a positive allosteric modulator of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, to improve behavioral performance and alleviate age-related deficits in oxidative stress status in the prelimbic cortex and hippocampus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Daily administration of S 18986 (0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) or vehicle was given to separate groups of male rats starting at 12 months of age. Additionally, daily vehicle administration was given to a group of rats starting at 3 months of age. Four months after initiation of drug administration, rats were trained and tested in an operant-delayed alternation task and a reinforcer devaluation task. Upon completion of testing, oxidative stress status was assessed in the prelimbic cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS S 18986 dose-dependently altered responses in the reinforcer devaluation task such that aged rats came to resemble young rats. There were no age or drug effects in the operant-delayed alternation task. Levels of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE) were increased, and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were decreased in prelimbic cortex in aged rats, changes that were reversed by S 18986. Similarly, age-related increases in hippocampal HNE levels were prevented by S 18986. CONCLUSIONS Positive modulation of AMPA receptor activity may be a therapeutic approach to halt or slow progression of mild cognitive impairment via improvement in oxidative stress status in the hippocampus and prelimbic cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Newsom RJ, Kelly SJ. Perinatal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure disrupts social and open field behavior in adult male rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2008; 30:213-9. [PMID: 18272327 PMCID: PMC2497338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana is the most frequently used illegal drug among women of reproductive age, but little is known about the consequences of using marijuana during pregnancy. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC), one of the active chemicals in marijuana, has been shown to cross the placental barrier easily. In this study, pregnant Long Evans rats were assigned to one of three treatment groups (Delta9-THC-exposed, vehicle control, and non-treated control) on day 1 of gestation. Drug exposure consisted of 2 mg/kg of natural Delta9-THC, administered twice daily by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, from gestational day 1 through 22. Pups continued to receive drug exposure via s.c. injection from postnatal day 2 through 10. Male rats from each group were tested starting on postnatal day 90 in a battery of tests which included open field activity, active social interaction, and the forced swim test. There were no significant differences in weight gained by dams or weight of offspring when compared to controls. Delta9-THC-exposed rats showed decreased time in the inner part of the open field and an increase in investigation time in the test of social interaction compared to both control groups. There were no differences among groups in the forced swim test. Perinatal Delta9-THC exposure may result in increased susceptibility to anxious behavior and alter social functioning in adult offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Newsom
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kelly SJ. Decreased pulmonary lactoferrin activity facilitates Pseudomonas biofilm formation in CF. Thorax 2005. [DOI: 10.1136/thx.2004.la0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
46
|
Edenborough FP, Stone HR, Kelly SJ, Zadik P, Doherty CJ, Govan JRW. Genotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis suggests need for segregation. J Cyst Fibros 2004; 3:37-44. [PMID: 15463885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within cystic fibrosis (CF) populations is attributed to antibiotic pressure and spread of transmissible strains. We describe increasing resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates, resulting in the identification of two multiresistant strains and their impact on morbidity. METHODS Susceptibility reports of all P. aeruginosa isolates since 1998 in our unit were reviewed. Isolates were submitted for genomic finger-printing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Clinical measures and the consumption of treatment resources were compared between those harbouring resistant organisms and those with sensitive strains. RESULTS Analysis of 407 reports from 43 patients revealed isolation of multiresistant (MR) organisms increased during 1999. Those harbouring MR strains consumed more resources than non-MR. Strain typing showed a new 'Sheffield' strain in seven patients (100% MR), and the 'Liverpool' strain in 10 patients (40% MR). Individuals in these groups consumed significantly more resources than 23 patients with unique, susceptible strains (4% MR). DISCUSSION Increasing resistance in isolates of P. aeruginosa may herald the arrival of a transmissible strain in CF Units which though sometimes sensitive, may become multiply resistant and require more intensive treatment. We now segregate those with transmissible strains from each other and from those with unique strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F P Edenborough
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kelly SJ. Salt depletion and hypoalbuminaemia in cystic fibrosis may add to hypercapnia in acute respiratory failure. Thorax 2003. [DOI: 10.1136/thorax.58.11.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Serial sections were used to map the ventrally positioned neurons of the anterior nerve cord of a 12.5-day amphioxus larva from the infundibular region to the end of somite 2. Synaptic patterns reveal five categories of descending pathways, four of which are associated with the ventral compartment (VC) motoneurons responsible for escape swimming. 1) Pre-, para-, and postinfundibular (tegmental) neurons with large varicosities and mixed vesicle populations provide both synaptic and paracrine input to various components of the tegmental neuropile and primary motor center. Four categories of these neurons are distinguished on the basis of their vesicles. 2) Multiple anterior sensory pathways converge on the large paired neurons (LPNs) located near the junction of somites 1 and 2. LPN synaptic output is almost exclusively contralateral. This, together with the evidence for cross-innervation between the third pair of LPNs, is consistent with the latter acting as locomotory pacemakers. 3) Axons from several classes of tegmental neurons converge in the paraxial region on each side of the cord where they form distinct tracts, the upper paraxial bundles. The right bundle is larger than the left, which suggests a role during early development when myotome contractions are biased to one side. 4) Fibers in the ventral tracts from ipsilateral projection neurons, sensory neurons, and additional ascending fibers synapse repeatedly with VC motoneurons. This may be how the overall level of excitation of the latter is controlled so as to modulate their response to pacemaker input. The fifth pathway consists of fibers involved in controlling the dorsal compartment (DC) motoneurons responsible for slow swimming, which are largely isolated from inputs to the VC locomotory system. The ventral neurons of the primary motor center form a more or less continuous file on either side of the floor plate, with certain cell types showing a tendency to cluster. There are, however, few obvious patterns of the kind expected if development were controlled by a rigid, lineage-based mechanism. The evolutionary implications of the involvement of a midbrain-level pacemaker in controlling larval swimming in amphioxus is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Lacalli
- Biology Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N-5E2.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
In addition to the cognitive deficits associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), clinical and animal studies indicate that alcohol exposure might also have detrimental effects on social behavior. In a rat model of FAS, experimental rats were given alcohol from gestational day (GD) 1 to 22 and from postnatal day (PD) 2 to 10, a period roughly equivalent to all three trimesters in humans. Control groups consisted of rats exposed to the administration procedures but not to alcohol and nontreated rats. At 30 days of age, rats were tested for social behavior in an alley maze that contained its cagemate in the goal box. After varying periods of isolation, the animals' latencies to reach the goal box and their social behaviors once inside the goal box were recorded. Alcohol-exposed animals ran faster than control rats to the occupied goal box regardless of the amount of isolation. The alcohol-exposed animals also exhibited aberrant social interactions with their cagemate once inside the goal box compared to one or both of the control groups. Specifically, the alcohol-exposed animals showed greater amounts of anogenital sniffing, chasing, hopping and darting, and retrieving and lesser amounts of pinning and biting compared to one or both of the control groups. The alcohol-induced change in anogenital sniffing varied over increasing amounts of isolation compared to both control groups, but the alterations in the other behaviors did not. It is argued that the altered social behavior of alcohol-exposed animals is not the result of changes in the animals' motivational state or social learning and may be the result of an increased responsiveness to social stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Lugo
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- S J Kelly
- Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|