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Vijayarathna S, Oon CE, Al-Zahrani M, Abualreesh MH, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, Sahreen S, Ghazanfar S, Adnan M, Sasidharan S. Standardized Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract induces the apoptotic HeLa cells death via microRNA regulation: identification, validation, and therapeutic potential. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1198425. [PMID: 37693900 PMCID: PMC10483226 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1198425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyalthia longifolia var. angustifolia Thw. (Annonaceae), is a famous traditional medicinal plant in Asia. Ample data specifies that the medicinal plant P. longifolia has anticancer activity; however, the detailed mechanisms of action still need to be well studied. Recent studies have revealed the cytotoxicity potential of P. longifolia leaf against HeLa cells. Therefore, the current study was conducted to examine the regulation of miRNAs in HeLa cancer cells treated with the standardized P. longifolia methanolic leaf extract (PLME). The regulation of miRNAs in HeLa cancer cells treated with the standardized PLME extract was studied through Illumina, Hi-Seq. 2000 platform of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and various in silico bioinformatics tools. The PLME treatment regulated a subset of miRNAs in HeLa cells. Interestingly, the PLME treatment against HeLa cancer cells identified 10 upregulated and 43 downregulated (p < 0.05) miRNAs associated with apoptosis induction. Gene ontology (GO) term analysis indicated that PLME induces cell death in HeLa cells by inducing the pro-apoptotic genes. Moreover, the downregulated oncomiRs modulated by PLME treatment in HeLa cells were identified, targeting apoptosis-related genes through gene ontology and pathway analysis. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified the presence of Vidarabine and Anandamide compounds that were previously reported to exhibit anticancer activity. The findings of this study obviously linked the cell cytotoxicity effect of PLME treatment against the HeLa cells with regulating various miRNAs expression related to apoptosis induction in the HeLa cells. PLME treatment induced apoptotic HeLa cell death mechanism by regulating multiple miRNAs. The identified miRNAs regulated by PLME may provide further insight into the mechanisms that play a critical role in cervical cancer, as well as novel ideas regarding gene therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Chern Ein Oon
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Majid Al-Zahrani
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muyassar H. Abualreesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jagat R. Kanwar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bilaspur, India
| | - Sumaira Sahreen
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. Functional Validation of DownRegulated MicroRNAs in HeLa Cells Treated with Polyalthia longifolia Leaf Extract Using Different Microscopic Approaches: A Morphological Alteration-Based Validation. Microsc Microanal 2019; 25:1263-1272. [PMID: 31383043 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619014776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several microscopy methods have been developed to assess the morphological changes in cells in the investigations of the mode of cell death in response to a stimulus. Our recent finding on the treatment of the IC50 concentration (26.67 μg/mL) of Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract indicated the induction of apoptotic cell death via the regulation of miRNA in HeLa cells. Hence, the current study was conducted to validate the function of these downregulated microRNAs in P. longifolia-treated HeLa cells using microscopic approaches. These include scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI)-based fluorescent microscopy techniques by observing the morphological alterations to cells after transfection with mimic miRNA. Interestingly, the morphological changes observed in this study demonstrated the apoptotic hallmarks, for instance, cell blebbing, cell shrinkage, cytoplasmic and nuclear condensation, vacuolization, cytoplasmic extrusion, and the formation of apoptotic bodies, which proved the role of dysregulated miRNAs in apoptotic HeLa cell death after treatment with the P. longifolia leaf extract. Conclusively, the current study proved the crucial role of downregulated miR-484 and miR-221-5p in the induction of apoptotic cell death in P. longifolia-treated HeLa cells using three approaches-SEM, TEM, and AO/PI-based fluorescent microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Abstract
Circular RNAs characterize a class of widespread and diverse endogenous RNAs which are non-coding RNAs that are made by back-splicing events and have covalently closed loops with no polyadenylated tails. Various indications specify that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are plentiful in the human transcriptome. However, their participation in biological processes remains mostly undescribed. To date thousands of circRNAs have been revealed in organisms ranging from Drosophila melanogaster to Homo sapiens. Functional studies specify that these transcripts control expression of protein-coding linear transcripts and thus encompass a key component of gene expression regulation. This chapter provide a comprehensive overview on functional validation of circRNAs. Furthermore, we discuss the recent modern methodologies for the functional validation of circRNAs such as RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing assay, luciferase reporter assays, circRNA gain-of-function investigation via overexpression of circular transcript assay, RT-q-PCR quantification, and other latest applicable assays. The methods described in this chapter are demonstrated on the cellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Alkatib Huda
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Chern Ein Oon
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Faculty of Health, Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mei Li Ng
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Kavitha N, Vijayarathna S, Oon CE, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, Punj V, Sasidharan S. MicroRNA profiling in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell exposed to the Phaleria macrocarpa (Boerl.) fruit ethyl acetate fraction (PMEAF) through IIlumina Hi-Seq technologies and various in silico bioinformatics tools. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 213:118-131. [PMID: 29154802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl, is a famous traditional medicinal plant which exhibited cytotoxicity against various cancerous cells. Traditionally, P. macrocarpa has been used to control cancer, impotency, hemorrhoids, diabetes mellitus, allergies, liver and heart disease, kidney disorders, blood diseases, acne, stroke, migraine, and various skin diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY Recent studies have demonstrated a potent anticancer potential of P. macrocarpa, especially against HeLa cell. The objective of this study was to investigate the regulation of miRNAs on MDA-MB-231 treated with P. macrocarpa ethyl acetate fraction (PMEAF). MATERIALS AND METHODS The regulation of miRNAs on MDA-MB-231 cells treated with PMEAF was studied through IIlumina, Hi-Seq. 2000 platform of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and various in silico bioinformatics tools. RESULTS The PMEAF treatment against MDA-MB-231 cells identified 10 upregulated and 10 downregulated miRNAs. A set of 606 target genes of 10 upregulated miRNAs and 517 target genes of 10 downregulated miRNAs were predicted based on computational and validated databases by using miRGate DB Query. Meanwhile, results from DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.8 specified the functional annotation of the upregulated miRNAs involvement in cancer pathway by suppressing the oncogenes and downregulating miRNAs by expressing the tumour suppressor genes in the regulation of apoptosis pathway. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the results of this study proved that PMEAF is a promising anticancer agent with high cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and it induced apoptotic cell death mechanism through the regulation of miRNAs. PMEAF might be the best candidate for developing more potent anticancer drugs or chemo preventive supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowroji Kavitha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Chern Ein Oon
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Vasu Punj
- Department of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Gothai S, Vijayarathna S, Chen Y, Kanwar J, Wahab H, Sasidharan S. In vitro-scientific evaluation on anti-Candida albicans activity, antioxidant properties and phytochemical constituents with the identification of antifungal active fraction from traditional medicinal plant Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Flower. J Complement Med Res 2018. [DOI: 10.5455/jcmr.20171223034127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Vijayarathna S, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. Standardized Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract (PLME) inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis: The anti-cancer study with various microscopy methods. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:366-377. [PMID: 28463800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years a number of microscopy methods have been developed to assess the changes in cells. Some non-invasive techniques such as holographic digital microscopy (HDM), which although does not destroy the cells, but helps to monitor the events that leads to initiation of apoptotic cell death. In this study, the apoptogenic property and the cytotoxic effect of P. longifolia leaf methanolic extract (PLME) against the human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) was studied using light microscope (LM), holographic digital microscopy (HDM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The average IC50 value of PLME against HeLa cells obtained by MTT and CyQuant assay was 22.00μg/mL at 24h. However, noncancerous Vero cells tested with PLME exhibited no cytotoxicity with the IC50 value of 51.07μg/mL at 24h by using MTT assay. Cytological observations showed nuclear condensation, cell shrinkage, multinucleation, abnormalities of mitochondrial cristae, membrane blebbing, disappearance of microvilli and filopodia, narrowing of lamellipodia, holes, formation of numerous smaller vacuoles, cytoplasmic extrusions and formation of apoptotic bodies as confirmed collectively by HDM, LM, SEM and TEM. In conclusion, PLME was able to produce distinctive morphological features of HeLa cell death that corresponds to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Jothy SL, Vijayarathna S, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. Regulating Mitochondrial Biogenesis: from Herbal Remedies to Phytomedicine for Cancer Prevention. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:8015. [PMID: 26625835 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.8015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanion L Jothy
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia E-mail : jothylachumy@yahoo. com,
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Vijayarathna S, Gothai S, Jothy SL, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. Can Cancer Therapy be Achieved by Bridging Apoptosis and Autophagy: a Method Based on microRNA-Dependent Gene Therapy and Phytochemical Targets. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7435-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.7435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Jothy SL, Chen Y, Vijayarathna S, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. MicroRNAs: association with radioresistant and potential uses of natural remedies as green gene therapeutic approaches. Curr Gene Ther 2015; 15:15-20. [PMID: 25478696 DOI: 10.2174/1566523215666141205104117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy plays an essential primary role in cancer patients. Regardless of its significant advances in treatment options, tumor recurrence and radio-resistance in cancer cells still occur in a high percentage of patients. Furthermore, the over expression of miRNAs accompanies the development of radio-resistant cancer cells. Consequently, miRNAs might serve as therapeutic targets for the treatment of radio-resistance in cancer cells. The findings of the current research also signify that the use of a natural anti-miRNA substance could inhibit specific miRNAs, and, concurrently, these natural remedies could exhibit radioprotective activity against the healthy cells during radiotherapy. Therefore, in this review, we have reported the association of miRNAs with radio-resistance and the potential uses of natural remedies as green gene therapeutic approaches, as well as radioprotectors against the adverse effects of irradiation on healthy cells during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Vijayarathna S, Jothy SL, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. Anti-Cancer Natural Products Inducing Cross-talk between Apoptosis and Autophagy Mutual Proteins to Regulate Cancer Cell Death: Design of Future Green Anticancer Therapies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:6175-6. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.14.6175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kavitha N, Vijayarathna S, Jothy SL, Oon CE, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. MicroRNAs: biogenesis, roles for carcinogenesis and as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7489-97. [PMID: 25292018 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs of 20-24 nucleotides that play important roles in carcinogenesis. Accordingly, miRNAs control numerous cancer-relevant biological events such as cell proliferation, cell cycle control, metabolism and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and concepts concerning the biogenesis of miRNAs, miRNA roles in cancer and their potential as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis including the regulation of key cancer-related pathways, such as cell cycle control and miRNA dysregulation. Moreover, microRNA molecules are already receiving the attention of world researchers as therapeutic targets and agents. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of microRNAs has the potential not only to identify their roles in cancer, but also to exploit them as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and identify therapeutic targets for new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowroji Kavitha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia E-mail :
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Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. Cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of Elaeis guineensis on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:826-9. [PMID: 23569855 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cytotoxic effect of Elaeis guineensis methanol extract on MCF-7 and Vero cell. METHODS In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated in by MTT assay. Cell morphological changes were observed by using light microscope. RESULTS The MTT assay indicated that methanol extract of the plant exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on MCF-7. Morphological alteration of the cell lines after exposure with Elaeis guineensis extract were observed under phase contrast microscope in the dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the probable use of the Elaeis guineensis methanol extract in preparing recipes for cancer-related ailments. Further studies on isolation of metabolites and their in vivo cytotoxicity are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Torey A, Vijayarathna S, Jothy SL, Gothai S, Chen Y, Latha LY, Kanwar JR, Dharmaraj S, Sasidharan S. Exploration of the anticandidal mechanism of Cassia spectabilis in debilitating candidiasis. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 6:97-104. [PMID: 26870686 PMCID: PMC4737948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans has become resistant to the commercially available, toxic, and expensive anti-Candida agents that are on the market. These factors force the search for new antifungal agents from natural resources. Cassia spectabilis had been traditionally employed by healers for many generations. The possible mechanisms of the C. spectabilis leaf extract were determined by potassium leakage study and the effect of the extract on the constituents of the cell wall and enzymes as well as the morphological changes on C. albicans cells were studied along with cytotoxicity assays. The cytotoxicity result indicated that the extract is nontoxic as was clearly substantiated by a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 59.10 μg/mL. The treated cells (C. spectabilis extract) demonstrated potassium leakage of 1039 parts per million (ppm) compared to Amphotericin B (AmpB)-treated cells with a released potassium value of 1115 ppm. The effects of the extract on the cell wall proteins illustrated that there were three major types of variations in the expression of treated cell wall proteins: the presence of new proteins, the absence of proteins, and the amount of expressed protein. The activities of two enzymes, α-glucosidase and proteinase, were determined to be significantly high, thereby not fully coinciding with the properties of the antifungal reaction triggered by C. spectabilis. The morphology of C. albicans cells treated with the C. spectabilis extract showed that the cells had abnormalities and were damaged or detached within the microcolonies. Our study verifies C. spectabilis leaf extract as an effective anti-C. albicans agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Torey
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Subramanion L Jothy
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Sivapragasam Gothai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Biosciences (BioDeakin), Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Saravanan Dharmaraj
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kota Campus, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 20400, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
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Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. Coaxing cancer pro-apoptoticity: an approach blending therapeutic miRNAs and dietary phytochemicals. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:5499-500. [PMID: 25041025 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.13.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. E-mail :
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Vijayarathna S, Oon C, Jothy S, Chen Y, Kanwar J, Sasidharan S. MicroRNA Pathways: An Emerging Role in Identification of Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Gene Ther 2014; 14:112-20. [DOI: 10.2174/1566523214666140302192953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lachumy SJ, Oon CE, Deivanai S, Saravanan D, Vijayarathna S, Choong YS, Yeng C, Latha LY, Sasidharan S. Herbal Remedies for Combating Irradiation: a Green Anti-irradiation Approach. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:5553-65. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Sumathy V, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Latha LY, Jothy SL, Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. Evaluation of the effect of Cassia surattensis Burm. f., flower methanolic extract on the growth and morphology of Aspergillus niger. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17:1648-1654. [PMID: 23832733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cassia (C.) surattensis Burm. f. (Leguminosae), a medicinal herb native to tropical equatorial Asia, was commonly used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of methanolic flower extract of C. surattensis against Aspergillus (A.) niger. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antifungal activity of C. surattensis flower extract was studied by using agar disc diffusion method, broth dilution method, percentage of hyphal growth inhibition and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. RESULTS The extract exhibited good antifungal activity with zone of inhibition 15 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 6.25 mg/ml. The flower extract exhibited considerable antifungal activity against A. niger with a IC50 of 2.49 mg/ml on the hyphal growth. In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) squashed, collapsed, empty and deformation of hyphae were the major changes observed. Shrunken conidiophores were the obvious alteration on the spores. Morphological alterations observed on A. niger caused by the flower extract could be the contribution of chemical compounds present in the Cassia flower. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of carbohydrate, tannins, saponins and phenols in the extract. The amount of tannin, total phenolics and flavonoids were estimated to be 55.14 ± 3.11 mg/g, 349.87 ± 5.41 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 89.64 ± 3.21 mg/g catechin equivalent respectively. CONCLUSIONS C. surattensis flower extract potently inhibited the growth of A. niger and are, therefore, excellent candidates for use as the lead compounds for the development of novel antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sumathy
- Biological Program, School of Distance Education, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. Chemotherapy Through a Combination of Fasting and Chronopharmacology. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:4847-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Vijayarathna S, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Latha LY, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. The Antimicrobial efficacy of Elaeis guineensis: characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Molecules 2012; 17:4860-77. [PMID: 22538489 PMCID: PMC6268431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17054860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The urgent need to treat multi-drug resistant pathogenic microorganisms in chronically infected patients has given rise to the development of new antimicrobials from natural resources. We have tested Elaeis guineensis Jacq (Arecaceae) methanol extract against a variety of bacterial, fungal and yeast strains associated with infections. Our studies have demonstrated that E. guineensis exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo against the bacterial and fungal strains tested. A marked inhibitory effect of the E. guineensis extracts was observed against C. albicans whereby E. guineensis extract at ½, 1, or 2 times the MIC significantly inhibited C. albicans growth with a noticeable drop in optical density (OD) of the bacterial culture. This finding confirmed the anticandidal activity of the extract on C. albicans. Imaging using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy was done to determine the major alterations in the microstructure of the extract-treated C. albicans. The main abnormalities noted via SEM and TEM studies were the alteration in morphology of the yeast cells. In vivo antimicrobial activity was studies in mice that had been inoculated with C. albicans and exhibited good anticandidal activity. The authors conclude that the extract may be used as a candidate for the development of anticandidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia; (S.V.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Zuraini Zakaria
- Biology Program, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - Lachimanan Yoga Latha
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia; (S.V.); (L.Y.L.)
| | - Jagat R. Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Biosciences (BioDeakin), Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia;
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia; (S.V.); (L.Y.L.)
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