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Roe S, Streck C, Beach R, Busch J, Chapman M, Daioglou V, Deppermann A, Doelman J, Emmet‐Booth J, Engelmann J, Fricko O, Frischmann C, Funk J, Grassi G, Griscom B, Havlik P, Hanssen S, Humpenöder F, Landholm D, Lomax G, Lehmann J, Mesnildrey L, Nabuurs G, Popp A, Rivard C, Sanderman J, Sohngen B, Smith P, Stehfest E, Woolf D, Lawrence D. Land-based measures to mitigate climate change: Potential and feasibility by country. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:6025-6058. [PMID: 34636101 PMCID: PMC9293189 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Land-based climate mitigation measures have gained significant attention and importance in public and private sector climate policies. Building on previous studies, we refine and update the mitigation potentials for 20 land-based measures in >200 countries and five regions, comparing "bottom-up" sectoral estimates with integrated assessment models (IAMs). We also assess implementation feasibility at the country level. Cost-effective (available up to $100/tCO2 eq) land-based mitigation is 8-13.8 GtCO2 eq yr-1 between 2020 and 2050, with the bottom end of this range representing the IAM median and the upper end representing the sectoral estimate. The cost-effective sectoral estimate is about 40% of available technical potential and is in line with achieving a 1.5°C pathway in 2050. Compared to technical potentials, cost-effective estimates represent a more realistic and actionable target for policy. The cost-effective potential is approximately 50% from forests and other ecosystems, 35% from agriculture, and 15% from demand-side measures. The potential varies sixfold across the five regions assessed (0.75-4.8 GtCO2eq yr-1 ) and the top 15 countries account for about 60% of the global potential. Protection of forests and other ecosystems and demand-side measures present particularly high mitigation efficiency, high provision of co-benefits, and relatively lower costs. The feasibility assessment suggests that governance, economic investment, and socio-cultural conditions influence the likelihood that land-based mitigation potentials are realized. A substantial portion of potential (80%) is in developing countries and LDCs, where feasibility barriers are of greatest concern. Assisting countries to overcome barriers may result in significant quantities of near-term, low-cost mitigation while locally achieving important climate adaptation and development benefits. Opportunities among countries vary widely depending on types of land-based measures available, their potential co-benefits and risks, and their feasibility. Enhanced investments and country-specific plans that accommodate this complexity are urgently needed to realize the large global potential from improved land stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Roe
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- Climate FocusBerlinGermany
| | - Charlotte Streck
- Climate FocusBerlinGermany
- International PoliticsUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Robert Beach
- Environmental Engineering and Economics DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jonah Busch
- Conservation InternationalArlingtonVirginiaUSA
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vassilis Daioglou
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe Haguethe Netherlands
| | - Andre Deppermann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
| | - Jonathan Doelman
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe Haguethe Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Emmet‐Booth
- New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Jens Engelmann
- Department of Agricultural and Applied EconomicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Oliver Fricko
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
| | | | - Jason Funk
- Land Use and Climate Knowledge InitiativeChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | - Petr Havlik
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
| | - Steef Hanssen
- Department of Environmental ScienceRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | - David Landholm
- Climate FocusBerlinGermany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | - Guy Lomax
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop ScienceSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCollege of Agriculture and Life ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Leah Mesnildrey
- Climate FocusBerlinGermany
- Sciences Po ParisParis School of International Affairs (PSIA)ParisFrance
| | - Gert‐Jan Nabuurs
- Wageningen Environmental ResearchWageningen University and ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | | | | | - Brent Sohngen
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development EconomicsOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Elke Stehfest
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe Haguethe Netherlands
| | - Dominic Woolf
- Soil and Crop ScienceSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCollege of Agriculture and Life ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Deborah Lawrence
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
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Knobloch F, Hanssen S, Lam A, Pollitt H, Salas P, Chewpreecha U, Huijbregts MAJ, Mercure JF. Net emission reductions from electric cars and heat pumps in 59 world regions over time. Nat Sustain 2020; 3:437-447. [PMID: 32572385 PMCID: PMC7308170 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-020-0488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrification of passenger road transport and household heating features prominently in current and planned policy frameworks to achieve greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets. However, since electricity generation involves using fossil fuels, it is not established where and when the replacement of fossil fuel-based technologies by electric cars and heat pumps can effectively reduce overall emissions. Could electrification policy backfire by promoting their diffusion before electricity is decarbonised? Here, we analyse current and future emissions trade-offs in 59 world regions with heterogeneous households, by combining forward-looking integrated assessment model simulations with bottom-up life-cycle assessment. We show that already under current carbon intensities of electricity generation, electric cars and heat pumps are less emission-intensive than fossil fuel-based alternatives in 53 world regions, representing 95% of global transport and heating demand. Even if future end-use electrification is not matched by rapid power sector decarbonisation, it likely avoids emissions in almost all world regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Knobloch
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Cambridge Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance (C-EENRG), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steef Hanssen
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aileen Lam
- Cambridge Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance (C-EENRG), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macao, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hector Pollitt
- Cambridge Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance (C-EENRG), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pablo Salas
- Cambridge Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance (C-EENRG), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mark A. J. Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Francois Mercure
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Cambridge Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance (C-EENRG), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Smits M, Hanssen S, Huibers L, Giesen P. [Practice assistant sometimes misses urgent request for help: telephone triage in general practice]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2016; 160:D412. [PMID: 27484425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the organisation and appropriateness of telephone triage in general practices in the Netherlands. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study. METHODS Via e-mail we invited all members of the Dutch Association of practice assistants to complete an online survey. The questionnaire included questions about practice assistants' background characteristics and the practices' triage organisation. Furthermore, they were asked to assess the indicated type of care for a number of fictive case scenarios involving a variety of health problems and levels of urgency. To determine the appropriateness of the respondents' assessments, each was compared to a reference standard agreed by experts. In addition, the association between practice assistants' background characteristics and organizational setup of the triage organisation with the appropriateness of triage was examined. RESULTS The response rate was 41.1% (N=973). The required care was assessed appropriately in 63.6% of the cases, over-estimated in 19.3% and under-estimated in 17.1% of cases. The sensitivity of identifying patients with a highly urgent problem was 76.7%, whereas the specificity was 94.0%. The appropriateness of the assessments of the required care was higher for more experienced assistants and assistants with regular daily work meetings with the GP. Triage training, use of a triage tool and authorization of advice provision were not associated with appropriateness of triage. CONCLUSION Triage by practice assistants in general practices is efficient, but potentially unsafe in highly urgent cases. It is therefore important to train practice assistants in the identification of highly urgent cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smits
- *Dit onderzoek werd eerder gepubliceerd in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care (2016;34:28-36) met als titel 'Telephone triage in general practices: a written case scenario study in the Netherlands'. Afgedrukt met toestemming
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Egestad H, Hanssen S, Tunstad J. 1408 poster INFORMATION TO PATIENTS WITH HEAD AND NECK CANCER DURING THE PERIOD OF RADIATION TREATMENT. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)71530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Radstake TRDJ, Franke B, Hanssen S, Welsing P, Joosten LAB, van Riel PLCM, Barrera P, van den Berg WB. Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism influences susceptibility to but not severity and outcome of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2004. [PMCID: PMC2833758 DOI: 10.1186/ar1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- TRDJ Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Hanssen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P Welsing
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - LAB Joosten
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - PLCM van Riel
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P Barrera
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - WB van den Berg
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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