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Urban Cordeiro E, Arenas-Calle L, Woolf D, Sherpa S, Poonia S, Kritee K, Dubey R, Choudhary A, Kumar V, McDonald A. The fate of rice crop residues and context-dependent greenhouse gas emissions: Model-based insights from Eastern India. J Clean Prod 2024; 435:140240. [PMID: 38268972 PMCID: PMC10804972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Crop residue burning is a common practice in many parts of the world that causes air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Regenerative practices that return residues to the soil offer a 'no burn' pathway for addressing air pollution while building soil organic carbon (SOC). Nevertheless, GHG emissions in rice-based agricultural systems are complex and difficult to anticipate, particularly in production contexts with highly variable hydrologic conditions. Here we predict long-term net GHG fluxes for four rice residue management strategies in the context of rice-wheat cropping systems in Eastern India: burning, soil incorporation, livestock fodder, and biochar. Estimations were based on a combination of Tier 1, 2, and 3 modelling approaches, including 100-year DNDC simulations across three representative soil hydrologic categories (i.e., dry, median, and wet). Overall, residue burning resulted in total direct GHG fluxes of 2.5, 6.1, and 8.7 Mg CO2-e in the dry, median, and wet hydrologic categories, respectively. Relative to emissions from burning (positive values indicate an increase) for the same dry to wet hydrologic categories, soil incorporation resulted in a -0.2, 1.8, or 3.1 Mg CO2-e change in emissions whereas use of residues for livestock fodder increased emissions by 2.0, 2.1, or 2.3 Mg CO2-e. Biochar reduced emissions relative to burning by 2.9 Mg CO2-e in all hydrologic categories. This study showed that the production environment has a controlling effect on methane and, therefore, net GHG balance. For example, wetter sites had 2.8-4.0 times greater CH4 emissions, on average, than dry sites when rice residues were returned to the soil. To effectively mitigate burning without undermining climate change mitigation goals, our results suggest that geographically-target approaches should be used in the rice-based systems of Eastern India to incentivize the adoption of regenerative 'no burn' residue management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Urban Cordeiro
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Laura Arenas-Calle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dominic Woolf
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sonam Sherpa
- CIMMYT-India, Sabajpura, Khagaul, Patna, 801105, Bihar, India
| | - Shishpal Poonia
- CIMMYT-India, Sabajpura, Khagaul, Patna, 801105, Bihar, India
| | - Kritee Kritee
- Environmental Defense Fund, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Rachana Dubey
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Virender Kumar
- Sustainable Impact Department, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Andrew McDonald
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
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2
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McClelland SC, Woolf D. Sensationalized soil carbon sequestration estimates excuse further climate inaction. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17012. [PMID: 37965766 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby C McClelland
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Dominic Woolf
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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3
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King J, Patel K, Woolf D, Hatton MQ. The Use of Palliative Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Lung Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2022; 34:761-770. [PMID: 36115746 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the systemic treatment of stage IV lung cancer, which is now recommended first line in patients with adequate fitness. This includes some patients with brain metastases due to the increased understanding of the central nervous system penetration of targeted therapies. The trials evidence base for palliative radiotherapy pre-dated this routine use of systemic therapy in our practice, which means that the sequence and role of palliative radiotherapy are not currently well defined in the first-line treatment setting. However, due to its efficacy in symptom control, radiotherapy remains a core component in the palliative management of lung cancer, particularly in the second-line setting and those unsuited to primary systemic treatment. This overview focuses on the evidence behind palliative radiotherapy to the thorax and brain for non-small cell and small cell lung cancer and the potential for future studies, including the TOURIST Trial Platform, to guide the future direction of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J King
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - K Patel
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - D Woolf
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - M Q Hatton
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Broomhall, Sheffield, UK
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4
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Banfill K, Schmitt M, Riley J, McWilliam A, Pemberton L, Chan C, Harris M, Sheikh H, Coote J, Woolf D, Bayman N, Salem A, van Herk M, Faivre-Finn C. EP05.01-012 Avoiding Cardiac Toxicity in Lung Cancer Radiotherapy (ACcoLade) Trial - Initial Results. J Thorac Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.07.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Wooder R, Bayman N, Chan C, Coote J, Faivre-Finn C, Harris M, O'Hare S, Pemberton L, Salem A, Sheikh H, Sumner M, Tenant S, Woolf D. PO-1273 Identifying the target: An audit of radiology reports for appropriate use of slice reference numbers. Radiother Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(22)03237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Abutaleb M, Croxford W, Fatimilehin A, Bowen-Jones S, Bewley M, Colaco R, Hall R, Whitehurst P, Wooder R, Radhakrishna G, Woolf D. PD-0078 Three-year update of outcomes for SABR-treated extracranial oligometastases: A real world experience. Radiother Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(22)02748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Wooder R, Bayman N, Chan C, Coote J, Faivre-Finn C, Goldstraw R, Harris M, Pemberton L, Salem A, Sheikh H, Whitehurst P, Woolf D. OC-0464 A new model of care for rapid lung SABR treatment planning: Evaluation of the advanced RTT role. Radiother Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(22)02600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Bowen Jones S, Fatimilehin A, Hirst L, Hall R, Harris C, Whitehurst P, Croxford W, Bayman N, Colaco R, Woolf D, Radhakrishna G. The First Use of Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy (SABR) in Extra-cranial Non-lung Oligometastatic Disease: A Single Centre. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Roe S, Streck C, Beach R, Busch J, Chapman M, Daioglou V, Deppermann A, Doelman J, Emmet‐Booth J, Engelmann J, Fricko O, Frischmann C, Funk J, Grassi G, Griscom B, Havlik P, Hanssen S, Humpenöder F, Landholm D, Lomax G, Lehmann J, Mesnildrey L, Nabuurs G, Popp A, Rivard C, Sanderman J, Sohngen B, Smith P, Stehfest E, Woolf D, Lawrence D. Land-based measures to mitigate climate change: Potential and feasibility by country. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:6025-6058. [PMID: 34636101 PMCID: PMC9293189 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Land-based climate mitigation measures have gained significant attention and importance in public and private sector climate policies. Building on previous studies, we refine and update the mitigation potentials for 20 land-based measures in >200 countries and five regions, comparing "bottom-up" sectoral estimates with integrated assessment models (IAMs). We also assess implementation feasibility at the country level. Cost-effective (available up to $100/tCO2 eq) land-based mitigation is 8-13.8 GtCO2 eq yr-1 between 2020 and 2050, with the bottom end of this range representing the IAM median and the upper end representing the sectoral estimate. The cost-effective sectoral estimate is about 40% of available technical potential and is in line with achieving a 1.5°C pathway in 2050. Compared to technical potentials, cost-effective estimates represent a more realistic and actionable target for policy. The cost-effective potential is approximately 50% from forests and other ecosystems, 35% from agriculture, and 15% from demand-side measures. The potential varies sixfold across the five regions assessed (0.75-4.8 GtCO2eq yr-1 ) and the top 15 countries account for about 60% of the global potential. Protection of forests and other ecosystems and demand-side measures present particularly high mitigation efficiency, high provision of co-benefits, and relatively lower costs. The feasibility assessment suggests that governance, economic investment, and socio-cultural conditions influence the likelihood that land-based mitigation potentials are realized. A substantial portion of potential (80%) is in developing countries and LDCs, where feasibility barriers are of greatest concern. Assisting countries to overcome barriers may result in significant quantities of near-term, low-cost mitigation while locally achieving important climate adaptation and development benefits. Opportunities among countries vary widely depending on types of land-based measures available, their potential co-benefits and risks, and their feasibility. Enhanced investments and country-specific plans that accommodate this complexity are urgently needed to realize the large global potential from improved land stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Roe
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- Climate FocusBerlinGermany
| | - Charlotte Streck
- Climate FocusBerlinGermany
- International PoliticsUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Robert Beach
- Environmental Engineering and Economics DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jonah Busch
- Conservation InternationalArlingtonVirginiaUSA
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vassilis Daioglou
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe Haguethe Netherlands
| | - Andre Deppermann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
| | - Jonathan Doelman
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe Haguethe Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Emmet‐Booth
- New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research CentrePalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Jens Engelmann
- Department of Agricultural and Applied EconomicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Oliver Fricko
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
| | | | - Jason Funk
- Land Use and Climate Knowledge InitiativeChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | - Petr Havlik
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
| | - Steef Hanssen
- Department of Environmental ScienceRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | - David Landholm
- Climate FocusBerlinGermany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | - Guy Lomax
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop ScienceSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCollege of Agriculture and Life ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Leah Mesnildrey
- Climate FocusBerlinGermany
- Sciences Po ParisParis School of International Affairs (PSIA)ParisFrance
| | - Gert‐Jan Nabuurs
- Wageningen Environmental ResearchWageningen University and ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | | | | | - Brent Sohngen
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development EconomicsOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Elke Stehfest
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe Haguethe Netherlands
| | - Dominic Woolf
- Soil and Crop ScienceSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCollege of Agriculture and Life ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Deborah Lawrence
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
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10
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Woolf D, Lehmann J, Ogle S, Kishimoto-Mo AW, McConkey B, Baldock J. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Model for Biochar Additions to Soil. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:14795-14805. [PMID: 34637286 PMCID: PMC8567415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stabilizing the global climate within safe bounds will require greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to reach net zero within a few decades. Achieving this is expected to require removal of CO2 from the atmosphere to offset some hard-to-eliminate emissions. There is, therefore, a clear need for GHG accounting protocols that quantify the mitigation impact of CO2 removal practices, such as biochar sequestration, that have the potential to be deployed at scale. Here, we have developed a GHG accounting methodology for biochar application to mineral soils using simple parameterizations and readily accessible activity data that can be applied at a range of scales including farm, supply chain, national, or global. The method is grounded in a comprehensive analysis of current empirical data, making it a robust method that can be used for many applications including national inventories and voluntary and compliance carbon markets, among others. We show that the carbon content of biochar varies with feedstock and production conditions from as low as 7% (gasification of biosolids) to 79% (pyrolysis of wood at above 600 °C). Of this initial carbon, 63-82% will remain unmineralized in soil after 100 years at the global mean annual cropland-temperature of 14.9 °C. With this method, researchers and managers can address the long-term sequestration of C through biochar that is blended with soils through assessments such as GHG inventories and life cycle analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Woolf
- School
of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14953, United States
- Cornell
Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell
University, Ithaca New York 14953, United States
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- School
of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14953, United States
- Cornell
Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell
University, Ithaca New York 14953, United States
| | - Stephen Ogle
- Natural
Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ayaka W. Kishimoto-Mo
- Institute
for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National
Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Brian McConkey
- Ministry
of Agriculture and Agri-Food, Ottawa K1A 0C5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Baldock
- CSIRO—Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Glen Osmond 5064 Australia
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11
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Fatimilehin A, Bowen Jones S, Bewley M, Hall R, Harris C, Whitehurst P, Bayman N, Colaco R, Woolf D, Radhakrishna G. PO-1523 Real world outcomes in patients with oligometastases treated with SABR - a single centre experience. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)07974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Sandhu L, McWilliam A, Mistry H, Woolf D, Faivre-Finn C, Golby C, Abravan A, Van Herk M, Price G, Salem A. PH-0281: Outcomes of re-irradiation & repeat radiotherapy in NSCLC: A propensity matched analysis. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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DeLisi C, Patrinos A, MacCracken M, Drell D, Annas G, Arkin A, Church G, Cook-Deegan R, Jacoby H, Lidstrom M, Melillo J, Milo R, Paustian K, Reilly J, Roberts RJ, Segrè D, Solomon S, Woolf D, Wullschleger SD, Yang X. The Role of Synthetic Biology in Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Reduction: Prospects and Challenges. Biodes Res 2020; 2020:1016207. [PMID: 37849905 PMCID: PMC10521736 DOI: 10.34133/2020/1016207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The long atmospheric residence time of CO2 creates an urgent need to add atmospheric carbon drawdown to CO2 regulatory strategies. Synthetic and systems biology (SSB), which enables manipulation of cellular phenotypes, offers a powerful approach to amplifying and adding new possibilities to current land management practices aimed at reducing atmospheric carbon. The participants (in attendance: Christina Agapakis, George Annas, Adam Arkin, George Church, Robert Cook-Deegan, Charles DeLisi, Dan Drell, Sheldon Glashow, Steve Hamburg, Henry Jacoby, Henry Kelly, Mark Kon, Todd Kuiken, Mary Lidstrom, Mike MacCracken, June Medford, Jerry Melillo, Ron Milo, Pilar Ossorio, Ari Patrinos, Keith Paustian, Kristala Jones Prather, Kent Redford, David Resnik, John Reilly, Richard J. Roberts, Daniel Segre, Susan Solomon, Elizabeth Strychalski, Chris Voigt, Dominic Woolf, Stan Wullschleger, and Xiaohan Yang) identified a range of possibilities by which SSB might help reduce greenhouse gas concentrations and which might also contribute to environmental sustainability and adaptation. These include, among other possibilities, engineering plants to convert CO2 produced by respiration into a stable carbonate, designing plants with an increased root-to-shoot ratio, and creating plants with the ability to self-fertilize. A number of serious ecological and societal challenges must, however, be confronted and resolved before any such application can be fully assessed, realized, and deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles DeLisi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Program in Bioinformatics, College of Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Drell
- Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - George Annas
- Center for Health Law, Ethics & Human Rights at the Boston University School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Boston University, USA
| | - Adam Arkin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley CA, USA
| | - George Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Robert Cook-Deegan
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, Barrett & O’Connor Washington Center, 1800 I Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA
| | - Henry Jacoby
- Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Mary Lidstrom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Jerry Melillo
- The Ecosystems Center of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MAUSA
| | - Ron Milo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keith Paustian
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA
| | - John Reilly
- MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, MIT, Cambridge MA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Segrè
- Department of Biology and Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Susan Solomon
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Dominic Woolf
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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Mercieca S, Pan S, Belderbos J, Salem A, Tenant S, Aznar MC, Woolf D, Radhakrishna G, van Herk M. Impact of Peer Review in Reducing Uncertainty in the Definition of the Lung Target Volume Among Trainee Oncologists. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2020; 32:363-372. [PMID: 32033892 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the impact of peer review and contouring workshops on reducing uncertainty in target volume delineation for lung cancer radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from two lung cancer target volume delineation courses were analysed. In total, 22 trainees in clinical oncology working across different UK centres attended these courses with priori experience in lung cancer radiotherapy. The courses were made up of short presentations and contouring practice sessions. The participants were divided into two groups and asked to first individually delineate (IND) and then individually peer review (IPR) the contours of another participant. The contours were discussed with an expert panel consisting of two consultant clinical oncologists and a consultant radiologist. Contours were analysed quantitatively by measuring the volume and local distance standard deviation (localSD) from the reference expert consensus contour and qualitatively through visual analysis. Feedback from the participants was obtained using a questionnaire. RESULTS All participants applied minor editing to the contours during IPR, leading to a non-statistically significant reduction in the mean delineated volume (IND = 140.92 cm3, IPR = 125.26 cm3, P = 0.211). The overall interobserver variation was similar, with a localSD of 0.33 cm and 0.38 cm for the IND and IPR, respectively (P = 0.848). Six participants (29%) carried out correct major changes by either including tumour or excluding healthy tissue. One participant (5%) carried out an incorrect edit by excluding parts of the tumour, while another observer failed to identify a major contour error. The participants' level of confidence in target volume delineation increased following the course and identified the discussions with the radiologist and colleagues as the most important highlights of the course. CONCLUSION IPR could improve target volume delineation quality among trainee oncologists by identifying most major contour errors. However, errors were also introduced after IPR, suggesting the need to further discuss major changes with a multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mercieca
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Faculty of Medicine (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - S Pan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - J Belderbos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Salem
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - S Tenant
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - M C Aznar
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - D Woolf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Radhakrishna
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - M van Herk
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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15
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Albright MBN, Runde A, Lopez D, Gans J, Sevanto S, Woolf D, Dunbar J. Effects of initial microbial biomass abundance on respiration during pine litter decomposition. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224641. [PMID: 32059014 PMCID: PMC7021309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biomass is increasingly used to predict respiration in soil organic carbon (SOC) models. Its increased use combined with the difficulty of accurately measuring this variable points a need to directly assess the importance of microbial biomass abundance for carbon (C) cycling. To test the hypothesis that the initial microbial biomass abundance (i.e. biomass abundance on new plant litter) is a strong driver of plant litter C cycling, we manipulated biomass abundance by 10 and 100-fold dilution and composition using 12 source communities on sterile pine litter and measured respiration in microcosms for 30 days. In the first two days of microbial growth on fresh litter, a 100-fold difference in initial biomass abundance caused an average difference in respiration of nearly 300%, but the effect rapidly declined to less than 30% in 10 days and to 14% in 30 days. Parallel simulations with a soil carbon model, SOMIC 1.0, also predicted a 14% difference over 30 days, consistent with the experimental results. Model simulations predicted convergence of cumulative CO2 to within 10% in three months and within 4% in three years. Rapid microbial growth, evidenced by appearance of visible microbial mats on the litter during the first week of incubation, likely attenuates the effects of large initial differences in biomass abundance. In contrast, the persistence of source community as an explanatory factor in driving differences in respiration across microcosms supports the importance of microbial composition in C cycling. Overall, the results suggest that the initial abundance of microbial biomass on litter is a weak driver of C flux from litter decomposition over long timescales (months to years) when litter communities have equal nutrient availability. By extension, slight variation in the timing of microbial dispersal to fresh litter is likely to be a minor factor in long-term C flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaeline B. N. Albright
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreas Runde
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Deanna Lopez
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Jason Gans
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Dominic Woolf
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - John Dunbar
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
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Beech A, Faivre-Finn C, Bayman N, Blackhall F, Califano R, Chan C, Cobben D, Coote J, Cove-Smith L, Harris M, Hughes S, Martimarti F, Pemberton L, Salem A, Summers Y, Taylor P, Wang X, Woolf D, Sheikh H. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) prophylaxis in lung cancer patients receiving radical radiotherapy (RT) ± chemotherapy (CTRT): audit of the first UK departmental guideline. Lung Cancer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(20)30113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Coote J, Tang C, Salem A, Bayman N, Chan C, Cobben D, Faivre-Finn C, Harris M, Hudson A, Pemberton L, Sheikh H, Woolf D. Outcomes of curative-intent radiotherapy in patients with severe COPD or lung fibrosis. Lung Cancer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(20)30103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Behrouzi R, Bayman N, Harris M, Salem A, Hudson A, Chan C, Faivre-Finn C, Cobben D, Sheikh H, Coote J, Pemberton L, Woolf D. P2.17-02 Survival in Performance Status 3 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Radical Radiotherapy. J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Woolf D, Lehmann J. Microbial models with minimal mineral protection can explain long-term soil organic carbon persistence. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6522. [PMID: 31024055 PMCID: PMC6484006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) models currently in widespread use omit known microbial processes, and assume the existence of a SOC pool whose intrinsic properties confer persistence for centuries to millennia, despite evidence from priming and aggregate turnover that cast doubt on the existence of SOC with profound intrinsic stability. Here we show that by including microbial interactions in a SOC model, persistence can be explained as a feedback between substrate availability, mineral protection and microbial population size, without invoking an unproven pool that is intrinsically stable for centuries. The microbial SOC model based on this concept reproduces long-term data (r2 = 0.92; n = 90), global SOC distribution (rmse = 4.7 +/− 0.6 kg C m−2), and total global SOC in the top 0.3 m (822 Pg C) accurately. SOC dynamics based on a microbial feedback without stable pools are thus consistent with global SOC distribution. This has important implications for carbon management, suggesting that relatively fast cycling, rather than recalcitrant, SOC must form the primary target of efforts to build SOC stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Woolf
- Soil and Crop Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
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20
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Krounbi L, Enders A, van Es H, Woolf D, von Herzen B, Lehmann J. Biological and thermochemical conversion of human solid waste to soil amendments. Waste Manag 2019; 89:366-378. [PMID: 31079750 PMCID: PMC6538828 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biological and thermochemical sanitization of source-separated human solid waste (HSW) are effective technologies for unsewered communities. While both methods are capable of fecal pathogen sterilization, the agronomically-beneficial properties of waste sanitized between methods remains unclear. Therefore, this study compared recovery and quality of soil amendments produced by compostation, torrefaction, and pyrolysis of HSW, established their financial value, and quantified tradeoffs between product value and conversion efficiency. Temperature and associated mass losses significantly affected the physical and chemical properties of thermochemically-treated HSW. Thermophilic composting, a biological sanitation method practiced in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya, produced an amendment that contained between 16 and 858-fold more plant-available nitrogen (N; 214.5 mg N/kg) than HSW pyrolyzed between 300 and 700 °C (0.2-15.2 mg N/kg). Conversely, HSW pyrolyzed at 600 °C had four-fold higher plant-available phosphorus (P; 3117 mg P/kg) and five-fold higher plant-available potassium (K; 7403 mg K/kg) than composted HSW (716 mg P/kg and 1462 mg K/kg). Wide variation between international fertilizer prices on the low end and regional East African prices on the high end resulted in broad-spaced quantiles for the value of agronomic components in HSW amendments. Phosphorus and K comprised a disproportionate amount of the value, 52-87%, compared to plant-available N, which contributed less than 2%. The total value of treated HSW, summed across all agronomic components per unit weight amendment, was greatest for thermochemically-treated HSW at 600 °C, averaging 220 USD/Mg, more than four-fold that of composted HSW, 53 USD/Mg. In contrast, torrefaction provided the highest monetary value per unit weight feedstock, 144 USD/Mg, as low heating temperatures engender minimal mass loss and higher nutrient densities per unit weight feedstock, compared to composted or pyrolyzed HSW. When benchmarked against total N, P, and K of eight commonly-applied organic amendments, including sewage-sludge (Milorganite), compost, and alfalfa meal, HSW pyrolyzed at 700 °C was of greatest value per unit weight of amendment, 365 USD/Mg, compared to 89 USD/Mg for composted HSW, and contained 2.9% total N (0.5 mg available N/kg), 3.1% total P (7640 mg available P/kg), 3.5% total K (17,671 mg available K/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilah Krounbi
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Akio Enders
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Harold van Es
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Dominic Woolf
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Lewis T, Kennedy J, Price G, Mee T, Kirkby K, Kirkby N, Woolf D, Bayman N, Chan C, Coote J, Faivre-Finn C, Harris M, Hudson A, Pemberton L, Salem A, Sheikh H, Mistry H, Cobben D. PO-0775 Palliative lung radiotherapy: audit of prescribing practice and survival analysis. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)31195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Jordan T, Califano R, Coote J, Falk S, Harris M, Mistry H, Taylor P, Woolf D, Faivre-Finn C. PRO-CTCAE vs REQUITE: a comparison of two patient reported outcome (PRO) measurement tools in a lung cancer population. Lung Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(19)30189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Lewis T, Kennedy J, Price G, Mee T, Woolf D, Bayman N, Chan C, Coote J, Faivre-Finn C, Harris M, Hudson A, Pemberton L, Salem A, Sheikh H, Mistry H, Cobben D. Palliative lung radiotherapy at the Christie: audit of prescribing practice and survival analysis. Lung Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(19)30240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Cheng A, Craig C, Summers Y, Taylor P, Califano R, Cove-Smith L, Woolf D, Duerden R, Sharman A, Lyons J, Crosbie P, Booton R, Evison M. Metachronous oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer: are we selecting the appropriate patients for radical treatment? Lung Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(19)30128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Kosmin M, Padhani A, Gogbashian A, Woolf D, Ah-See ML, Ostler P, Sutherland S, Miles D, Noble J, Marshall A, Dunn J, Makris A. Response evaluation of cancer therapeutics in metastatic breast cancer to the bone: A single arm phase II study of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy272.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Pemberton L, Harris M, Coote J, Faivre-Finn C, Bayman N, Sheikh H, Woolf D, Chan C. Use of treatment summary letters (TSL) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving radiotherapy at a single institution: an audit of practice. Lung Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(18)30159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Yip K, Conibear J, Woolf D, Tarver K, Willis B, Hall S, Sun F, Kuhan H, Lambourne B, Piskilidis P, Kussaibati R, Martin L, Satar NA, Gray C, Khan A, Doherty G, Prewett S, Smith M, Dancey G, Patterson D, Rimmer Y, Hollingdale A, Ingle C, Tasigiannopoulos Z, Aslam S, Waite K, Polychronis A, Ghafoor Q, Baijal S, Newsom-Davis T, Shah R, Forster M, Mulatero C, Greystoke A, Postmus P, Blackhall F, Gilligan D. 62: A retrospective multicentre audit of outcome among patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have been treated with crizotinib in England. Lung Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(17)30112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Ala'Aldeen K, Stones N, Woolf D, Bayman N, Coote J, Harris M, Pemberton L, Sheikh H, Chan C, Faivre-Finn C. 130: Routine implementation of electronic patient reported outcomes (ePRO) in lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(17)30180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Blaum C, Bayman N, Chan C, Coote J, Harris M, Pemberton L, Sheikh H, Woolf D, Faivre-Finn C. 59: Palliative radiotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma – The Christie experience. Lung Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(17)30109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Lavin V, Whitehurst P, Harris C, Goldstraw R, Bayman N, Chan C, Coote J, Harris M, Pemberton L, Sheikh H, Woolf D, Faivre-Finn C. 118: Accelerated hypofractionated intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients not suitable for conventional stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR). Lung Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(17)30168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Lim J, Neocleous M, Coote J, Woolf D, Bayman N, Lee L, Sheikh H, Blackhall F, Califano R, Summers Y. 65: Maintenance pemetrexed for non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ‘real life’ outcomes from a UK centre. Lung Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(17)30115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Pasha N, Woolf D, Jiad E, Ball S, Raouf S. EP-1285: Is watch and wait policy after chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer detrimental to outcome? Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)32535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Jiad E, Woolf D, Pasha N, Ball S, Raouf S. EP-1283: Outcomes and toxicities in advanced anal cancer treated with radical VMAT chemoradiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)32533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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White R, Woolf D, Li S, Alonzi R, Osler P, Hoskin P, Hughes R. Hypofractionated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy technique: 3 years toxicity analysis. Indian J Cancer 2016; 52:654-7. [PMID: 26960508 DOI: 10.4103/0019-509x.178409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypofractionated radiotherapy in the radical treatment of localized prostate cancer has potential biological advantages relative to conventional fractionation. We report prospectively collected toxicity data from a cohort of patients treated with a 3D conformal technique (3DCRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS 90 patients receiving curative intent hypofractionated radiotherapy with 57Gy in 19 daily fractions over 3.8 weeks were evaluated prospectively for the development of radiation related toxicity over a 3 year period. RESULTS All patients completed treatment. Maximal acute toxicity experienced was 58.6, 10 and 1.1% for grade 1, 2 and 3 genitourinary (GU) toxicity respectively and 75.6, 9 and 0% for gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. For late toxicity the three year actuarial rates of grade 1, 2 and 3 GU and GI toxicity respectively were 47.3, 2.4 and 0%; and 40, 9.3 and 4.7%. There were no grade 4 or worse acute or late toxicities. 97.6% of evaluable patients remained free of biochemical failure 36 months post radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS A 57Gy in 19 daily fraction radiotherapy schedule using 3D conformal radiotherapy for the definitive treatment of localized prostate cancer has acceptable early and late toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R White
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kingdom
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35
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Woolf D, Lehmann J, Fisher EM, Angenent LT. Biofuels from pyrolysis in perspective: trade-offs between energy yields and soil-carbon additions. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:6492-9. [PMID: 24787482 DOI: 10.1021/es500474q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Coproduction of biofuels with biochar (the carbon-rich solid formed during biomass pyrolysis) can provide carbon-negative bioenergy if the biochar is sequestered in soil, where it can improve fertility and thus simultaneously address issues of food security, soil degradation, energy production, and climate change. However, increasing biochar production entails a reduction in bioenergy obtainable per unit biomass feedstock. Quantification of this trade-off for specific biochar-biofuel pathways has been hampered by lack of an accurate-yet-simple model for predicting yields, product compositions, and energy balances from biomass slow pyrolysis. An empirical model of biomass slow pyrolysis was developed and applied to several pathways for biochar coproduction with gaseous and liquid biofuels. Here, we show that biochar production reduces liquid biofuel yield by at least 21 GJ Mg(-1) C (biofuel energy sacrificed per unit mass of biochar C), with methanol synthesis giving this lowest energy penalty. For gaseous-biofuel production, the minimum energy penalty for biochar production is 33 GJ Mg(-1) C. These substitution rates correspond to a wide range of Pareto-optimal system configurations, implying considerable latitude to choose pyrolysis conditions to optimize for desired biochar properties or to modulate energy versus biochar yields in response to fluctuating price differentials for the two commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Woolf
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, ‡Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and §Biological and Environmental Engineering, ∥Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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36
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Dubash S, Woolf D, Verma R, Treasure P, Hughes R. The Mount Vernon Hospital Experience of Hypofractionated 57 Gy in 19 Fractions Radiotherapy for Organ-confined Prostate Cancer: 3 Year Outcome Data. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Woolf D, Williams M, Henderson D, Goh C, Menashy R, Simpson N, Mastroianni B, Quiney R, Thorne L, Bradford R, Saeed S, Collis C. Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Vestibular Schwannoma (VS): A Review of Long-Term Outcomes. Skull Base Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1314127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Woolf D, Bakhshi R, Fawcitt S, Worku M, Ghosh DB, Sivabalasingham S, Williams NR, Short S, Pigott K, Keshtgar MR. An observational study using γ-H2AX foci to investigate cardiac doses of radiation following adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer: Standard external beam radiotherapy to the breast versus intraoperative radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.tps129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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39
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Hargreaves S, Williams M, Liu Z, Michalarea V, Woolf D, Wilson E. Survival in Patients Receiving Radiotherapy Plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide (RCAT) for Glioblastoma (GBM). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Woolf D, Amonette JE, Street-Perrott FA, Lehmann J, Joseph S. Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nat Commun 2010; 1:56. [PMID: 20975722 PMCID: PMC2964457 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of biochar (the carbon (C)-rich solid formed by pyrolysis of biomass) and its storage in soils have been suggested as a means of abating climate change by sequestering carbon, while simultaneously providing energy and increasing crop yields. Substantial uncertainties exist, however, regarding the impact, capacity and sustainability of biochar at the global level. In this paper we estimate the maximum sustainable technical potential of biochar to mitigate climate change. Annual net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO(2)), methane and nitrous oxide could be reduced by a maximum of 1.8 Pg CO(2)-C equivalent (CO(2)-C(e)) per year (12% of current anthropogenic CO(2)-C(e) emissions; 1 Pg=1 Gt), and total net emissions over the course of a century by 130 Pg CO(2)-C(e), without endangering food security, habitat or soil conservation. Biochar has a larger climate-change mitigation potential than combustion of the same sustainably procured biomass for bioenergy, except when fertile soils are amended while coal is the fuel being offset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Woolf
- School of the Environment and Society, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - James E. Amonette
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | | | - Johannes Lehmann
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Stephen Joseph
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the value of gastrointestinal symptoms and signs in predicting the site of colorectal cancer (CRC). These symptoms can subsequently be used in determining first-line investigation with either sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. METHOD We interrogated the endoscopic and CRC databases ('Infoflex'), for patients diagnosed with CRC between April 2005 and March 2006 inclusive. These patients were cross-referenced with the pathology database and patient records. Information gathered from these databases include: age, gender, symptoms, site of cancer, histology, Duke's grading, blood parameters, diagnostic tool and treatment. RESULTS One hundred fifty-three patients were diagnosed with CRC between April 2005 and March 2006. One hundred twenty-six were initially seen in the out-patient department, of whom 38 (29%) were right-sided (proximal to the splenic flexure), and 88 (70%) were left-sided (splenic flexure and beyond). Change in bowel habit (diarrhoea and constipation) and rectal bleeding were significantly associated with left-sided cancers (P < 0.0024 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Haemoglobin (P < 0.0001) and mean corpuscular volume (P < 0.0001) were significantly lower in right-sided cancers. Weight loss, pain and obstruction were not associated with cancer site. C-reactive protein, albumin and carcinoembryonic antigen are not predictive of cancer site, Duke's stage or influenced by patient age or gender. DISCUSSION Symptoms can accurately predict site of cancer, allowing investigations to be tailored accordingly. We would recommend that patients with altered bowel habit and/or rectal bleeding, and no other symptoms, risk factors or anaemia, can be investigated with a flexible sigmoidoscopy to confirm or refute a diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kent
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Roifman syndrome (OMIM 300258) is a multi-system disorder with a physical phenotype that includes Beta-cell immunodeficiency, intra-uterine and postnatal growth retardation, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, retinal dystrophy and characteristic facial dysmorphism. So far, six cases, all boys, have been reported in the literature. Roifman postulated that the syndrome may be due to a mutation in an X-linked gene or an autosomal gene giving rise to a sex-limited trait, but the definitive pathogenetic mechanism has still not been elucidated. Very little is known about the cognitive and behavioural phenotype of Roifman syndrome and no standardized measures of cognitive abilities have been reported. METHODS We report the seventh case of a boy with Roifman syndrome and present the first systematic documentation of the cognitive and behavioural phenotype of an individual with the syndrome. RESULTS In spite of having been reported as appearing intellectually 'able', formal evaluation showed very significant intellectual disability and neuropsychological impairment across cognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that Roifman syndrome may be an example of an X-linked mental retardation syndrome (XLMRS).
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Affiliation(s)
- P J de Vries
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, University of Cambridge, UK.
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van Leth F, Conway B, Laplumé H, Martin D, Fisher M, Jelaska A, Wit FW, Lange JMA, Laplumé H, Lasala MB, Losso MH, Bogdanowicz E, Lattes R, Krolewiecki A, Zala C, Orcese C, Terlizzi S, Duran A, Ebensrteijn J, Bloch M, Russell O, Russell DB, Roth NR, Eu B, Austin D, Gowers A, Quan D, Demonty J, Peleman R, Vandercam B, Vogelaers D, van der Gucht B, van Wanzeele F, Moutschen MM, Badaro R, Grinsztejn B, Schechter M, Uip D, Netto EN, Coelho SS, Badaró F, Pilotto JH, Schubach A, Barros ML, Leite OHM, Kiffer CRV, Wunsch CT, Nunes D, Catalani A, de Cassia Alves LR, Dossin TJ, D'Alló de Oliveira MT, Martini S, Conway B, de Wet JJ, Montaner JSG, Murphy C, Woodfall B, Sestak P, Phillips P, Montessori V, Harris M, Tesiorowski A, Willoughby B, Voigt R, Farley J, Reynolds R, Devlaming S, Livrozet JM, Rozenbaum W, Sereni D, Valantin MA, Lascoux C, Milpied B, Brunet C, Billaud E, Huart A, Reliquet V, Charonnat MF, Sicot M, Esnault JL, Slama L, Staszewski S, Bickel M, Lazanas MK, Stavrianeas N, Mangafas N, Zagoreos I, Kourkounti S, Paparizos V, Botsi C, Clarke S, Brannigan E, Boyle N, Chiriani A, Leoncini F, Montella F, Francesco L, Ambu S, Farese A, Gargiulo M, Di Sora F, Lavria F, Folgori F, Beniowski M, Boron Kaczmarska A, Halota W, Prokopowicz D, Bander DB, Leszuzyszyn-Pynka MLP, Wnuk AW, Bakowska E, Pulik P, Flisiak R, Wiercinska-Drapalo A, Mularska E, Witor A, Antunes F, Sarmento RSE, Doroana M, Horta AA, Vasconcelos O, Andrews SM, Huisamen CB, Johnson D, Martin O, Bekker LG, Maartens G, Wilson D, Visagie CJ, David NJ, Rattley M, Nettleship E, Martin DJ, Keyser V, Moraites TM, Moorhouse MA, Pitt JA, Orrell CJ, Bester C, Parboosing R, Moodley P, Gathiram V, Woolf D, Bernasconi E, Magenta L, Cardiello P, Kroon E, Ungsedhapand C, Fisher M, Wilkins EGL, Stockwell E, Day J, Daintith RS, Perry N, Timaeus C, Intosh-Roffet JM, Powell A, Youle M, Tyrer M, Madge S, Drinkwater A, Cuthbertson Z, Carroll A, Becker S, Katner H, Rimland D, Saag MS, Thompson M, Witt M, Aguilar MM, LaVoy A, Illeman M, Guerrero M, Gatell J, Belsey E, Hirschel B, Potarca A, Cronenberg M, Kreekel L, Meester R, Khodabaks J, Botma HJ, Esrhir N, Farida I, Feenstra M, Jansen K, Klotz A, Mulder M, Ruiter G, Bass CB, Pluymers E, de Vlegelaer E, Leeneman (VCL) R, Carlier H, van Steenberge E, Hall D. Quality of Life in Patients Treated with First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Containing Nevirapine And/Or Efavirenz. Antivir Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350400900512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess whether differences in safety profiles between nevirapine (NVP) and efavirenz (EFV), as observed in the 2NN study, translated into differences in ‘health related quality of life’ (HRQoL). Design A sub-study of the 2NN study, with antiretro-viral-naive patients randomly allocated to NVP (once or twice daily), EFV or NVP+EFV, in addition to stavudine and lamivudine. Methods Comparing differences in changes of HRQoL over 48 weeks as measured with the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) questionnaire, using analysis of variance. Results The 2NN study enrolled 1216 patients. No validated questionnaires were available for 244 patients, and 55 patients had no HRQoL data at all, leaving 917 patients eligible for this sub-study. A total of 471 (51%) had HRQoL measurements both at baseline and week 48. The majority (69%) of patients without HRQoL measurements did, however, complete the study. The change in the physical health score (PHS) was 3.9 for NVP, 3.4 for EFV and 2.4 for NVP+EFV ( P=0.712). For the mental health score (MHS) these values were 6.1, 7.0 and 3.9, respectively ( P=0.098). A baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration (pVL) ≥100 000 copies/ml and a decline in pVL (per log10) were independently associated with an increase of PHS. An increase of MHS was only associated with pVL decline. Patients experiencing an adverse event during follow-up had a comparable change in PHS but a significantly smaller change in MHS, compared with those without an adverse event. Conclusions First-line ART containing NVP and/or EFV leads to an improvement in HRQoL. The gain in HRQoL was similar for NVP and EFV, but slightly lower for the combination of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank van Leth
- International Antiviral Therapy Evaluation Center (IATEC); Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Conway
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hector Laplumé
- Hospital Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Des Martin
- Toga Laboratories, Edenvale, South Africa
| | - Martin Fisher
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton, UK
| | - Ante Jelaska
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Conn., USA
| | - Ferdinand W Wit
- International Antiviral Therapy Evaluation Center (IATEC); Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep MA Lange
- International Antiviral Therapy Evaluation Center (IATEC); Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mann R, Woolf D. Additions and Corrections: Hygromycin. III. Structure Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01581a628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Woolf D. John Hunter--rheumatologist "sufferer.". Huntia 2001; 44-45:44-61. [PMID: 11622002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Abstract
The cellular origin of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent pro-inflammatory molecule present in psoriatic lesions, has yet to be determined. In the present study, cultured human keratinocytes were evaluated for their ability to produce LTB4. Keratinocytes stimulated under a variety of conditions did not produce detectable amounts of LTB4, as measured by enzyme immunoassay and liquid chromatographic techniques. Prostaglandin E2 and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid were the only eicosanoids detected. The capacity of keratinocytes to synthesize 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) products, or lack thereof, was further evaluated by preparing subcellular fractions and examining them for the presence of 5-LO activity and the proteins responsible for LTB4 production. Using Western blot analysis, we detected no bands that migrated with the 78-kDa 5-LO enzyme. Subcellular fractions were also examined for the presence of the 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP). This protein, which is essential to 5-LO activity, could not be detected in any keratinocyte preparation examined. Consistent with the absence of proteins, the mRNAs for 5-LO and FLAP were undetectable by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions analysis. These results demonstrate that human keratinocytes lack the crucial proteins necessary for LTB4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Breton
- Department of Inflammation Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939, USA
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The discovery of pancreatitis in two children with methylmalonic acidemia led us to review the experience with pancreatitis in a large number of patients with organic acidemias to determine whether pancreatitis is an important complication of these disorders. DESIGN Case series. SETTING Pediatric metabolism services at five tertiary care centers. PATIENTS Records of all patients with organic acidemias followed at the five institutions during the past 10 years were reviewed. Pancreatitis was recognized by symptoms and laboratory findings and confirmed by imaging studies, surgery, or autopsy. At three institutions all cases of pancreatitis in children younger than 10 years were reviewed. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Nine children with pancreatitis (seven with acute and two with chronic cases) were identified among 108 children with branched-chain organic acidemias. They ranged in age from 13 months to 9 years. Five had methylmalonic acidemia, three had isovaleric acidemia, and one had maple syrup urine disease. There were three deaths; acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis occurred in two children, and chronic pancreatitis was found at autopsy in a third. All three patients with isovaleric acidemia and pancreatitis were identified after the occurrence of pancreatitis. The survey of pancreatitis at three institutions found 57 other patients (none with an inborn error) in addition to three patients with inborn errors included in this study. CONCLUSIONS Acute or chronic pancreatitis may complicate branched-chain organic acidemias and must be considered in the assessment of patients with these disorders who have acute clinical deterioration and vomiting, abdominal pain, encephalopathy or shock, or milder symptoms. Conversely, an inborn error of organic acid metabolism should be considered in children with pancreatitis of unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kahler
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Woolf D, Voigt MD, Jaskiewicz K, Kalla AA. Pulmonary hypertension associated with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus. Postgrad Med J 1994; 70:41-3. [PMID: 8140019 PMCID: PMC2397573 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.70.819.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A case of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, the first of our knowledge, is described. Severe pulmonary hypertension was associated with the portal hypertension and with markers of active auto-immunity. Pulmonary hypertension has not previously been associated with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. The coexistence of vasculopathy of the portal and pulmonary vascular beds in this patient with active autoimmunity supports the postulate that portal-pulmonary hypertension may be immunologically mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Woolf
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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Abstract
Four patients with generalized lymphangiomatosis presenting with chylothoraces are described. All four had bone involvement, two had involvement of the spleen, and one of the pericardium. The diagnosis was confirmed by typical radiology, histology, and in three patients by immunohistochemistry. Treatment was mainly palliative. Three patients died within 1/2 to three years of presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Shah
- Respiratory Unit, Hospitals for Sick Children, London, United Kingdom
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Mitchell RA, Woolf D, Murray-Leslie C, Huskisson EC, Wojtulewski J, Ansell B, Liyanage SP, Doyle D, Colston J, English JR. Problems in assessing the possible disease-modifying effect of naproxen. Br J Clin Pract 1987; 41:560-5. [PMID: 3311106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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