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Enhanced physical health screening for people with severe mental illness in Hong Kong: results from a one-year prospective case series study. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:57. [PMID: 24576042 PMCID: PMC3939815 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with severe mental illness have significantly poorer physical health compared to the general population; previous health screening studies conducted outside Asian countries have demonstrated the potential in addressing this issue. This case series aimed to explore the effects and utility of integrating an enhanced physical health screening programme for community dwelling patients with severe mental illness into routine clinical practice in Hong Kong. METHOD This study utilises a consecutive prospective case series design. The serious mental illness Health Improvement Profile (HIP) was used as a screening tool at baseline and repeated at 12 months follow-up. RESULTS A total of 148 community-based patients with severe mental illness completed the study. At one year follow-up analysis showed a significant improvement in self-reported levels of exercise and a reduction in the numbers of patients prescribed medications for diabetes However, mean waist circumference increased at follow-up. In addition to the statistically significant results some general trends were observed, including: a lack of deterioration in most areas of cardiovascular risk; a reduction in medicines prescribed for physical health problems; and general improvements in health behaviours over the 12 month period. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that using the HIP is feasible and acceptable in Hong Kong. The results of the enhanced physical health-screening programme are promising, but require further testing using a randomised controlled trial design in order to more confidently attribute the improvements in well-being and health behaviours to the HIP. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN12582470.
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Bacteria transport and deposition under unsaturated conditions: the role of the matrix grain size and the bacteria surface protein. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2007; 92:255-73. [PMID: 17337313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated (80% water saturated) packed column experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of grain size distribution and bacteria surface macromolecules on bacteria (Rhodococcus rhodochrous) transport and deposition mechanisms. Three sizes of silica sands were used in these transport experiments, and their median grain sizes were 607, 567, and 330 microm. The amount of retained bacteria increased with decreasing sand size, and most of the deposited bacteria were found adjacent to the column inlet. The deposition profiles were not consistent with predictions based on classical filtration theory. The experimental data could be accurately characterized using a mathematical model that accounted for first-order attachment, detachment, and time and depth-dependent straining processes. Visual observations of the bacteria deposition as well as mathematical modelling indicated that straining was the dominant mechanism of deposition in these sands (78-99.6% of the deposited bacteria), which may have been enhanced due to the tendency of this bacterium to form aggregates. An additional unsaturated experiment was conducted to better deduce the role of bacteria surface macromolecules on attachment and straining processes. In this case, the bacteria surface was treated using a proteolitic enzyme. This technique was assessed by examining the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum and hydrophobicity of untreated and enzyme treated cells. Both of these analytical procedures demonstrated that this enzymatic treatment removed the surface proteins and/or associated macromolecules. Transport and modelling studies conducted with the enzyme treated bacteria, revealed a decrease in attachment, but that straining was not significantly affected by this treatment.
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Impact of export aspiration catheter device on patients with acute myocardial infarction: a large single-center experience. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2007.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Comparison of multidetector 64-slice computed tomographic angiography to coronary angiography to assess the patency of coronary artery bypass grafts. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2007.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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In vitro transposon mutagenesis of an equine herpesvirus 1 genome cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome. Arch Virol 2006; 151:2389-405. [PMID: 16855811 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The 150-kbp genome of the alphaherpesvirus equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) strain HVS25A was cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (EHV-1 BAC), with mini F plasmid sequences inserted between genes 62 and 63. Transfection of EHV-1 BAC DNA purified from E. coli gave rise to progeny virus that had a similar growth rate and yield in mammalian cell culture to those of parental wild-type EHV-1. Using in vitro mutagenesis with a Mu transposon, a large library of EHV-1 BAC mutants was generated, and sequence analysis indicated that insertions were dispersed randomly across the EHV-1 genome. Following transfections of a pilot sample of mutant EHV-1 BAC DNAs into mammalian cells, no CPE was observable by light microscopy for mutants carrying insertions in genes for the major capsid protein, large tegument protein, glycoprotein K, catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase, or single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Mutants that were able to produce CPE similar to wild-type EHV-1 included those with interruptions in ORFs of several tegument proteins. Analysis of several glycoprotein gene mutants indicated that those carrying insertions near the start of genes encoding glycoproteins E and I were viable, but showed markedly diminished plaque areas. These results were supported by confocal microscopy of transfected or infected cultures. Electron microscopy of cells infected with a gE mutant revealed accumulations of particles within cytoplasmic vesicles, consistent with a partial obstruction of maturation. The transposon library is a resource for comprehensive functional analysis of the HVS25A genome, with multiple mutants available in any of the predicted genes of EHV-1.
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Diagnostic accuracy of multidetector 64-slice CT coronary /angiography in assessing patency of coronary artery bypass grafts. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2006.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Managing Children and Adolescents with Migraine and Other Headaches: Scientific and Clinical Aspects. Headache 2005. [DOI: 10.1185/1723305x56613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sertoli cell differentiation is induced both cell-autonomously and through prostaglandin signaling during mammalian sex determination. Dev Biol 2005; 287:111-24. [PMID: 16185683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have raised an antibody specifically recognizing endogenous mouse SRY protein and used it to investigate the molecular and cellular mode of action of SRY in testis determination. We find that expression of SRY protein closely mirrors the expression of Sry mRNA in mouse genital ridges and is detectable for 6 to 8 h after the mRNA ceases to be detectable. The subset of somatic cells that expresses SRY begins to express SOX9 almost immediately. Since these SOX9-positive cells go on to develop as Sertoli cells, it appears that SRY expression marks the pre-Sertoli cell lineage and leads to up-regulation of Sox9 expression cell-autonomously. However, a small proportion of SOX9-positive cells did not appear to express SRY, possibly reflecting the additional involvement of paracrine signaling in activating Sox9 transcription in these cells. We confirmed by ex vivo cell mixing experiments that SRY is able to engage receptor-mediated signaling to up-regulate Sox9 expression. Finally, we showed by employing specific inhibitors that the causative signaling molecule is prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and that PGD2 can induce Sox9 transcription in cultured XX gonads. Our data indicate a mechanism whereby Sry uses both a cell-autonomous mechanism and a PGD2-mediated signaling mechanism to stimulate expression of Sox9 and induce the differentiation of Sertoli cells in vivo.
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Abstract
Chronic daily headache (CDH), which is often linked to a history of migraine, tension-type headache and the abuse of headache medications, and cluster headache are the best known of the chronic headaches. These headaches may not be well recognised or well treated in primary care. This article outlines the development of management algorithms for these headache subtypes, designed for use by the primary care physician with an interest in headache. Principles of care for chronic headaches include implementation of screening procedures, differential diagnosis, tailoring of management to the individual's needs, proactive follow-up and a team approach to care. These principles can be customised to the headache subtype by the selection of appropriate therapies. The optimal treatments for CDH include physical therapy to the neck if there is any stiffness there, withdrawal of abused medications and treatment of any subsequent withdrawal symptoms and headache prophylaxis, together with the provision of acute medications as rescue therapy. Optimal treatments for cluster headache include short- and long-term prophylaxis to prevent the headaches developing and acute medications for use as rescue. If treatment is ineffective, alternative medications can be provided at follow-up, with the possibility of referral for refractory patients.
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Setting up a Specialist Headache Clinic in Primary Care: General Practitioners with a Special Interest (GPwSI) in Headache. Headache 2004. [DOI: 10.1185/174234304125003786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bcl-2 inhibits cell death of serum-free mouse embryo cells caused by epidermal growth factor deprivation. Cell Biol Toxicol 1998; 14:375-82. [PMID: 9879929 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007518909429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SFME cells are brain-derived neural precursor cells that are acutely dependent on epidermal growth factor (EGF) for survival, undergoing apoptosis within 24 h after EGF withdrawal. Because the expression of the protooncogene bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis induced by the withdrawal of interleukins or nerve growth factor in some growth factor-dependent haematopoietic or neuronal cell cultures, we examined the effect of Bcl-2 expression on cell death of SFME cells in the absence of EGF. SFME cells expressing human Bcl-2 showed prolonged survival when deprived of EGF compared to control cells not expressing Bcl-2. A significant fraction of Bcl-2-expressing cells remained viable for 4 days in the absence of EGF and resumed proliferation upon readdition of EGF to the cultures. These results suggest that apoptosis induced by EGF withdrawal in SFME cells may share common mechanisms with other growth factor-related apoptotic systems.
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Abstract
Forty-nine young adults (M age = 22 years) and 30 elderly adults (M age = 69 years) rated the 60 pictorial stimuli from the Boston Naming Test (BNT) on familiarity, providing the first such normative data for these stimuli along this dimension. Participants also made speeded lexical decisions about the word item representations of each BNT picture. B NT word frequency values were also examined in relation to BNT familiarity and speeded lexical decision performance. For both young and elderly adults, lexical decision reaction times to the word representations of BNT stimuli were negatively related to word frequency and familiarity of the BNT pictures. These patterns suggest that increases in word frequency and picture familiarity facilitate (i. e., speed up) the processing of BNT word representations. Furthermore, speed of processing appears to be a relevant dimension of BNT performance, at least when young and elderly adults free from clinical aphasia are involved.
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Cloning, sequencing, and embryonic expression of an N-ras proto-oncogene isolated from an enriched zebrafish (Danio rerio) cDNA library. MOLECULAR MARINE BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 6:40-7. [PMID: 9116869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An enriched zebrafish (Danio rerio) complementary DNA library was constructed for screening of ras-related genes, and a positive clone was isolated from one plate of 3 x 10(4) plaques. This clone, Zras-B1, carried an insert of 2592 base pairs (bp) with an open reading frame encoding a ras p21 protein of 188 amino acids. The deduced amino-terminal 86 amino acid residues and the carboxy-terminal CAAX binding motif are identical to mammalian ras. The full-length Zras-B1-encoded protein is most closely related to human N-ras (91% identity), with lesser homology to Ha-ras (84%) and Ki-ras (85%). Preliminary screening data also indicate other ras genes in zebrafish, at least one of which is also transcribed in adults. A Zras-B1-related 3.1-kb transcript was found to be abundant in embryos from zygote through gastrulation, and may be maternally derived.
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Graft surveillance and angioplasty prolongs dialysis graft patency. J Am Coll Surg 1996; 183:486-92. [PMID: 8912618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States of America, vascular access complications are the most frequent cause of death among patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. The majority of American patients with end-stage renal disease have prosthetic grafts for access. The most common complication of prosthetic graft fistulas is thrombosis. To prolong graft life and decrease the frequency of operations, a university-based dialysis unit adopted a policy of graft surveillance by measuring venous resistance, followed by fistulagram and percutaneous dilatation of identified stenoses. The purpose of this retrospective study is to determine if this policy affected graft patency and graft life. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective review compares outcomes for two years before adoption of this policy (control group, 210 patients) with the outcomes for three years after adoption (study group, 260 patients). Fifty (24 percent) of the control group and 71 (27 percent) of the study group were defined as "complicated" patients because they underwent more than one intervention over any 12-month period. RESULTS The 50 complicated patients in the control group underwent 104 operations for thrombosis over two years, 1.04 thrombotic episodes and operations per patient year. Seventy new grafts were placed with a mean primary patency of 3.9 months. Mean graft survival time was 6.3 months. The 71 complicated patients in the study group underwent 111 fistulagrams, 80 angioplasties, and 110 operations over three years, for 0.52 thrombotic episodes per patient year (p < .001). Forty-five new grafts were placed with a primary patency of 11.5 months (p < .001). Mean graft survival time was 15.8 months (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study demonstrates the effectiveness of a policy of graft surveillance and percutaneous treatment of graft stenosis in prolonging primary surgical patency and graft survival.
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Abstract
Androgen resistance in genetic males occurs when gonadotropins and testosterone are normal, but the physiological androgen response in androgen target organs is absent or decreased. In androgen-dependent target tissues two main defects may be found: 1) defective testosterone metabolism (5 alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency) and 2) anomalies in androgen receptors (androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)). The clinical manifestations of these defects vary from subjects with female external genitalia to subjects with mild forms of impaired masculinization. In particular, in the complete form of AIS (CAIS) the phenotype is feminine, and in the partial form (PAIS) the external genitalia are ambiguous with an extremely variable phenotype. The diagnosis requires clinical, hormonal, genetic, and molecular investigation for appropriate gender assignation and treatment. In AIS, cloning of androgen receptor cDNA using the polymerase chain reaction, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and nucleotide sequencing have enabled a variety of molecular defects in the androgen receptor to be identified. The complexity of phenotypic presentation of AIS probably reflects the heterogeneity of androgen receptor gene mutations, but to date a relationship between genotype/phenotype has been difficult to establish, with the same point mutation reported to be associated with different phenotypic expressions. Other factors must therefore also contribute to the clinical presentation of AIS, although none have yet been identified. Establishing the functional consequences of androgen receptor mutations in vitro systems and correlating them with clinical presentation may ultimately provide an explanation for the variable clinical presentation of AIS and perhaps enable prediction of the response to androgen therapy in infants with PAIS.
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Meeting the health promotion challenge through a model of shared responsibility. OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 1990; 5:677-90. [PMID: 2237699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AT&T's Total Life Concept (TLC) program has incorporated a multidimensional strategy for health promotion that attempts to avoid the pitfalls of a unifocal individual approach. Combining individual, organizational, and environmental health promotion efforts, TLC has adopted an "ecological" model, which is described in this chapter. The central philosophy that unifies these three dimensions is a "shared responsibility" for health care.
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Abstract
Peroxidases are a family of isoenzymes found in all higher plants. However, little is known concerning their role in growth, development, or response to stress. Plant peroxidases are heme-containing monomeric glycoproteins that utilize either H2O2 or O2 to oxidize a wide variety of molecules. To obtain more information on possible in planta functions of peroxidases, we have used a cDNA clone for the primary isoenzyme form of peroxidase to synthesize high levels of this enzyme in transgenic plants. We were able to obtain Nicotiana tabacum and N. sylvestris transformed plants with peroxidase activity that is 10-fold higher than in wild-type plants by introducing a chimeric gene composed of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the tobacco anionic peroxidase cDNA. The elevated peroxidase activity was a result of increased levels of two anionic peroxidases in N. tabacum, which apparently differ in post-translational modification. Transformed plants of both species have the unique phenotype of chronic severe wilting through loss of turgor in leaves, which was initiated at the time of flowering. The peroxidase-induced wilting was shown not to be an effect of diminished water uptake through the roots, decreased conductance of water through the xylem, or increased water loss through the leaf surface or stomata. Possible explanations for the loss of turgor, and the significance of these types of experiments in studying isoenzyme families, are discussed.
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Myasthenia Gravis in the Elderly. Age Ageing 1990. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p24-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Peroxidases are a family of isoenzymes found in all higher plants. However, little is known concerning their role in growth, development, or response to stress. Plant peroxidases are heme-containing monomeric glycoproteins that utilize either H2O2 or O2 to oxidize a wide variety of molecules. To obtain more information on possible in planta functions of peroxidases, we have used a cDNA clone for the primary isoenzyme form of peroxidase to synthesize high levels of this enzyme in transgenic plants. We were able to obtain Nicotiana tabacum and N. sylvestris transformed plants with peroxidase activity that is 10-fold higher than in wild-type plants by introducing a chimeric gene composed of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the tobacco anionic peroxidase cDNA. The elevated peroxidase activity was a result of increased levels of two anionic peroxidases in N. tabacum, which apparently differ in post-translational modification. Transformed plants of both species have the unique phenotype of chronic severe wilting through loss of turgor in leaves, which was initiated at the time of flowering. The peroxidase-induced wilting was shown not to be an effect of diminished water uptake through the roots, decreased conductance of water through the xylem, or increased water loss through the leaf surface or stomata. Possible explanations for the loss of turgor, and the significance of these types of experiments in studying isoenzyme families, are discussed.
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Affinity fractionation and characterization of chick brain synaptosomes. Eur J Cell Biol 1986; 40:44-52. [PMID: 3699045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chick brain synaptosomes were fractionated by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. Three subfractions were obtained. One, designated UBF, was not bound to the affinity adsorbent and represented 36% of the total synaptosomal protein treated with the beads. A second fraction, designated BF1, adhered to concanavalin A-Sepharose exclusively through its carbohydrate recognition site. The third fraction, called BF2, bound to the beads through hydrophobic interactions and represented about 20% of the total synaptosomal protein. About 20% of the total synaptosomal protein was found to be retarded on three ligand-less gels, with potential for only hydrophobic interactions. This binding can be reversed, however, by ethylene glycol, a result indicating hydrophobic binding sites on the synaptosomes. Enzyme marker studies and electron microscopy showed differences between UBF, BF1, and BF2, mainly with respect to mitochondrial contamination. Binding studies with [3H]-Con A show the absence of Con A-specific carbohydrates from the surface of UBF or BF2. As expected strong and specific binding between [3H]-Con A and [3H] BF1 was observed. These findings are discussed in relation to a model for the interior working of the synaptosomes.
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Abstract
An 11-year follow-up of 100 alcoholic women who were systematically interviewed and diagnosed during hospitalization found 31% dead, the majority as a result of alcohol-related causes. There were over 4 times as many deaths in alcoholic women as expected in the general population. The life span of alcoholic women was shortened by over 15 years. Only those women who had abstained during the interval following hospitalization had fewer than expected deaths. Five variables correctly predicted survival status for 79% of the subjects (80% of survivors and 77% of those who died): older age at index, onset of alcoholism before age 30, history of frequent benders, primary diagnosis of antisocial personality, and short-term drinking status.
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Giant hyperplastic polyps associated with vasculitis of colon. THE JOURNAL OF THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 1982; 69:380-3. [PMID: 7097216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Mobile health testing agencies--it's your choice! OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING 1982; 30:22-5. [PMID: 6916170 DOI: 10.1177/216507998203000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Case report. Hyperkeratosis palmoplantaris and periodontosis: The Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome. J Periodontol 1969; 40:40-7. [PMID: 5251213 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1969.40.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Synthesis of bacterial flagella. I. Requirement for protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis during flagellar regeneration in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1968; 95:801-10. [PMID: 4966826 PMCID: PMC252096 DOI: 10.1128/jb.95.3.801-810.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A relatively simple immunochemical procedure for estimating flagellar protein was developed. This procedure involved measuring the binding of purified, radioactively labeled, antiflagellar antibodies to bacteria. The assay was used to determine the requirements for ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis during flagellar regeneration in Bacillus subtilis. Immediate inhibition of flagella development was observed when chloramphenical or puromycin was added to cells. This inhibition indicated the absence of a large pool of flagella precursors that could be assembled in the absence of protein synthesis. When the cells were starved for uracil or treated with actinomycin D to inhibit RNA synthesis, the ability of the cells to regenerate flagella decayed with a half-life of 5.5 min. When B. subtilis auxotrophs were starved for tryptophan, they continued to synthesize flagella, although this process was also inhibited by actinomycin D. On the basis of these results, we concluded that (i) the system involved in flagellar regeneration does not have unusual metabolic stability, (ii) regeneration requires both concomitant protein and RNA syntheses, and (iii) B. subtilis continues to synthesize messenger RNA during tryptophan starvation.
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Abstract
Newborn infants showed lower motility and greater reactivity of the skin potential while attending to a visual target than when equally alert but inattentive.
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