1
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Morrison T, Lo B, Deharvengt SJ, Lazaridis N, Tsongalis GJ. Internal Standards for Limit Controls and Absolute Abundance Measurement of Oncogenic Fusions and Mutations. J Appl Lab Med 2024; 9:175-179. [PMID: 38167771 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Lo
- Molecular Oncology Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Eastern Ontario Laboratory Association, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sophie J Deharvengt
- Clinical Genomics and Advanced Technology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Health System, Lebanon, NH, United States
- The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | | | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Clinical Genomics and Advanced Technology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Health System, Lebanon, NH, United States
- The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
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2
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Mindiola Romero AE, Tafe LJ, Green DC, Deharvengt SJ, Winnick KN, Tsongalis GJ, Baker ML, Linos K, Levy JJ, Kerr DA. Utility of Retrospective Molecular Analysis in Diagnostically Challenging Mesenchymal Neoplasms. Int J Surg Pathol 2023; 31:1473-1484. [PMID: 36911994 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231157783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Molecular analysis plays a growing role in the diagnosis of mesenchymal neoplasms. The aim of this study was to retrospectively apply broad, multiplex molecular assays (a solid tumor targeted next-generation sequencing [NGS]) assay and single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] microarray) to selected tumors, exploring the current utility and limitations. Methods: We searched our database (2010-2020) for diagnostically challenging mesenchymal neoplasms. After histologic review of available slides, tissue blocks were selected for NGS, SNP microarray, or both. DNA and RNA were extracted using the AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE Kit Protocol on the QIAcube instrument. The NGS platform used was the TruSight Tumor 170 (TST-170). For SNP array, copy number variant (CNV) analysis was performed using the OncoScanTM CNV Plus Assay. Results: DNA/RNA was successfully extracted from 50% of tumors (n = 10/20). Specimens not successfully extracted included 6 core biopsies, 3 incisional biopsies, and 1 resection; 4 were decalcified (3 hydrochloric acid, 1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Higher tumor proportion and number of tumor cells were parameters positively associated with sufficient DNA/RNA extraction whereas necrosis and decalcification were negatively associated with sufficient extraction. Molecular testing helped reach a definitive diagnosis in 50% of tumors (n = 5/10). Conclusions: Although the overall utility of this approach is limited, these molecular panels can be helpful in detecting a specific "driver" alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres E Mindiola Romero
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Laura J Tafe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Donald C Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sophie J Deharvengt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Kimberly N Winnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Michael L Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Konstantinos Linos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Joshua J Levy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Darcy A Kerr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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Shee K, Chambers M, Hughes EG, Almiron DA, Deharvengt SJ, Green D, Lefferts JA, Andrew AS, Hickey WF, Tsongalis GJ. Molecular genetic profiling reveals novel association between FLT3 mutation and survival in glioma. J Neurooncol 2020; 148:473-480. [PMID: 32583303 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent molecular characterization of gliomas has uncovered somatic gene variation and DNA methylation changes that are associated with etiology, prognosis, and therapeutic response. Here we describe genomic profiling of gliomas assessed for associations between genetic mutations and patient outcomes, including overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). METHODS Mutations in a 50-gene cancer panel, 1p19q co-deletion, and MGMT promoter methylation (MGMT methylation) status were obtained from tumor tissue of 293 glioma patients. Multivariable regression models for overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were constructed for MGMT methylation, 1p19q co-deletion, and gene mutations controlling for age, treatment status, and WHO grade. RESULTS Mutational profiles of gliomas significantly differed based on WHO Grade, such as high prevalence of BRAF V600E, IDH1, and PTEN mutations in WHO Grade I, II/III, and IV tumors, respectively. In multivariate regression analysis, MGMT methylation and IDH1 mutations were significantly associated with improved OS (HR = 0.44, p = 0.0004 and HR = 0.21, p = 0.007, respectively), while FLT3 and TP53 mutations were significantly associated with poorer OS (HR = 19.46, p < 0.0001 and HR = 1.67, p = 0.014, respectively). MGMT methylation and IDH1 mutations were the only significant alterations associated with improved RFS in the model (HR = 0.42, p < 0.0001 and HR = 0.37, p = 0.002, respectively). These factors were then included in a combined model, which significantly exceeded the predictive value of the base model alone (age, surgery, radiation, chemo, grade) (likelihood ratio test OS p = 1.64 × 10-8 and RFS p = 3.80 × 10-7). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the genomic landscape of gliomas in a single-institution cohort and identifies a novel association between FLT3 mutation and OS in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Shee
- Geisel School of Medicine At Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, Germany.
| | - Meagan Chambers
- Geisel School of Medicine At Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, Germany
| | - Edward G Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 03756, Lebanon, NH, Germany
| | | | - Sophie J Deharvengt
- Geisel School of Medicine At Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, Germany.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 03756, Lebanon, NH, Germany
| | - Donald Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 03756, Lebanon, NH, Germany
| | - Joel A Lefferts
- Geisel School of Medicine At Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, Germany.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 03756, Lebanon, NH, Germany
| | - Angeline S Andrew
- Geisel School of Medicine At Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, Germany
| | - William F Hickey
- Geisel School of Medicine At Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, Germany.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 03756, Lebanon, NH, Germany
| | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Geisel School of Medicine At Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, Germany. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 03756, Lebanon, NH, Germany.
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4
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Lefferts JA, Loehrer AP, Yan S, Green DC, Deharvengt SJ, LeBlanc RE. CD10 and p63 expression in a sarcomatoid undifferentiated melanoma: A cautionary (and molecularly annotated) tale. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 47:541-547. [PMID: 31943331 PMCID: PMC10727035 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated melanoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sarcomatoid cutaneous malignancies to ensure that patients receive the correct treatment. Dermatopathologists should recognize the pitfalls of relying too heavily on immunohistochemistry to establish this diagnosis and consider ancillary tests, including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) copy number arrays and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS), when a definitive diagnosis cannot be rendered on a primary or metastatic tumor. This technology can also help to exclude a collision of melanoma and sarcoma when both differentiated and undifferentiated components are juxtaposed. We describe an exceedingly rare, illustrative example of undifferentiated sarcomatoid melanoma presenting as a pedunculated nodule. The clinical context and presence of a small differentiated component helped to establish the diagnosis; however, the transition from differentiated to undifferentiated melanoma was accompanied by an abrupt loss of S100, Sox10, MITF, MelanA, and HMB45 with gain of CD10 and p63 staining. SNP copy number array and NGS revealed shared chromosomal copy number changes and overlapping mutations with additional aberrances detected exclusively in the sarcomatoid component, thereby excluding a collision tumor and confirming our putative impression of melanoma with progression to an undifferentiated sarcomatoid phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Lefferts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Andrew P Loehrer
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Shaofeng Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Donald C. Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Sophie J. Deharvengt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Robert E. LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
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5
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Al-Turkmani MR, Suriawinata MA, Deharvengt SJ, Green DC, Black CC, Shirai K, Dragnev KH, Tsongalis GJ. Rapid EGFR mutation testing in lung cancer tissue samples using a fully automated system and single-use cartridge. Pract Lab Med 2020; 20:e00156. [PMID: 32181314 PMCID: PMC7062922 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2020.e00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients predicts response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The Idylla™ system (Biocartis, Mechelen, Belgium) is a fully integrated, cartridge-based platform that provides automated sample processing and real-time PCR-based mutation detection in a single-use cartridge. This study evaluated the Idylla™ EGFR Mutation Assay cartridges against next-generation sequencing (NGS) using formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) lung cancer tissue samples. Methods Thirty-four FFPE lung adenocarcinoma tissue samples were tested on the Idylla™ system. 21 had at least one mutation in EGFR and 13 had no EGFR mutation as determined by NGS analysis using the Ion AmpliSeq 50-gene Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). One 10 μm FFPE tissue section was used for each Idylla™ test and all cases met the Idylla™ minimum tumor content requirement (≥10%). Results Idylla™ results were in complete agreement with those obtained by NGS for EGFR mutations targeted by the Idylla™. NGS identified two additional EGFR mutations that are not targeted by the Idylla™ in two samples (E709V and V774M). No EGFR mutations were detected by the Idylla™ in samples determined by NGS as having wild-type EGFR. Conclusion The fully automated Idylla™ system offers rapid and reliable testing for clinically actionable mutations in EGFR directly from FFPE tissue sections. Its simplicity and ease of use compared to other available molecular techniques make it suitable for routine clinical use in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rabie Al-Turkmani
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Michael A Suriawinata
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sophie J Deharvengt
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Donald C Green
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Candice C Black
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Keisuke Shirai
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Konstantin H Dragnev
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. Lebanon, NH, USA
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6
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Toth LN, Green D, Peterson J, Deharvengt SJ, de Abreu FB, Loo EY. Variant allele frequencies do not correlate well with myeloblast counts in a clinically validated gene sequencing panel for routine acute myeloid leukemia workup. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:2415-2422. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1587757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Toth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Donald Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jason Peterson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sophie J. Deharvengt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Francine B. de Abreu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Eric Y. Loo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, USA
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7
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Turner SA, Deharvengt SJ, Lyons KD, Espinal JAP, LaRochelle EP, Bejarano S, Kennedy L, Tsongalis GJ. Implementation of Multicolor Melt Curve Analysis for High-Risk Human Papilloma Virus Detection in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Pilot Study for Expanded Cervical Cancer Screening in Honduras. J Glob Oncol 2018; 4:1-8. [PMID: 30241169 PMCID: PMC6180764 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.17.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and screening in LMICs is extremely limited. We aimed to implement on-site high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) DNA testing in cohorts of women from an urban factory and from a rural village. METHODS A total of 802 women were recruited for this study in partnership with La Liga Contra el Cancer through the establishment of women's health resource fairs at two locations in Honduras: a textile factory (n = 401) in the city of San Pedro Sula and the rural village of El Rosario (n = 401) in Yoro. Participants received a routine cervical examination during which three sterile cytobrushes were used to collect cervical samples for testing. hrHPV genotyping was performed using a hrHPV genotyping assay and a real-time polymerase chain reaction instrument. RESULTS hrHPV status across all participants at both sites was 13% hrHPV positive and 67% hrHPV negative. When hrHPV status was compared across all three testing sites, hrHPV-positive rates were approximately equal among the factory (13%), village (12%), and confirmatory testing at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (Lebanon, NH; 14%). hrHPV genotype was compared across sites, with HPV16 showing the highest infection rate (15%), followed by HPV59 (12%), and HPV68 (11%). There was a low prevalence of HPV18 observed in both populations compared with the hrHPV-positive population in the United States. CONCLUSION In collaboration with oncologists and pathologists from La Liga Contra el Cancer, we were able to provide a continuum of care once health-fair testing was performed. We established a method and implementation plan for hrHPV testing that is sustainable in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Turner
- Scott A. Turner, Sophie J. Deharvengt,
Kathleen Doyle Lyons, Linda Kennedy, and
Gregory J. Tsongalis, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center,
Lebanon; Ethan P.M. LaRochelle, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH;
Jorge Arturo Plata Espinal and Suyapa Bejarano, La
Liga Contra el Cancer, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Sophie J. Deharvengt
- Scott A. Turner, Sophie J. Deharvengt,
Kathleen Doyle Lyons, Linda Kennedy, and
Gregory J. Tsongalis, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center,
Lebanon; Ethan P.M. LaRochelle, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH;
Jorge Arturo Plata Espinal and Suyapa Bejarano, La
Liga Contra el Cancer, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Kathleen Doyle Lyons
- Scott A. Turner, Sophie J. Deharvengt,
Kathleen Doyle Lyons, Linda Kennedy, and
Gregory J. Tsongalis, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center,
Lebanon; Ethan P.M. LaRochelle, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH;
Jorge Arturo Plata Espinal and Suyapa Bejarano, La
Liga Contra el Cancer, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Jorge Arturo Plata Espinal
- Scott A. Turner, Sophie J. Deharvengt,
Kathleen Doyle Lyons, Linda Kennedy, and
Gregory J. Tsongalis, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center,
Lebanon; Ethan P.M. LaRochelle, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH;
Jorge Arturo Plata Espinal and Suyapa Bejarano, La
Liga Contra el Cancer, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Ethan P.M. LaRochelle
- Scott A. Turner, Sophie J. Deharvengt,
Kathleen Doyle Lyons, Linda Kennedy, and
Gregory J. Tsongalis, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center,
Lebanon; Ethan P.M. LaRochelle, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH;
Jorge Arturo Plata Espinal and Suyapa Bejarano, La
Liga Contra el Cancer, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Suyapa Bejarano
- Scott A. Turner, Sophie J. Deharvengt,
Kathleen Doyle Lyons, Linda Kennedy, and
Gregory J. Tsongalis, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center,
Lebanon; Ethan P.M. LaRochelle, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH;
Jorge Arturo Plata Espinal and Suyapa Bejarano, La
Liga Contra el Cancer, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Linda Kennedy
- Scott A. Turner, Sophie J. Deharvengt,
Kathleen Doyle Lyons, Linda Kennedy, and
Gregory J. Tsongalis, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center,
Lebanon; Ethan P.M. LaRochelle, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH;
Jorge Arturo Plata Espinal and Suyapa Bejarano, La
Liga Contra el Cancer, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Gregory J. Tsongalis
- Scott A. Turner, Sophie J. Deharvengt,
Kathleen Doyle Lyons, Linda Kennedy, and
Gregory J. Tsongalis, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center,
Lebanon; Ethan P.M. LaRochelle, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH;
Jorge Arturo Plata Espinal and Suyapa Bejarano, La
Liga Contra el Cancer, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
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De Abreu FB, Peterson JD, Deharvengt SJ, Daber R, Sarsani VK, Spotlow V, Harrington RD, Lih CJ, Williams PM, Bouk CH, Konigshofer Y, Huang C, Anekella B, Davis L, Garlick RK, Ferreira-Gonzalez A, Dumur CI, Fernandes H, Haralampu S, Tsongalis GJ. Use of Biosynthetic Controls as Performance Standards for Next-Generation Sequencing Assays of Somatic Tumors: A Multilaboratory Study. J Appl Lab Med 2017; 2:138-149. [PMID: 32630970 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.023085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays are highly complex tests that can vary substantially in both their design and intended application. Despite their innumerous advantages, NGS assays present some unique challenges associated with the preanalytical process, library preparation, data analysis, and reporting. According to a number of professional laboratory organization, control materials should be included both during the analytical validation phase and in routine clinical use to guarantee highly accurate results. The SeraseqTM Solid Tumor Mutation Mix AF10 and AF20 control materials consist of 26 biosynthetic DNA constructs in a genomic DNA background, each containing a specific variant or mutation of interest and an internal quality marker at 2 distinct allelic frequencies of 10% and 20%, respectively. The goal of this interlaboratory study was to evaluate the Seraseq AF10 and AF20 control materials by verifying their performance as control materials and by evaluating their ability to measure quality metrics essential to a clinical test. METHODS Performance characteristics were assessed within and between 6 CLIA-accredited laboratories and 1 research laboratory. RESULTS Most laboratories detected all 26 mutations of interest; however, some discrepancies involving the internal quality markers were observed. CONCLUSION This interlaboratory study showed that the Seraseq AF10 and AF20 control materials have high quality, stability, and genomic complexity in variant types that are well suited for assisting in NGS assay analytical validation and monitoring routine clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine B De Abreu
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, and the Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH
| | - Jason D Peterson
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, and the Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH
| | - Sophie J Deharvengt
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, and the Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH
| | | | | | | | - Robin D Harrington
- Molecular Characterization and Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., and Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Chih-Jian Lih
- Molecular Characterization and Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., and Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - P Mickey Williams
- Molecular Characterization and Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., and Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Courtney H Bouk
- Molecular Characterization and Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., and Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | | | - Lorn Davis
- Seracare Life Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, and the Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH
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Elgueta R, Tse D, Deharvengt SJ, Luciano MR, Carriere C, Noelle RJ, Stan RV. Endothelial Plasmalemma Vesicle-Associated Protein Regulates the Homeostasis of Splenic Immature B Cells and B-1 B Cells. J Immunol 2016; 197:3970-3981. [PMID: 27742829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (Plvap) is an endothelial protein with roles in endothelial diaphragm formation and maintenance of basal vascular permeability. At the same time, Plvap has roles in immunity by facilitating leukocyte diapedesis at inflammatory sites and controlling peripheral lymph node morphogenesis and the entry of soluble Ags into lymph node conduits. Based on its postulated role in diapedesis, we have investigated the role of Plvap in hematopoiesis and show that deletion of Plvap results in a dramatic decrease of IgM+IgDlo B cells in both the spleen and the peritoneal cavity. Tissue-specific deletion of Plvap demonstrates that the defect is B cell extrinsic, because B cell and pan-hematopoietic Plvap deletion has no effect on IgM+IgDlo B cell numbers. Endothelial-specific deletion of Plvap in the embryo or at adult stage recapitulates the full Plvap knockout phenotype, whereas endothelial-specific reconstitution of Plvap under the Chd5 promoter rescues the IgM+IgDlo B cell phenotype. Taken together, these results show that Plvap expression in endothelial cells is important in the maintenance of IgM+ B cells in the spleen and peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Elgueta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756.,Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Tse
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Sophie J Deharvengt
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Marcus R Luciano
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Catherine Carriere
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Radu V Stan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; .,Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
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Elkadri A, Thoeni C, Deharvengt SJ, Murchie R, Guo C, Stavropoulos JD, Marshall CR, Wales P, Bandsma RH, Cutz E, Roifman CM, Chitayat D, Avitzur Y, Stan RV, Muise AM. Mutations in Plasmalemma Vesicle Associated Protein Result in Sieving Protein-Losing Enteropathy Characterized by Hypoproteinemia, Hypoalbuminemia, and Hypertriglyceridemia. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1. [PMID: 26207260 PMCID: PMC4507283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS METHODS Severe intestinal diseases observed in very young children are often the result of monogenic defects. We used whole exome sequencing (WES) to examine the genetic cause in a patient with a distinct severe form of protein losing enteropathy (PLE) characterized by hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS WES was performed at the Centre for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Exome library preparation was performed using the Ion Torrent AmpliSeq RDY Exome Kit. Functional studies were carried out based on the identified mutation. RESULTS Using whole exome sequencing we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation (1072C>T; p.Arg358*) in the PLVAP (plasmalemma vesicle associated protein) gene in an infant from consanguineous parents who died at five months of age of severe protein losing enteropathy. Functional studies determined that the mutated PLVAP mRNA and protein were not expressed in the patient biopsy tissues, presumably secondary to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Pathological analysis showed that the loss of PLVAP resulted in disruption of endothelial fenestrated diaphragms. CONCLUSIONS PLVAP p.Arg358* mutation resulted in loss of PLVAP expression with subsequent deletion of the diaphragms of endothelial fenestrae leading to plasma protein extravasation, protein-losing enteropathy and ultimately death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Elkadri
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelia Thoeni
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie J. Deharvengt
- Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Ryan Murchie
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Conghui Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James D. Stavropoulos
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Wales
- Group for Improvement of Intestinal Function and Treatment (GIFT), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert H.J. Bandsma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ernest Cutz
- Division of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chaim M. Roifman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Chitayat
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yaron Avitzur
- Group for Improvement of Intestinal Function and Treatment (GIFT), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Radu V. Stan
- Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Aleixo M. Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Aleixo Muise, MD, PhD, 555 University Avenue, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8. fax: (416) 813-6531.
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11
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Tichauer KM, Deharvengt SJ, Samkoe KS, Gunn JR, Bosenberg MW, Turk MJ, Hasan T, Stan RV, Pogue BW. Tumor endothelial marker imaging in melanomas using dual-tracer fluorescence molecular imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 16:372-82. [PMID: 24217944 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer-specific endothelial markers available for intravascular binding are promising targets for new molecular therapies. In this study, a molecular imaging approach of quantifying endothelial marker concentrations (EMCI) is developed and tested in highly light-absorbing melanomas. The approach involves injection of targeted imaging tracer in conjunction with an untargeted tracer, which is used to account for nonspecific uptake and tissue optical property effects on measured targeted tracer concentrations. PROCEDURES Theoretical simulations and a mouse melanoma model experiment were used to test out the EMCI approach. The tracers used in the melanoma experiments were fluorescently labeled anti-Plvap/PV1 antibody (plasmalemma vesicle associated protein Plvap/PV1 is a transmembrane protein marker exposed on the luminal surface of endothelial cells in tumor vasculature) and a fluorescent isotype control antibody, the uptakes of which were measured on a planar fluorescence imaging system. RESULTS The EMCI model was found to be robust to experimental noise under reversible and irreversible binding conditions and was capable of predicting expected overexpression of PV1 in melanomas compared to healthy skin despite a 5-time higher measured fluorescence in healthy skin compared to melanoma: attributable to substantial light attenuation from melanin in the tumors. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential of EMCI to quantify endothelial marker concentrations in vivo, an accomplishment that is currently unavailable through any other methods, either in vivo or ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Tichauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA,
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12
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Stan RV, Tse D, Deharvengt SJ, Smits NC, Xu Y, Luciano MR, McGarry CL, Buitendijk M, Nemani KV, Elgueta R, Kobayashi T, Shipman SL, Moodie KL, Daghlian CP, Ernst PA, Lee HK, Suriawinata AA, Schned AR, Longnecker DS, Fiering SN, Noelle RJ, Gimi B, Shworak NW, Carrière C. The diaphragms of fenestrated endothelia: gatekeepers of vascular permeability and blood composition. Dev Cell 2012; 23:1203-18. [PMID: 23237953 PMCID: PMC3525343 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fenestral and stomatal diaphragms are endothelial subcellular structures of unknown function that form on organelles implicated in vascular permeability: fenestrae, transendothelial channels, and caveolae. PV1 protein is required for diaphragm formation in vitro. Here, we report that deletion of the PV1-encoding Plvap gene in mice results in the absence of diaphragms and decreased survival. Loss of diaphragms did not affect the fenestrae and transendothelial channels formation but disrupted the barrier function of fenestrated capillaries, causing a major leak of plasma proteins. This disruption results in early death of animals due to severe noninflammatory protein-losing enteropathy. Deletion of PV1 in endothelium, but not in the hematopoietic compartment, recapitulates the phenotype of global PV1 deletion, whereas endothelial reconstitution of PV1 rescues the phenotype. Taken together, these data provide genetic evidence for the critical role of the diaphragms in fenestrated capillaries in the maintenance of blood composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu V Stan
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03756, USA.
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13
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Deharvengt SJ, Tse D, Sideleva O, McGarry C, Gunn JR, Longnecker DS, Carriere C, Stan RV. PV1 down-regulation via shRNA inhibits the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:2690-700. [PMID: 22568538 PMCID: PMC3435473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PV1 is an endothelial-specific protein with structural roles in the formation of diaphragms in endothelial cells of normal vessels. PV1 is also highly expressed on endothelial cells of many solid tumours. On the basis of in vitro data, PV1 is thought to actively participate in angiogenesis. To test whether or not PV1 has a function in tumour angiogenesis and in tumour growth in vivo, we have treated pancreatic tumour-bearing mice by single-dose intratumoural delivery of lentiviruses encoding for two different shRNAs targeting murine PV1. We find that PV1 down-regulation by shRNAs inhibits the growth of established tumours derived from two different human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (AsPC-1 and BxPC-3). The effect observed is because of down-regulation of PV1 in the tumour endothelial cells of host origin, PV1 being specifically expressed in tumour vascular endothelial cells and not in cancer or other stromal cells. There are no differences in vascular density of tumours treated or not with PV1 shRNA, and gain and loss of function of PV1 in endothelial cells does not modify either their proliferation or migration, suggesting that tumour angiogenesis is not impaired. Together, our data argue that down-regulation of PV1 in tumour endothelial cells results in the inhibition of tumour growth via a mechanism different from inhibiting angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Down-Regulation
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Deharvengt
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Dan Tse
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Olga Sideleva
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Caitlin McGarry
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jason R Gunn
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Thayer School of EngineeringHanover, NH, USA
| | - Daniel S Longnecker
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Catherine Carriere
- Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Radu V Stan
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
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14
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Tkachenko E, Tse D, Sideleva O, Deharvengt SJ, Luciano MR, Xu Y, McGarry CL, Chidlow J, Pilch PF, Sessa WC, Toomre DK, Stan RV. Caveolae, fenestrae and transendothelial channels retain PV1 on the surface of endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32655. [PMID: 22403691 PMCID: PMC3293851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PV1 protein is an essential component of stomatal and fenestral diaphragms, which are formed at the plasma membrane of endothelial cells (ECs), on structures such as caveolae, fenestrae and transendothelial channels. Knockout of PV1 in mice results in in utero and perinatal mortality. To be able to interpret the complex PV1 knockout phenotype, it is critical to determine whether the formation of diaphragms is the only cellular role of PV1. We addressed this question by measuring the effect of complete and partial removal of structures capable of forming diaphragms on PV1 protein level. Removal of caveolae in mice by knocking out caveolin-1 or cavin-1 resulted in a dramatic reduction of PV1 protein level in lungs but not kidneys. The magnitude of PV1 reduction correlated with the abundance of structures capable of forming diaphragms in the microvasculature of these organs. The absence of caveolae in the lung ECs did not affect the transcription or translation of PV1, but it caused a sharp increase in PV1 protein internalization rate via a clathrin- and dynamin-independent pathway followed by degradation in lysosomes. Thus, PV1 is retained on the cell surface of ECs by structures capable of forming diaphragms, but undergoes rapid internalization and degradation in the absence of these structures, suggesting that formation of diaphragms is the only role of PV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Tkachenko
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Tse
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Olga Sideleva
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Sophie J. Deharvengt
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Marcus R. Luciano
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Caitlin L. McGarry
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - John Chidlow
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Pilch
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William C. Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Derek K. Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Radu V. Stan
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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