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Meyer A, Yan S, Golumba-Nagy V, Esser RL, Barbarino V, Blakemore SJ, Rusyn L, Nikiforov A, Seeger-Nukpezah T, Grüll H, Pallasch CP, Kofler DM. Kinase activity profiling reveals contribution of G-protein signaling modulator 2 deficiency to impaired regulatory T cell migration in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2021; 124:102726. [PMID: 34555678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of regulatory T (Treg) cells to migrate into inflammatory sites is reduced in autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The reasons for impaired Treg cell migration remain largely unknown. We performed multiplex human kinase activity arrays to explore possible differences in the post-translational phosphorylation status of kinase related proteins that could account for altered Treg cell migration in RA. Results were verified by migration assays and Western blot analysis of CD4+ T cells from RA patients and from mice with collagen type II induced arthritis. Kinome profiling of CD4+ T cells from RA patients revealed significantly altered post-translational phosphorylation of kinase related proteins, including G-protein-signaling modulator 2 (GPSM2), protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) and vitronectin precursor (VTNC). These proteins have not been associated with RA until now. We found that GPSM2 expression is reduced in CD4+ T cells from RA patients and is significantly downregulated in experimental autoimmune arthritis following immunization of mice with collagen type II. Interestingly, GPSM2 acts as a promoter of Treg cell migration in healthy individuals. Treatment of RA patients with interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) blocking antibodies restores GPSM2 expression, thereby improving Treg cell migration. Our study highlights the potential of multiplex kinase activity arrays as a tool for the identification of RA-related proteins which could serve as targets for novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Meyer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuaifeng Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viktoria Golumba-Nagy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth L Esser
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Verena Barbarino
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stuart J Blakemore
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Rusyn
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anastasia Nikiforov
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamina Seeger-Nukpezah
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Grüll
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian P Pallasch
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David M Kofler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany.
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2
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Else M, Blakemore SJ, Strefford JC, Catovsky D. The association between deaths from infection and mutations of the BRAF, FBXW7, NRAS and XPO1 genes: a report from the LRF CLL4 trial. Leukemia 2021; 35:2563-2569. [PMID: 33580200 PMCID: PMC7880018 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01165-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Causes of death, in particular deaths due to infection, have not been widely studied in randomised trials in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. With long-term follow-up (median 13 years) we examined the cause of death in 600/777 patients in the LRF CLL4 trial. Blood samples, taken at randomisation from 499 patients, were available for identifying gene mutations. Infection was a cause of death in 258 patients (43%). Patients dying of infection were more likely than those who died of other causes to have received ≥2 lines of treatment (194/258 [75%] versus 231/342 [68%], P = 0.04) and to have died in the winter months (149/258 [58%] versus 166/342 [49%], P = 0.03), respectively. In patients with mutation data, the factors significantly associated with death from infection versus all other deaths were 11q deletion (47/162 [29%] versus 40/209 [19%], P = 0.03) and mutations of the BRAF, FBXW7, NRAS and XPO1 genes. Death was caused by an infection in 46/67 assessable patients (69%) who had a mutation of one or more of these four genes versus only 129/333 patients (39%) without any of these mutations (odds ratio: 3.46 [95% CI 1.98-6.07] P < 0.0001). Careful management of infection risk, including prophylaxis against infection, may be important in patients who carry these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Else
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Stuart J Blakemore
- Cancer Genomics, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Genomics, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel Catovsky
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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3
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Ahmed S, Foulkes L, Leung JT, Griffin C, Sakhardande A, Bennett M, Dunning DL, Griffiths K, Parker J, Kuyken W, Williams JMG, Dalgleish T, Blakemore SJ. Susceptibility to prosocial and antisocial influence in adolescence. J Adolesc 2020; 84:56-68. [PMID: 32858504 PMCID: PMC7674583 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Adolescents are particularly susceptible to social influence and previous studies have shown that this susceptibility decreases with age. The current study used a cross-sectional experimental paradigm to investigate the effect of age and puberty on susceptibility to both prosocial and antisocial influence. Methods Participants (N = 520) aged 11–18 from London and Cambridge (United Kingdom) rated how likely they would be to engage in a prosocial (e.g. “help a classmate with their work”) or antisocial (e.g. “make fun of a classmate”) act. They were then shown the average rating (in fact fictitious) that other adolescents had given to the same question, and were then asked to rate the same behaviour again. Results Both prosocial and antisocial influence decreased linearly with age, with younger adolescents being more socially influenced when other adolescents’ ratings were more prosocial and less antisocial than their own initial rating. Both antisocial and prosocial influence significantly decreased across puberty for boys but not girls (independent of age). Conclusions These findings suggest that social influence declines with increasing maturity across adolescence. However, the exact relationship between social influence and maturity is dependent on the nature of the social influence and gender. Understanding when adolescents are most susceptible to different types of social influence, and how this might influence their social behaviour, has important implications for understanding adolescent social development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahmed
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
| | - L Foulkes
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - J T Leung
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - C Griffin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - A Sakhardande
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - M Bennett
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - D L Dunning
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - K Griffiths
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - J Parker
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - W Kuyken
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - J M G Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - T Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - S J Blakemore
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK; Department of Psychology, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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4
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Abstract
Studies have shown that adolescents are more likely than adults to take risks in the presence of peers than when alone, and that young adolescents' risk perception is more influenced by other teenagers than by adults. The current fMRI study investigated the effect of social influence on risk perception in female adolescents (aged 12-14) and adults (aged 23-29). Participants rated the riskiness of everyday situations and were then informed about the (alleged) risk ratings of a social influence group (teenagers or adults), before rating each situation again. The results showed that adolescents adjusted their ratings to conform with others more than adults did, and both age groups were influenced more by adults than by teenagers. When there was a conflict between the participants' own risk ratings and the ratings of the social influence group, activation was increased in the posterior medial frontal cortex, dorsal cingulate cortex and inferior frontal gyrus in both age groups. In addition, there was greater activation during no-conflict situations in the right middle frontal gyrus and bilateral parietal cortex in adults compared with adolescents. These results suggest that there are behavioral and neural differences between adolescents and adults in conflict and no-conflict social situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Knoll
- University College London , London, WC, UK
| | - A Gaule
- University College London , London, WC, UK
| | - A Lazari
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , UK
| | | | - S J Blakemore
- University College London , London, WC, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge , UK
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5
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Blakemore SJ, Clifford R, Parker H, Antoniou P, Stec-Dziedzic E, Larrayoz M, Davis Z, Kadalyayil L, Colins A, Robbe P, Vavoulis D, Forster J, Carr L, Morilla R, Else M, Bryant D, McCarthy H, Walewska RJ, Steele AJ, Chan J, Speight G, Stankovic T, Cragg MS, Catovsky D, Oscier DG, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Schuh A, Strefford JC. Clinical significance of TP53, BIRC3, ATM and MAPK-ERK genes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: data from the randomised UK LRF CLL4 trial. Leukemia 2020; 34:1760-1774. [PMID: 32015491 PMCID: PMC7326706 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) treatment, globally chemotherapy remains a central treatment modality, with chemotherapy trials representing an invaluable resource to explore disease-related/genetic features contributing to long-term outcomes. In 499 LRF CLL4 cases, a trial with >12 years follow-up, we employed targeted resequencing of 22 genes, identifying 623 mutations. After background mutation rate correction, 11/22 genes were recurrently mutated at frequencies between 3.6% (NFKBIE) and 24% (SF3B1). Mutations beyond Sanger resolution (<12% VAF) were observed in all genes, with KRAS mutations principally composed of these low VAF variants. Firstly, employing orthogonal approaches to confirm <12% VAF TP53 mutations, we assessed the clinical impact of TP53 clonal architecture. Whilst ≥ 12% VAF TP53mut cases were associated with reduced PFS and OS, we could not demonstrate a difference between <12% VAF TP53 mutations and either wild type or ≥12% VAF TP53mut cases. Secondly, we identified biallelic BIRC3 lesions (mutation and deletion) as an independent marker of inferior PFS and OS. Finally, we observed that mutated MAPK-ERK genes were independent markers of poor OS in multivariate survival analysis. In conclusion, our study supports using targeted resequencing of expanded gene panels to elucidate the prognostic impact of gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Blakemore
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth Clifford
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Parker
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pavlos Antoniou
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ewa Stec-Dziedzic
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marta Larrayoz
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Zadie Davis
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Latha Kadalyayil
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew Colins
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pauline Robbe
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dimitris Vavoulis
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jade Forster
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Louise Carr
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ricardo Morilla
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Monica Else
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Dean Bryant
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Helen McCarthy
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Renata J Walewska
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Andrew J Steele
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jacqueline Chan
- Oxford Gene Technology, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Graham Speight
- Oxford Gene Technology, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Tanja Stankovic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Services, IBR West, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel Catovsky
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - David G Oscier
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anna Schuh
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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6
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Carter MJ, Cox KL, Blakemore SJ, Turaj AH, Oldham RJ, Dahal LN, Tannheimer S, Forconi F, Packham G, Cragg MS. PI3Kδ inhibition elicits anti-leukemic effects through Bim-dependent apoptosis. Leukemia 2017; 31:1423-1433. [PMID: 27843137 PMCID: PMC5467045 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PI3Kδ plays pivotal roles in the maintenance, proliferation and survival of malignant B-lymphocytes. Although not curative, PI3Kδ inhibitors (PI3Kδi) demonstrate impressive clinical efficacy and, alongside other signaling inhibitors, are revolutionizing the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, only limited in vivo data are available regarding their mechanism of action. With the rising number of novel treatments, the challenge is to identify combinations that deliver curative regimes. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism is required to guide these selections. Currently, immunomodulation, inhibition of B-cell receptor signaling, chemokine/cytokine signaling and apoptosis represent potential therapeutic mechanisms for PI3Kδi. Here we characterize the molecular mechanisms responsible for PI3Kδi-induced apoptosis in an in vivo model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In vitro, PI3Kδi-induced substantive apoptosis and disrupted microenvironment-derived signaling in murine (Eμ-Tcl1) and human (CLL) leukemia cells. Furthermore, PI3Kδi imparted significant therapeutic responses in Eμ-Tcl1-bearing animals and enhanced anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy. Responses correlated with upregulation of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bim. Accordingly, Bim-/- Eμ-Tcl1 Tg leukemias demonstrated resistance to PI3Kδi-induced apoptosis were refractory to PI3Kδi in vivo and failed to display combination efficacy with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy. Therefore, Bim-dependent apoptosis represents a key in vivo therapeutic mechanism for PI3Kδi, both alone and in combination therapy regimes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11/genetics
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - K L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - S J Blakemore
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A H Turaj
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - R J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - L N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | | | - F Forconi
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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7
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Young E, Noerenberg D, Mansouri L, Ljungström V, Frick M, Sutton LA, Blakemore SJ, Galan-Sousa J, Plevova K, Baliakas P, Rossi D, Clifford R, Roos-Weil D, Navrkalova V, Dörken B, Schmitt CA, Smedby KE, Juliusson G, Giacopelli B, Blachly JS, Belessi C, Panagiotidis P, Chiorazzi N, Davi F, Langerak AW, Oscier D, Schuh A, Gaidano G, Ghia P, Xu W, Fan L, Bernard OA, Nguyen-Khac F, Rassenti L, Li J, Kipps TJ, Stamatopoulos K, Pospisilova S, Zenz T, Oakes CC, Strefford JC, Rosenquist R, Damm F. EGR2 mutations define a new clinically aggressive subgroup of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 31:1547-1554. [PMID: 27890934 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent mutations within EGR2 were recently reported in advanced-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients and associated with a worse outcome. To study their prognostic impact, 2403 CLL patients were examined for mutations in the EGR2 hotspot region including a screening (n=1283) and two validation cohorts (UK CLL4 trial patients, n=366; CLL Research Consortium (CRC) patients, n=490). Targeted deep-sequencing of 27 known/postulated CLL driver genes was also performed in 38 EGR2-mutated patients to assess concurrent mutations. EGR2 mutations were detected in 91/2403 (3.8%) investigated cases, and associated with younger age at diagnosis, advanced clinical stage, high CD38 expression and unmutated IGHV genes. EGR2-mutated patients frequently carried ATM lesions (42%), TP53 aberrations (18%) and NOTCH1/FBXW7 mutations (16%). EGR2 mutations independently predicted shorter time-to-first-treatment (TTFT) and overall survival (OS) in the screening cohort; they were confirmed associated with reduced TTFT and OS in the CRC cohort and independently predicted short OS from randomization in the UK CLL4 cohort. A particularly dismal outcome was observed among EGR2-mutated patients who also carried TP53 aberrations. In summary, EGR2 mutations were independently associated with an unfavorable prognosis, comparable to CLL patients carrying TP53 aberrations, suggesting that EGR2-mutated patients represent a new patient subgroup with very poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Young
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - D Noerenberg
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité, University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - V Ljungström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - M Frick
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité, University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - L-A Sutton
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - S J Blakemore
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J Galan-Sousa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité, University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Plevova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Baliakas
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - D Rossi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - R Clifford
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D Roos-Weil
- INSERM, U1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - V Navrkalova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Dörken
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité, University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - C A Schmitt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité, University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - K E Smedby
- Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, and Hematology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Juliusson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Giacopelli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J S Blachly
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C Belessi
- Hematology Department, General Hospital of Nikea, Piraeus, Greece
| | - P Panagiotidis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - F Davi
- Laboratory of Hematology and Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - A W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Oscier
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - A Schuh
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - P Ghia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Experimental Oncology and Department of Onco-Hematology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - W Xu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - L Fan
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - O A Bernard
- INSERM, U1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - F Nguyen-Khac
- Laboratory of Hematology and Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - L Rassenti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego/Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - T J Kipps
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego/Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K Stamatopoulos
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden.,Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Pospisilova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T Zenz
- Department of Molecular Therapy in Haematology and Oncology (G250) and Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C C Oakes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J C Strefford
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - F Damm
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité, University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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8
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Pandzic T, Larsson J, He L, Kundu S, Ban K, Akhtar-Ali M, Hellström AR, Schuh A, Clifford R, Blakemore SJ, Strefford JC, Baumann T, Lopez-Guillermo A, Campo E, Ljungström V, Mansouri L, Rosenquist R, Sjöblom T, Hellström M. Transposon Mutagenesis Reveals Fludarabine Resistance Mechanisms in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6217-6227. [PMID: 26957556 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify resistance mechanisms for the chemotherapeutic drug fludarabine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), as innate and acquired resistance to fludarabine-based chemotherapy represents a major challenge for long-term disease control. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used piggyBac transposon-mediated mutagenesis, combined with next-generation sequencing, to identify genes that confer resistance to fludarabine in a human CLL cell line. RESULTS In total, this screen identified 782 genes with transposon integrations in fludarabine-resistant pools of cells. One of the identified genes is a known resistance mediator DCK (deoxycytidine kinase), which encodes an enzyme that is essential for the phosphorylation of the prodrug to the active metabolite. BMP2K, a gene not previously linked to CLL, was also identified as a modulator of response to fludarabine. In addition, 10 of 782 transposon-targeted genes had previously been implicated in treatment resistance based on somatic mutations seen in patients refractory to fludarabine-based therapy. Functional characterization of these genes supported a significant role for ARID5B and BRAF in fludarabine sensitivity. Finally, pathway analysis of transposon-targeted genes and RNA-seq profiling of fludarabine-resistant cells suggested deregulated MAPK signaling as involved in mediating drug resistance in CLL. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first forward genetic screen for chemotherapy resistance in CLL. The screen pinpointed novel genes and pathways involved in fludarabine resistance along with previously known resistance mechanisms. Transposon screens can therefore aid interpretation of cancer genome sequencing data in the identification of genes modifying sensitivity to chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6217-27. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Pandzic
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Snehangshu Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Ban
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Akhtar-Ali
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders R Hellström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Schuh
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Clifford
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Blakemore
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tycho Baumann
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elias Campo
- Unitat de Hematología, Hospital Clíınic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Viktor Ljungström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Larry Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Hellström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that delusions of persecution are caused by the tendency to over-attribute malevolent intentions to other people's actions. One aspect of intention attribution is detecting contingencies between an agent's actions and intentions. Here, we used simplified stimuli to test the hypothesis that patients with persecutory delusions over-attribute contingency to agents' movements. METHOD Short animations were presented to three groups of subjects: (1) schizophrenic patients; (2) patients with affective disorders; and (3) normal control subjects. Patients were divided on the basis of the presence or absence of delusions of persecution. Participants watched four types of film featuring two shapes. In half the films one shape's movement was contingent on the other shape. Contingency was either 'intentional': one shape moved when it 'saw' another shape; or 'mechanical': one shape was launched by the other shape. Subjects were asked to rate the strength of the relationship between the movement of the shapes. RESULTS Normal control subjects and patients without delusions of persecution rated the relationship between the movement of the shapes as stronger in both mechanical and intentional contingent conditions than in non-contingent conditions. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the ratings of patients with delusions of persecution for the conditions in which movement was animate. Patients with delusions of persecution perceived contingency when there was none in the animate non-contingent condition. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that delusions of persecution may be associated with the over-attribution of contingency to the actions of agents.
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10
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Abstract
It has been proposed that actions are intrinsically linked to perception and that imagining, observing, preparing, or in any way representing an action excites the motor programs used to execute that same action. There is neurophysiological evidence that certain brain regions involved in executing actions are activated by the mere observation of action (the so-called "mirror system;" ). However, it is unknown whether this mirror system causes interference between observed and simultaneously executed movements. In this study we test the hypothesis that, because of the overlap between action observation and execution, observed actions should interfere with incongruous executed actions. Subjects made arm movements while observing either a robot or another human making the same or qualitatively different arm movements. Variance in the executed movement was measured as an index of interference to the movement. The results demonstrate that observing another human making incongruent movements has a significant interference effect on executed movements. However, we found no evidence that this interference effect occurred when subjects observed a robotic arm making incongruent movements. These results suggest that the simultaneous activation of the overlapping neural networks that process movement observation and execution infers a measurable cost to motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kilner
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives, 67 Boulevard Pinel, Bron 69675, France
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11
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Blakemore SJ, Fonlupt P, Pachot-Clouard M, Darmon C, Boyer P, Meltzoff AN, Segebarth C, Decety J. How the brain perceives causality: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroreport 2001; 12:3741-6. [PMID: 11726785 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200112040-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Detection of the causal relationships between events is fundamental for understanding the world around us. We report an event-related fMRI study designed to investigate how the human brain processes the perception of mechanical causality. Subjects were presented with mechanically causal events (in which a ball collides with and causes movement of another ball) and non-causal events (in which no contact is made between the balls). There was a significantly higher level of activation of V5/MT/MST bilaterally, the superior temporal sulcus bilaterally and the left intraparietal sulcus to causal relative to non-causal events. Directing attention to the causal nature of the stimuli had no significant effect on the neural processing of the causal events. These results support theories of causality suggesting that the perception of elementary mechanical causality events is automatically processed by the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Brain Activation and Mental Processes, INSERM U280, Lyon 69424, France
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Neurophysiology of Intentionality, INSERM Unit 280, 151 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69424 Lyon Cedex 3, France.
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13
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Abstract
We used H2(15)O PET to examine neural responses to parametrically varied degrees of discrepancy between the predicted and actual sensory consequences of movement. Subjects used their right hand to move a robotic arm. The motion of this robotic arm determined the position of a second foam-tipped robotic arm, which made contact with the subject's left palm. Using this robotic interface, computer controlled delays were introduced between the movement of the right hand and the tactile stimulation on the left. Activity in the right lateral cerebellar cortex showed a positive correlation with delay. These results suggest the cerebellum is involved in signalling the sensory discrepancy between the predicted and actual sensory consequences of movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- INSERM Unit 280, Mental Processes and Brain Activation, 151 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69424 Lyon Cedex 3, France
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14
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Abstract
Much of the functioning of the motor system occurs without awareness. Nevertheless, we are aware of some aspects of the current state of the system and we can prepare and make movements in the imagination. These mental representations of the actual and possible states of the system are based on two sources: sensory signals from skin and muscles, and the stream of motor commands that have been issued to the system. Damage to the neural substrates of the motor system can lead to abnormalities in the awareness of action as well as defects in the control of action. We provide a framework for understanding how these various abnormalities of awareness can arise. Patients with phantom limbs or with anosognosia experience the illusion that they can move their limbs. We suggest that these representations of movement are based on streams of motor commands rather than sensory signals. Patients with utilization behaviour or with delusions of control can no longer properly link their intentions to their actions. In these cases the impairment lies in the representation of intended movements. The location of the neural damage associated with these disorders suggests that representations of the current and predicted state of the motor system are in parietal cortex, while representations of intended actions are found in prefrontal and premotor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Frith
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK.
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15
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Blakemore SJ, Smith J, Steel R, Johnstone CE, Frith CD. The perception of self-produced sensory stimuli in patients with auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences: evidence for a breakdown in self-monitoring. Psychol Med 2000; 30:1131-1139. [PMID: 12027049 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291799002676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To test the hypothesis that certain psychotic symptomatology is due to a defect in self-monitoring, we investigated the ability of groups of psychiatric patients to differentiate perceptually between self-produced and externally produced tactile stimuli. METHODS Responses to tactile stimulation were assessed in three groups of subjects: schizophrenic patients; patients with bipolar affective disorder or depression; and normal control subjects. Within the psychiatric groups subjects were divided on the basis of the presence or absence of auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences. The subjects were asked to rate the perception of a tactile sensation on the palm of their left hand. The tactile stimulation was either self-produced by movement of the subject's right hand or externally produced by the experimenter. RESULTS Normal control subjects and those psychiatric patients with neither auditory hallucinations nor passivity phenomena experienced self-produced stimuli as less intense, tickly and pleasant than identical, externally produced tactile stimuli. In contrast, psychiatric patients with these symptoms did not show a decrease in their perceptual ratings for tactile stimuli produced by themselves as compared with those produced by the experimenter. This failure to show a difference in perception between self-produced and externally produced stimuli appears to relate to the presence of auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences rather than to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS We propose that auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences are associated with an abnormality in the self-monitoring mechanism that normally allows us to distinguish self-produced from externally produced sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London
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16
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Abstract
It is well known that you cannot tickle yourself. Here, we discuss the proposal that such attenuation of self-produced tactile stimulation is due to the sensory predictions made by an internal forward model of the motor system. A forward model predicts the sensory consequences of a movement based on the motor command. When a movement is self-produced, its sensory consequences can be accurately predicted, and this prediction can be used to attenuate the sensory effects of the movement. Studies are reviewed that demonstrate that as the discrepancy between predicted and actual sensory feedback increases during self-produced tactile stimulation there is a concomitant decrease in the level of sensory attenuation and an increase in tickliness. Functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that this sensory attenuation might be mediated by somatosensory cortex and anterior cingulate cortex: these areas are activated less by a self-produced tactile stimulus than by the same stimulus when it is externally produced. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the cerebellum might be involved in generating the prediction of the sensory consequences of movement. Finally, recent evidence suggests that this predictive mechanism is abnormal in patients with auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
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17
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Rawlins N, Akerman CJ, Andolina I, Blakemore SJ, Mrsic-Flogel T, Attwell D. Four-year PhDs in neuroscience: an assessment after four years. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23:280-3. [PMID: 10856936 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 1996, as an innovation for the UK, the Wellcome Trust set up two 'American style' four-year PhD programmes in neuroscience, with an initial year of broad training followed by a three-year PhD. Here, some of the first cohort of students, who are soon to graduate and the coordinators of the programmes, give their views on this experiment in neuroscience research training.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rawlins
- Dept of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, UK
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18
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Abstract
We used fMRI to examine neural responses when subjects experienced a tactile stimulus that was either self-produced or externally produced. The somatosensory cortex showed increased levels of activity when the stimulus was externally produced. In the cerebellum there was less activity associated with a movement that generated a tactile stimulus than with a movement that did not. This difference suggests that the cerebellum is involved in predicting the specific sensory consequences of movements and providing the signal that is used to attenuate the sensory response to self-generated stimulation. In this paper, we use regression analyses to test this hypothesis explicitly. Specifically, we predicted that activity in the cerebellum contributes to the decrease in somatosensory cortex activity during self-produced tactile stimulation. Evidence in favor of this hypothesis was obtained by demonstrating that activity in the thalamus and primary and secondary somatosensory cortices significantly regressed on activity in the cerebellum when tactile stimuli were self-produced but not when they were externally produced. This supports the proposal that the cerebellum is involved in predicting the sensory consequences of movements. In the present study, this prediction is accurate when tactile stimuli are self-produced relative to when they are externally produced, and is therefore used to attenuate the somatosensory response to the former type of tactile stimulation but not the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
We investigated why self-produced tactile stimulation is perceived as less intense than the same stimulus produced externally. A tactile stimulus on the palm of the right hand was either externally produced, by a robot or self-produced by the subject. In the conditions in which the tactile stimulus was self-produced, subjects moved the arm of a robot with their left hand to produce the tactile stimulus on their right hand via a second robot. Subjects were asked to rate intensity of the tactile sensation and consistently rated self-produced tactile stimuli as less tickly, intense, and pleasant than externally produced tactile stimuli. Using this robotic setup we were able to manipulate the correspondence between the action of the subjects' left hand and the tactile stimulus on their right hand. First, we parametrically varied the delay between the movement of the left hand and the resultant movement of the tactile stimulus on the right hand. Second, we implemented varying degrees of trajectory perturbation and varied the direction of the tactile stimulus movement as a function of the direction of left-hand movement. The tickliness rating increased significantly with increasing delay and trajectory perturbation. This suggests that self-produced movements attenuate the resultant tactile sensation and that a necessary requirement of this attenuation is that the tactile stimulus and its causal motor command correspond in time and space. We propose that the extent to which self-produced tactile sensation is attenuated (i.e., its tickliness) is proportional to the error between the sensory feedback predicted by an internal forward model of the motor system and the actual sensory feedback produced by the movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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20
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Syed F, Blakemore SJ, Wallace DM, Trower MK, Johnson M, Markham AF, Morrison JF. CCR7 (EBI1) receptor down-regulation in asthma: differential gene expression in human CD4+ T lymphocytes. QJM 1999; 92:463-71. [PMID: 10627863 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/92.8.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disorder, and the CD4+ T lymphocyte plays a key role in mediating the inflammatory response. We used a high-density grid, hybridization-based, differential gene expression technology to analyse molecular mechanisms underlying in vivo CD4+ T-cell activation in both steroid-resistant asthma (SRA) and steroid-sensitive asthma (SSA). Hybridization of radioactively-labelled first-strand cDNAs prepared from different biological samples, to identical high-density gridded arrays of PCR amplicons derived from cDNA clone inserts immobilized on nylon membranes, was compared by phosphorimaging. Hybridization data were captured and processed using image analysis software that can identify the location and signal intensity of each hybridized cDNA. This produces a hierarchy of signals of differing intensities between the two grids, representing differential gene expression in the two different RNA samples. CCR7 (EBI1), a lymphocyte-specific G-protein-coupled receptor, was down-regulated in the CD4+ T cells of SRA and SSA non-atopic, compared to non-asthmatic non-atopic individuals. This observation is intriguing given that CCR7 and its ligand EBI1-Ligand Chemokine (ELC), may play a role in the migration and homing of normal lymphocytes. Also, TNFR2 is up-regulated in both SSA non-atopic and SRA atopic as compared to non-asthmatic controls. LAMR1 is down-regulated in CD4+ T cells of SRA compared to non-asthmatic individuals, irrespective of their atopic status. These could be general phenomena resulting from cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Syed
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, UK.
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21
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Patten C, Clayton CL, Blakemore SJ, Trower MK, Wallace DM, Hagan RM. Identification of two novel diurnal genes by screening of a rat brain cDNA library. Neuroreport 1999; 10:1155-61. [PMID: 10321501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
While the hypothalamus is fundamental for sleep and circadian regulation, the molecular mechanism involved are poorly understood. We have used a differential gene expression technique to identify hypothalamic genes which have altered expression in rat sleep periods. Complex cDNA probes from rat hypothalami removed at Zeitgeber times 4 and 15 were hybridised to rat brain cDNA library girds. From 30 differentially expressed clones, six were further analysed and two were confirmed to exhibit increased expression at Zeitgeber time 4. A Northern blot hybridization of brain, heart, kidney, lung, testis and skin mRNA showed that both clones were brain specific. Therefore, we have identified two novel brain specific diurnally expressed hypothalamic genes. Both genes may have roles in sleep or circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Patten
- Neuroscience Unit and Differential Gene Expression Group, Glaxo Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
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22
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Abstract
While the hypothalamus is fundamental for sleep and circadian regulation, the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We have used a differential gene expression technique to identify hypothalamic genes which have altered expression in rat sleep periods. Complex cDNA probes from rat hypothalami removed at Zeitgeber times 4 and 15 were hybridised to rat brain cDNA library girds. From 30 differentially expressed clones, six were further analysed and two were confirmed to exhibit increased expression at Zeitgeber time 4. A Northern blot hybridization of brain, heart, kidney, lung, testis and skin mRNA showed that both clones were brain specific. Therefore, we have identified two novel brain specific diurnally expressed hypothalamic genes. Both genes may have roles in sleep or circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Patten
- Neuroscience Unit and Differential Gene Expression Group, Glaxo Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
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23
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Abstract
A self-produced tactile stimulus is perceived as less ticklish than the same stimulus generated externally. We used fMRI to examine neural responses when subjects experienced a tactile stimulus that was either self-produced or externally produced. More activity was found in somatosensory cortex when the stimulus was externally produced. In the cerebellum, less activity was associated with a movement that generated a tactile stimulus than with a movement that did not. This difference suggests that the cerebellum is involved in predicting the specific sensory consequences of movements, providing the signal that is used to cancel the sensory response to self-generated stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK.
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24
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Hundal HS, Darakhshan F, Kristiansen S, Blakemore SJ, Richter EA. GLUT5 expression and fructose transport in human skeletal muscle. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 441:35-45. [PMID: 9781312 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1928-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and immunocytochemical studies have revealed that, in addition to GLUT1 and GLUT4, human skeletal muscle also expresses the GLUT5 hexose transporter. The subcellular distribution of GLUT5 is distinct from that of GLUT4, being localised exclusively in the sarcolemmal membrane. The substrate selectivity of GLUT5 is also considered to be different to that of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in that it operates primarily as a fructose transporter. Consistent with this suggestion studies in isolated human sarcolemmal vesicles have shown that fructose transport obeys saturable kinetics with a Vmax of 477 +/- 37 pmol.mg protein-1 min-1 and a Km of 8.3 +/- 1.2 mM. Unlike glucose uptake, fructose transport in sarcolemmal vesicles was not inhibited by cytochalasin B suggesting that glucose and fructose are unlikely to share a common route of entry into human muscle. Muscle exercise, which stimulates glucose uptake through the increased translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, does not increase fructose transport or sarcolemmal GLUT5 content. In contrast, muscle inactivity, induced as a result of limb immobilisation, caused a significant reduction in muscle GLUT4 expression with no detectable effects on GLUT5. The presence of a fructose transporter in human muscle is compatible with studies showing that this tissue can utilise fructose for both glycolysis and glycogenesis. However, the full extent to which provision of fructose via GLUT5 is important in meeting the energy requirements of human muscle during both physiological and pathophysiological circumstances remains an issue requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Hundal
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Dundee, Scotland
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25
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Blakemore SJ, Goodbody SJ, Wolpert DM. Predicting the consequences of our own actions: the role of sensorimotor context estimation. J Neurosci 1998; 18:7511-8. [PMID: 9736669 PMCID: PMC6793221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During self-generated movement it is postulated that an efference copy of the descending motor command, in conjunction with an internal model of both the motor system and environment, enables us to predict the consequences of our own actions (von Helmholtz, 1867; Sperry, 1950; von Holst, 1954; Wolpert, 1997). Such a prediction is evident in the precise anticipatory modulation of grip force seen when one hand pushes on an object gripped in the other hand (Johansson and Westling, 1984; Flanagan and Wing, 1933). Here we show that self-generation is not in itself sufficient for such a prediction. We used two robots to simulate virtual objects held in one hand and acted on by the other. Precise predictive grip force modulation of the restraining hand was highly dependent on the sensory feedback to the hand producing the load. The results show that predictive modulation requires not only that the movement is self-generated, but also that the efference copy and sensory feedback are consistent with a specific context; in this case, the manipulation of a single object. We propose a novel computational mechanism whereby the CNS uses multiple internal models, each corresponding to a different sensorimotor context, to estimate the probability that the motor system is acting within each context.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Sobell Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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26
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Abstract
Humans are readily able to distinguish expected and unexpected sensory events. Whether a single mechanism underlies this ability is unknown. The most common type of expected sensory events are those generated as a consequence of self-generated actions. Using H2 15O PET, we studied brain responses to such predictable sensory events (tones) and to similar unpredictable events and especially how the processing of predictable sensory events is modified by the context of a causative self-generated action. Increases in activity when the tones were unpredictable were seen in the inferior and superior temporal lobe bilaterally, the right parahippocampal gyrus and right parietal cortex. Self-generated actions produced activity in a number of motor and premotor areas, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We observed an interaction between the predictability of stimuli and self-generated actions in several areas, including the medial posterior cingulate cortex, left insula, dorsomedial thalamus, superior colliculus and right inferior temporal cortex. This modulation of activity associated with stimulus predictability in the context of self-generated actions implies that these areas may be involved in self-monitoring processes. Detection of expected stimuli and the detection of the sensory consequences of self-generated actions appear to be functionally distinct processes, and are carried out in different cortical areas. These observations support theoretical approaches to cognition that postulate the existence of a self-monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London.
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Blakemore SJ, Rickhuss PK, Watt PW, Rennie MJ, Hundal HS. Effects of limb immobilization on cytochrome c oxidase activity and GLUT4 and GLUT5 protein expression in human skeletal muscle. Clin Sci (Lond) 1996; 91:591-9. [PMID: 8942398 DOI: 10.1042/cs0910591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. We investigated the effects of limb immobilization (for 1 or 6 weeks) in a long leg cast after a closed tibial fracture (n = 11). Biopsies of vastus lateralis were taken on admission and after either 1 week (n = 5) or 6 weeks (n = 6) and analysed for muscle fibre type characteristics, cytochrome c oxidase activity and the abundance of GLUT4 and GLUT5 hexose transporters. 2. After 1 week of immobilization there was a significant decrease (8%) in the cross-sectional area of type I, but not type II, muscle fibers and in the protein-DNA ratio (16%) compared with the initial biopsy. Six weeks of immobilization led to further muscle atrophy compared with the initial biopsy and a further reduction in the cross-sectional area of both type I and II fibres (29% and 36% decrease respectively) and in the protein-DNA ratio (25%). No changes were observed in the free leg after 1 week. However, at th end of the 6 week study period, the cross-sectional area of boty type I and II fibres of the free leg were increased (7% and 5%) and there was significant increase in the protein-DNA ratio (14%), indicating a net increase in muscle protein content. 3. Assay for cytochrome c oxidase activity showed significant reduction after 1 (30%) or 6 weeks (36%) of immobilization, reflecting a reduced capacity for oxidative metabolism. No significant changes in activity were observed in muscle from the free leg after 1 or 6 weeks of study. 4. The concentrations of GLUT4 and GLUT5 protein were determined by Western blot analysis. Limb immobilization induced a marked (50%) reduction in muscle GLUT4 protein concentration after 1 week that persisted for 6 weeks. A transient but significant increase (approximately twofold) in GLUT4 concentration was detected in muscle from the free leg after 1 week, but this returned to pre-imobilization values at 6 week. Unlike GLUT4, no significant changes in the abundance of the GLUT5 protein were detected in either the immobilized or free leg at the end of the 1 or 6 week periods. 5. The present findings indicate that disuse rapidly induces a selective loss of activity and abundance of some non-myofibrillar proteins in humans. The decrease in GLUT4 protein abundance and cytochrome c oxidase activity during muscle disuse is consistent with a decreased capacity for glucose uptake and with a lower oxidative potential of inactive muscle. The lack of any major changes in GLUT5 protein abundance during limb immobilization indicates that the expression of some non-myofibrillar proteins is differentially regulated in response to muscle disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Dundee, Scotland, U.K
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Blakemore SJ, Aledo JC, James J, Campbell FC, Lucocq JM, Hundal HS. The GLUT5 hexose transporter is also localized to the basolateral membrane of the human jejunum. Biochem J 1995; 309 ( Pt 1):7-12. [PMID: 7619085 PMCID: PMC1135792 DOI: 10.1042/bj3090007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is a major site of expression of the human GLUT5 hexose transporter, which is thought to be localized exclusively to the brush border membrane (BBM) where its major role is likely to be in the absorption of fructose. In this study we present novel biochemical and morphological evidence showing that the GLUT5 transporter is also expressed in the basolateral membrane (BLM) of the human intestine. BBM and BLM were isolated by fractionation of human jejunum. BBM were enriched with alkaline phosphatase activity by over 9-fold relative to a crude jejunal homogenate and contained immunoreactive sucrase-isomaltase and GLUT5 proteins. By contrast the BBM fraction was substantially depleted of immunoreactive a1 subunits of the Na,K-ATPase and GLUT2 glucose transporters which were abundantly present in the BLM fraction. This BLM fraction was enriched by over 11-fold in potassium-stimulated phosphatase activity relative to the crude homogenate; BLM also reacted to immunological probes for GLUT5 but showed no observable reactivity with antibodies directed against sucrase-isomaltase. Quantitative immunoblotting revealed that the BBM and BLM contained near equal amounts of GLUT5 per mg of membrane protein. Immunogold localization of GLUT5 on ultrathin sections of human jejunum showed that GLUT5 was present in both apical BBM and BLM. This gold labelling was absent when antiserum was pre-incubated with the antigenic peptide corresponding to a specific C-terminal sequence of human GLUT5. Quantitative analyses of the number of gold particles per unit length of BBM and BLM indicated that the mean density of gold labelling was marginally greater in the BBM (0.399 gold particles/micrometer) than in the BLM (0.293 gold particle/micrometer). The localization of GLUT5 in the BLM of the human jejunum may suggest that it specifically participates in the transfer of fructose across the basal membrane of the enterocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blakemore
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
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