1
|
Dunning DL, Parker J, Griffiths K, Bennett M, Archer-Boyd A, Bevan A, Ahmed S, Griffin C, Foulkes L, Leung J, Sakhardande A, Manly T, Kuyken W, Williams JMG, Blakemore SJ, Dalgleish T. Sustaining attention in affective contexts during adolescence: age-related differences and association with elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cogn Emot 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38712807 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2348730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Sustained attention, a key cognitive skill that improves during childhood and adolescence, tends to be worse in some emotional and behavioural disorders. Sustained attention is typically studied in non-affective task contexts; here, we used a novel task to index performance in affective versus neutral contexts across adolescence (N = 465; ages 11-18). We asked whether: (i) performance would be worse in negative versus neutral task contexts; (ii) performance would improve with age; (iii) affective interference would be greater in younger adolescents; (iv) adolescents at risk for depression and higher in anxiety would show overall worse performance; and (v) would show differential performance in negative contexts. Results indicated that participants performed more poorly in negative contexts and showed age-related performance improvements. Those at risk of depression performed more poorly than those at lower risk. However, there was no difference between groups as a result of affective context. For anxiety there was no difference in performance as a function of severity. However, those with higher anxiety showed less variance in their reaction times to negative stimuli than those with lower anxiety. One interpretation is that moderate levels of emotional arousal associated with anxiety make individuals less susceptible to the distracting effects of negative stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Dunning
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
- Health Research Methods Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - J Parker
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Griffiths
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Bennett
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Archer-Boyd
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Bevan
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Ahmed
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - C Griffin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - L Foulkes
- School of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Leung
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Sakhardande
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - T Manly
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - W Kuyken
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J M G Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S-J Blakemore
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmed S, Foulkes L, Leung JT, Griffin C, Sakhardande A, Bennett M, Dunning DL, Griffiths K, Parker J, Kuyken W, Williams JMG, Dalgleish T, Blakemore SJ. Susceptibility to prosocial and antisocial influence in adolescence. J Adolesc 2020; 84:56-68. [PMID: 32858504 PMCID: PMC7674583 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Adolescents are particularly susceptible to social influence and previous studies have shown that this susceptibility decreases with age. The current study used a cross-sectional experimental paradigm to investigate the effect of age and puberty on susceptibility to both prosocial and antisocial influence. Methods Participants (N = 520) aged 11–18 from London and Cambridge (United Kingdom) rated how likely they would be to engage in a prosocial (e.g. “help a classmate with their work”) or antisocial (e.g. “make fun of a classmate”) act. They were then shown the average rating (in fact fictitious) that other adolescents had given to the same question, and were then asked to rate the same behaviour again. Results Both prosocial and antisocial influence decreased linearly with age, with younger adolescents being more socially influenced when other adolescents’ ratings were more prosocial and less antisocial than their own initial rating. Both antisocial and prosocial influence significantly decreased across puberty for boys but not girls (independent of age). Conclusions These findings suggest that social influence declines with increasing maturity across adolescence. However, the exact relationship between social influence and maturity is dependent on the nature of the social influence and gender. Understanding when adolescents are most susceptible to different types of social influence, and how this might influence their social behaviour, has important implications for understanding adolescent social development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ahmed
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
| | - L Foulkes
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - J T Leung
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - C Griffin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - A Sakhardande
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - M Bennett
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - D L Dunning
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - K Griffiths
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - J Parker
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - W Kuyken
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - J M G Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - T Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - S J Blakemore
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK; Department of Psychology, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
There has been an explosion of interest in mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. This is demonstrated in increased research, implementation of MBPs in healthcare, educational, criminal justice and workplace settings, and in mainstream interest. For the sustainable development of the field there is a need to articulate a definition of what an MBP is and what it is not. This paper provides a framework to define the essential characteristics of the family of MBPs originating from the parent program MBSR, and the processes which inform adaptations of MBPs for different populations or contexts. The framework addresses the essential characteristics of the program and of teacher. MBPs: are informed by theories and practices that draw from a confluence of contemplative traditions, science, and the major disciplines of medicine, psychology and education; underpinned by a model of human experience which addresses the causes of human distress and the pathways to relieving it; develop a new relationship with experience characterized by present moment focus, decentering and an approach orientation; catalyze the development of qualities such as joy, compassion, wisdom, equanimity and greater attentional, emotional and behavioral self-regulation, and engage participants in a sustained intensive training in mindfulness meditation practice, in an experiential inquiry-based learning process and in exercises to develop understanding. The paper's aim is to support clarity, which will in turn support the systematic development of MBP research, and the integrity of the field during the process of implementation in the mainstream.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Crane
- Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice, School of Psychology, Bangor University,Brigantia Building,Gwynedd,UK
| | - J Brewer
- Department of Medicine,Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society,University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester, MA,USA
| | - C Feldman
- Freelance Teacher and Writer,Totnes,Devon,UK
| | - J Kabat-Zinn
- Department of Medicine,Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society,University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester, MA,USA
| | - S Santorelli
- Department of Medicine,Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society,University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester, MA,USA
| | - J M G Williams
- Oxford Mindfulness Centre,University Department of Psychiatry,University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital,Oxford,UK
| | - W Kuyken
- Oxford Mindfulness Centre,University Department of Psychiatry,University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital,Oxford,UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nath S, Russell G, Kuyken W, Psychogiou L, Ford T. Does father-child conflict mediate the association between fathers' postnatal depressive symptoms and children's adjustment problems at 7 years old? Psychol Med 2016; 46:1719-1733. [PMID: 26965923 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paternal depressive symptoms are associated with children's emotional and behavioural problems, which may be mediated by negative parenting. But there is no research on the influence of paternal depressive symptoms on children's emotion regulation and limited literature investigating fathers' parenting as a mediator in the pathway between paternal depressive symptoms and children's externalizing and internalizing problems. We aimed to investigate the mediating role of father-child conflict (at 3 years) in the association between postnatal paternal depressive symptoms (at 9 months) and children's emotional and behavioural problems (at 7 years) (aim 1). We also examined whether mediation pathways were more pronounced for boys or for girls (aim 2). METHOD Secondary data analysis was conducted on the Millennium Cohort Study, when children were 9 months, 3 years and 7 years old (n = 3520). Main study variables were measured by self-report questionnaires. Fathers completed the Rutter Scale (depressive symptoms) and the Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (father-child conflict), while mothers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Social Behaviour Questionnaire (child emotional and behavioural problems, emotion regulation). We used structural equation modelling to estimate direct, indirect and total effects of paternal depressive symptoms on child outcomes, mediated by father-child conflict whilst adjusting for relevant covariates (maternal depressive symptoms, child temperament, marital conflict, and socio-economic factors such as poverty indicator and fathers' education level). Multi-group and interaction analysis was then conducted to determine the differential effect by gender of the association between paternal depressive symptoms on child outcomes via father-child conflict. RESULTS Father-child conflict mediated the association between paternal depressive symptoms and emotion regulation problems [standardized indirect effect (SIE) 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.03 to -0.01, p < 0.001; standardized total effect (STE) 95% CI -0.05 to -0.01, p < 0.05] (aim 1). Father-child conflict mediated a larger proportion of the effect in boys (SIE 95% CI -0.03 to -0.01, p < 0.001; STE 95% CI -0.05 to 0.00, p = 0.063) than it did in girls (SIE 95% CI -0.02 to -0.01, p < 0.001; STE 95% CI -0.04 to 0.01, p = 0.216) (aim 2). CONCLUSIONS Father-child conflict may mediate the association between postnatal paternal depressive symptoms and children's emotion regulation problems. Paternal depressive symptoms and father-child conflict resolution may be potential targets in preventative interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nath
- Mood Disorders Centre,University of Exeter,Exeter,UK
| | - G Russell
- Institute of Health Research,University of Exeter Medical School,Exeter,UK
| | - W Kuyken
- University Department of Psychiatry,University of Oxford,Warneford Hospital,Oxford,UK
| | - L Psychogiou
- Mood Disorders Centre,University of Exeter,Exeter,UK
| | - T Ford
- Institute of Health Research,University of Exeter Medical School,Exeter,UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Watson LA, Berntsen D, Kuyken W, Watkins ER. Involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memory specificity as a function of depression. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2013; 44:7-13. [PMID: 22805538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study tests the hypothesis derived from the CaR-FA-X model (Capture and Rumination, Functional Avoidance and Executive Function model, Williams et al., 2007), that depressed individuals will be less specific during voluntary than involuntary autobiographical memory retrieval and looks at the relative contributions of rumination, avoidance and executive function to memory specificity. METHODS Twenty depressed and twenty never depressed individuals completed a memory diary, recording 10 involuntary and 10 voluntary autobiographical memories. Psychiatric status (assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, SCID-1), psychopathology, rumination, avoidance and executive function were assessed prior to completion of the memory diary. RESULTS Both groups were more specific during involuntary than voluntary memory retrieval. No overall group differences were identified. However, when non-remitted depressed participants were compared to partially remitted and never depressed participants the expected interaction was identified; non-remitted depressed individuals were less specific during voluntary, but not during involuntary recall. Consistent with theory, negative correlations between memory specificity, rumination and avoidance were also present. LIMITATIONS The study presents an important yet preliminary finding which warrants further replication with a larger sample size. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide support for a number of models of autobiographical memory retrieval in particular the CaR-FA-X model of memory specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Watson
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Watson LA, Berntsen D, Kuyken W, Watkins ER. The characteristics of involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memories in depressed and never depressed individuals. Conscious Cogn 2012; 21:1382-92. [PMID: 22850328 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study compares involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memories in depressed and never depressed individuals. Twenty depressed and twenty never depressed individuals completed a memory diary; recording their reactions to 10 involuntary and 10 voluntary memories over 14-30 days. Psychiatric status (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, SCID-1), psychopathology, rumination and avoidance were assessed. For both groups, involuntary memories more frequently lead to strong reactions than voluntarily memories. For both modes of retrieval, depressed individuals reported more frequent negative reactions than never depressed individuals and rated memories as more central to identity with higher levels of rumination and avoidance. Depressed individuals retrieved both positive and negative memories during involuntary retrieval. These findings support the view that involuntary memory retrieval represents a basic mode of retrieval during healthy and disordered cognition, and that during depression, both involuntary and voluntary memories are central to identity and associated with rumination and avoidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Watson
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuyken W, Kurzer N, DeRubeis RJ, Beck AT, Brown GK. Response to cognitive therapy in depression: the role of maladaptive beliefs and personality disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001. [PMID: 11495185 DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.69.3.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether personality disorder status and beliefs that characterize personality disorders affect response to cognitive therapy. In a naturalistic study, 162 depressed outpatients with and without a personality disorder were followed over the course of cognitive therapy. As would be hypothesized by cognitive theory (A. T. Beck & A. Freeman, 1990), it was not personality disorder status but rather maladaptive avoidant and paranoid beliefs that predicted variance in outcome. However, pre- to posttherapy comparisons suggested that although patients with or without comorbidity respond comparably to "real-world" cognitive therapy, they report more severe depressive symptomatology at intake and more residual symptoms at termination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kuyken
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, England.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dalgeish T, Spinks H, Yiend J, Kuyken W. Autobiographical memory style in seasonal affective disorder and its relationship to future symptom remission. J Abnorm Psychol 2001. [PMID: 11358027 DOI: 10.1037//0021-843x.110.2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory was examined in participants with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). In Experiment 1, participants with SAD performed an autobiographical memory task (AMT) in the winter, when depressed. The AMT required participants to generate autobiographical memories to positive and negative cue words. Symptom levels were reassessed in the summer, when participants were remitted. The number of overly general memories to positive cues generated when the SAD participants were depressed predicted symptom levels when remitted, over and above initial symptom levels, with greater winter overgenerality being associated with high levels of summer symptoms. However, this was dependent on the exact measure of depressive symptoms used. The degree of overgenerality of memories in SAD participants was further investigated in Experiment 2. Results revealed that SAD participants did not show elevated recall of overgeneral memories relative to controls. The results as a whole indicate that, even when levels of general memories are no greater in a given target group than in controls, the absolute level of general memories to positive cue words is still independently related to symptom outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Dalgeish
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, England.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kuyken W, Kurzer N, DeRubeis RJ, Beck AT, Brown GK. Response to cognitive therapy in depression: the role of maladaptive beliefs and personality disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001; 69:560-6. [PMID: 11495185 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.69.3.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether personality disorder status and beliefs that characterize personality disorders affect response to cognitive therapy. In a naturalistic study, 162 depressed outpatients with and without a personality disorder were followed over the course of cognitive therapy. As would be hypothesized by cognitive theory (A. T. Beck & A. Freeman, 1990), it was not personality disorder status but rather maladaptive avoidant and paranoid beliefs that predicted variance in outcome. However, pre- to posttherapy comparisons suggested that although patients with or without comorbidity respond comparably to "real-world" cognitive therapy, they report more severe depressive symptomatology at intake and more residual symptoms at termination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kuyken
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, England.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dalgeish T, Spinks H, Yiend J, Kuyken W. Autobiographical memory style in seasonal affective disorder and its relationship to future symptom remission. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2001; 110:335-40. [PMID: 11358027 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.110.2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory was examined in participants with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). In Experiment 1, participants with SAD performed an autobiographical memory task (AMT) in the winter, when depressed. The AMT required participants to generate autobiographical memories to positive and negative cue words. Symptom levels were reassessed in the summer, when participants were remitted. The number of overly general memories to positive cues generated when the SAD participants were depressed predicted symptom levels when remitted, over and above initial symptom levels, with greater winter overgenerality being associated with high levels of summer symptoms. However, this was dependent on the exact measure of depressive symptoms used. The degree of overgenerality of memories in SAD participants was further investigated in Experiment 2. Results revealed that SAD participants did not show elevated recall of overgeneral memories relative to controls. The results as a whole indicate that, even when levels of general memories are no greater in a given target group than in controls, the absolute level of general memories to positive cue words is still independently related to symptom outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Dalgeish
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, England.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The psychometric characteristics of the Beck Self-Esteem Scales (BSE) are described for 360 psychiatric outpatients. Patients rated their evaluative beliefs about themselves (Self Scale) and their beliefs about how others evaluate them (Other Scale). Both measures consist of 18 pairs of adjectives, e.g., lovable-unlovable, that are rated using a 10-point scale. The coefficient alphas for the Self Scale (0.94) and the Other Scale (0.95) indicated high internal consistency. Both scales were positively associated with other measures of self-esteem and negatively associated with measures of anxiety and depression. As predicted by the cognitive theory of depression, patients with a principal mood disorder scored significantly lower on the BSE than patients with a principal anxiety disorder. In addition, the mean scores for patients with major depression and dysthymia on the Self Scale were significantly lower than the mean scores for the Other Scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Beck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-2648, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The authors investigated the memory functioning of depressed women patients with and without a reported history of child physical or sexual abuse using J. M. G. Williams and K. Broadbent's (1986) Autobiographical Memory Test. Whereas latency to recall autobiographical memories was not related to reports of abuse, patients who reported childhood sexual abuse produced more overgeneral memories to positive and negative cues. In addition, patients reporting high levels of avoidance of spontaneous memories of childhood physical or sexual abuse in the past week retrieved more overgeneral memories to positive and negative cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kuyken
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The authors investigated the memory functioning of depressed women patients with and without a reported history of child physical or sexual abuse using J. M. G. Williams and K. Broadbent's (1986) Autobiographical Memory Test. Whereas latency to recall autobiographical memories was not related to reports of abuse, patients who reported childhood sexual abuse produced more overgeneral memories to positive and negative cues. In addition, patients reporting high levels of avoidance of spontaneous memories of childhood physical or sexual abuse in the past week retrieved more overgeneral memories to positive and negative cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kuyken
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Findings addressing the issue of whether depressed individuals more readily recall negative than positive aspects of their past have been conflicting (Moore, Watts & Williams, 1988; Williams & Scott, 1988). A more consistent finding has been a tendency for depressed individuals to retrieve 'overgeneral' autobiographical memories (Brittlebank, Scott, Williams & Ferrier, 1993; Williams & Scott, 1988). In the current study depressed patients and non-depressed controls were asked to generate specific memories in response to a series of positive and negative cue words. No latency bias in recalling memories to negative cues over memories to positive cues was found. However, the more consistent finding that depressed patients have difficulty generating specific memories was supported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kuyken
- Division of Mental Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
A sample of adult women with major depression who reported childhood sexual or physical abuse completed a measure of the extent to which they were experiencing intrusive memories of the abuse and their efforts to avoid these memories. The majority of women in the sample reported high levels of disturbing intrusive memories, and high levels of avoidance. Those abused women with particularly high levels of intrusions and more avoidance were also more severely depressed than both non-abused women and abused women with low levels of intrusions and avoidance. Higher levels of intrusions and avoidance were also associated with repeated childhood abuse, sexual abuse involving intercourse and sexual abuse involving a primary caregiver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kuyken
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kuyken W, Brewin CR, Power MJ, Furnham A. Causal beliefs about depression in depressed patients, clinical psychologists and lay persons. Br J Med Psychol 1992; 65 ( Pt 3):257-68. [PMID: 1390360 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1992.tb01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-depressed lay persons have been shown to have extensive and accurate knowledge about depression (Rippere, 1977, 1980 a, b, 1981 a) that is underpinned by a structure that resembles current academic theories of the disorder (Furnham & Kuyken, 1991). In this study a semi-structured interview schedule and a number of rating scales were used to determine and compare the nature and extent of depressed patients', clinical psychologists', and lay persons' beliefs about the causes of depression. We confirmed that depressed patients and non-depressed lay persons alike have relatively extensive beliefs about the causes of depression which are comparable to those held by clinical psychologists. However, depressed patients tend to endorse biological explanations of the causes of depression to a greater extent than clinical psychologists. In contrast, clinical psychologists assign a more important causal role to unconscious processes and childhood vulnerability factors than do either depressed patients or non-depressed lay controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kuyken
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|