1
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Rulten SL, Grose RP, Gatz SA, Jones JL, Cameron AJM. The Future of Precision Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12613. [PMID: 37628794 PMCID: PMC10454858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and evolution have evolved rapidly over recent years, and the variation from one patient to another is now widely recognized. Consequently, one-size-fits-all approaches to the treatment of cancer have been superseded by precision medicines that target specific disease characteristics, promising maximum clinical efficacy, minimal safety concerns, and reduced economic burden. While precision oncology has been very successful in the treatment of some tumors with specific characteristics, a large number of patients do not yet have access to precision medicines for their disease. The success of next-generation precision oncology depends on the discovery of new actionable disease characteristics, rapid, accurate, and comprehensive diagnosis of complex phenotypes within each patient, novel clinical trial designs with improved response rates, and worldwide access to novel targeted anticancer therapies for all patients. This review outlines some of the current technological trends, and highlights some of the complex multidisciplinary efforts that are underway to ensure that many more patients with cancer will be able to benefit from precision oncology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (R.P.G.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Susanne A. Gatz
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - J. Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (R.P.G.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Angus J. M. Cameron
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (R.P.G.); (J.L.J.)
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2
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Zeng Z, Rulten SL, Breslin C, Zlatanou A, Coulthard V, Caldecott KW. Acylpeptide hydrolase is a component of the cellular response to DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 58:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Abstract
Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) is the dominant means of repairing chromosomal DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and is essential in human cells. Fifteen or more proteins can be involved in the detection, signalling, synapsis, end-processing and ligation events required to repair a DSB, and must be assembled in the confined space around the DNA ends. We review here a number of interaction points between the core NHEJ components (Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs, XRCC4 and Ligase IV) and accessory factors such as kinases, phosphatases, polymerases and structural proteins. Conserved protein-protein interaction sites such as Ku-binding motifs (KBMs), XLF-like motifs (XLMs), FHA and BRCT domains illustrate that different proteins compete for the same binding sites on the core machinery, and must be spatially and temporally regulated. We discuss how post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, ADP-ribosylation and ubiquitinylation may regulate sequential steps in the NHEJ pathway or control repair at different types of DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Gabrielle J Grundy
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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4
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Hoch N, Hanzlikova H, Rulten SL, Tétreault M, Koumulainen E, Ju L, Hornyak P, Zeng Z, Gittens W, Rey S, Staras K, Mancini GM, McKinnon PJ, Wang ZQ, Wagner J, Yoon G, Caldecott KW. XRCC1 mutation is associated with PARP1 hyperactivation and cerebellar ataxia. Nature 2017; 541:87-91. [PMID: 28002403 PMCID: PMC5218588 DOI: 10.1038/nature20790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
XRCC1 is a molecular scaffold protein that assembles multi-protein complexes involved in DNA single-strand break repair. Here we show that biallelic mutations in the human XRCC1 gene are associated with ocular motor apraxia, axonal neuropathy, and progressive cerebellar ataxia. Cells from a patient with mutations in XRCC1 exhibited not only reduced rates of single-strand break repair but also elevated levels of protein ADP-ribosylation. This latter phenotype is recapitulated in a related syndrome caused by mutations in the XRCC1 partner protein PNKP and implicates hyperactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase/s as a cause of cerebellar ataxia. Indeed, remarkably, genetic deletion of Parp1 rescued normal cerebellar ADP-ribose levels and reduced the loss of cerebellar neurons and ataxia in Xrcc1-defective mice, identifying a molecular mechanism by which endogenous single-strand breaks trigger neuropathology. Collectively, these data establish the importance of XRCC1 protein complexes for normal neurological function and identify PARP1 as a therapeutic target in DNA strand break repair-defective disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hoch
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia/DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Hana Hanzlikova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Stuart L. Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Martine Tétreault
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Emilia Koumulainen
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Limei Ju
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Peter Hornyak
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - William Gittens
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Stephanie Rey
- Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Kevin Staras
- Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Grazia M.S. Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 1107745 Jena, Germany
| | - Justin Wagner
- The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1L 8H1, Canada
| | | | - Grace Yoon
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Keith W. Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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5
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Oplustil O'Connor L, Rulten SL, Cranston AN, Odedra R, Brown H, Jaspers JE, Jones L, Knights C, Evers B, Ting A, Bradbury RH, Pajic M, Rottenberg S, Jonkers J, Rudge D, Martin NMB, Caldecott KW, Lau A, O'Connor MJ. The PARP Inhibitor AZD2461 Provides Insights into the Role of PARP3 Inhibition for Both Synthetic Lethality and Tolerability with Chemotherapy in Preclinical Models. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6084-6094. [PMID: 27550455 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PARP inhibitor AZD2461 was developed as a next-generation agent following olaparib, the first PARP inhibitor approved for cancer therapy. In BRCA1-deficient mouse models, olaparib resistance predominantly involves overexpression of P-glycoprotein, so AZD2461 was developed as a poor substrate for drug transporters. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of this compound against olaparib-resistant tumors that overexpress P-glycoprotein. In addition, AZD2461 was better tolerated in combination with chemotherapy than olaparib in mice, which suggests that AZD2461 could have significant advantages over olaparib in the clinic. However, this superior toxicity profile did not extend to rats. Investigations of this difference revealed a differential PARP3 inhibitory activity for each compound and a higher level of PARP3 expression in bone marrow cells from mice as compared with rats and humans. Our findings have implications for the use of mouse models to assess bone marrow toxicity for DNA-damaging agents and inhibitors of the DNA damage response. Finally, structural modeling of the PARP3-active site with different PARP inhibitors also highlights the potential to develop compounds with different PARP family member specificity profiles for optimal antitumor activity and tolerability. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6084-94. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rajesh Odedra
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Brown
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Janneke E Jaspers
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise Jones
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bastiaan Evers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Attilla Ting
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marina Pajic
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Rudge
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Lau
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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6
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Grundy GJ, Polo LM, Zeng Z, Rulten SL, Hoch NC, Paomephan P, Xu Y, Sweet SM, Thorne AW, Oliver AW, Matthews SJ, Pearl LH, Caldecott KW. PARP3 is a sensor of nicked nucleosomes and monoribosylates histone H2B(Glu2). Nat Commun 2016; 7:12404. [PMID: 27530147 PMCID: PMC4992063 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP3 is a member of the ADP-ribosyl transferase superfamily that we show accelerates the repair of chromosomal DNA single-strand breaks in avian DT40 cells. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments reveal that PARP3 employs a conserved DNA-binding interface to detect and stably bind DNA breaks and to accumulate at sites of chromosome damage. PARP3 preferentially binds to and is activated by mononucleosomes containing nicked DNA and which target PARP3 trans-ribosylation activity to a single-histone substrate. Although nicks in naked DNA stimulate PARP3 autoribosylation, nicks in mononucleosomes promote the trans-ribosylation of histone H2B specifically at Glu2. These data identify PARP3 as a molecular sensor of nicked nucleosomes and demonstrate, for the first time, the ribosylation of chromatin at a site-specific DNA single-strand break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle J. Grundy
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Luis M. Polo
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Stuart L. Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Nicolas C. Hoch
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia/DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Pathompong Paomephan
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Yingqi Xu
- Cross-faculty NMR centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Steve M. Sweet
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Alan W. Thorne
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Antony W. Oliver
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Steve J. Matthews
- Cross-faculty NMR centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Laurence H. Pearl
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Keith W. Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
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7
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Grundy GJ, Rulten SL, Arribas-Bosacoma R, Davidson K, Kozik Z, Oliver AW, Pearl LH, Caldecott KW. The Ku-binding motif is a conserved module for recruitment and stimulation of non-homologous end-joining proteins. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11242. [PMID: 27063109 PMCID: PMC4831024 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ku-binding motif (KBM) is a short peptide module first identified in APLF that we now show is also present in Werner syndrome protein (WRN) and in Modulator of retrovirus infection homologue (MRI). We also identify a related but functionally distinct motif in XLF, WRN, MRI and PAXX, which we denote the XLF-like motif. We show that WRN possesses two KBMs; one at the N terminus next to the exonuclease domain and one at the C terminus next to an XLF-like motif. We reveal that the WRN C-terminal KBM and XLF-like motif function cooperatively to bind Ku complexes and that the N-terminal KBM mediates Ku-dependent stimulation of WRN exonuclease activity. We also show that WRN accelerates DSB repair by a mechanism requiring both KBMs, demonstrating the importance of WRN interaction with Ku. These data define a conserved family of KBMs that function as molecular tethers to recruit and/or stimulate enzymes during NHEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle J. Grundy
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Stuart L. Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Raquel Arribas-Bosacoma
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Kathryn Davidson
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Zuzanna Kozik
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Antony W. Oliver
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Laurence H. Pearl
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Keith W. Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
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8
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Peña-Oliver Y, Carvalho FM, Sanchez-Roige S, Quinlan EB, Jia T, Walker-Tilley T, Rulten SL, Pearl FMG, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Gowland P, Paillere Martinot ML, Paus T, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Stephens DN. Mouse and Human Genetic Analyses Associate Kalirin with Ventral Striatal Activation during Impulsivity and with Alcohol Misuse. Front Genet 2016; 7:52. [PMID: 27092175 PMCID: PMC4823271 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is associated with a spectrum of psychiatric disorders including drug addiction. To investigate genetic associations with impulsivity and initiation of drug taking, we took a two-step approach. First, we identified genes whose expression level in prefrontal cortex, striatum and accumbens were associated with impulsive behavior in the 5-choice serial reaction time task across 10 BXD recombinant inbred (BXD RI) mouse strains and their progenitor C57BL/6J and DBA2/J strains. Behavioral data were correlated with regional gene expression using GeneNetwork (www.genenetwork.org), to identify 44 genes whose probability of association with impulsivity exceeded a false discovery rate of < 0.05. We then interrogated the IMAGEN database of 1423 adolescents for potential associations of SNPs in human homologs of those genes identified in the mouse study, with brain activation during impulsive performance in the Monetary Incentive Delay task, and with novelty seeking scores from the Temperament and Character Inventory, as well as alcohol experience. There was a significant overall association between the human homologs of impulsivity-related genes and percentage of premature responses in the MID task and with fMRI BOLD-response in ventral striatum (VS) during reward anticipation. In contrast, no significant association was found between the polygenic scores and anterior cingulate cortex activation. Univariate association analyses revealed that the G allele (major) of the intronic SNP rs6438839 in the KALRN gene was significantly associated with increased VS activation. Additionally, the A-allele (minor) of KALRN intronic SNP rs4634050, belonging to the same haplotype block, was associated with increased frequency of binge drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Peña-Oliver
- School of Psychology, University of SussexBrighton, UK; Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Fabiana M Carvalho
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | | | - Erin B Quinlan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | - Tom Walker-Tilley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | - Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex Brighton, UK
| | | | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings College London, UK
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Patricia J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of VermontBurlington, VT, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
| | - Marie-Laure Paillere Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, CEA, DSV, I2BM-Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay, France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
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9
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Cherry AL, Nott TJ, Kelly G, Rulten SL, Caldecott KW, Smerdon SJ. Versatility in phospho-dependent molecular recognition of the XRCC1 and XRCC4 DNA-damage scaffolds by aprataxin-family FHA domains. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 35:116-25. [PMID: 26519825 PMCID: PMC4655838 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aprataxin, aprataxin and PNKP-like factor (APLF) and polynucleotide kinase phosphatase (PNKP) are key DNA-repair proteins with diverse functions but which all contain a homologous forkhead-associated (FHA) domain. Their primary binding targets are casein kinase 2-phosphorylated forms of the XRCC1 and XRCC4 scaffold molecules which respectively coordinate single-stranded and double-stranded DNA break repair pathways. Here, we present the high-resolution X-ray structure of a complex of phosphorylated XRCC4 with APLF, the most divergent of the three FHA domain family members. This, combined with NMR and biochemical analysis of aprataxin and APLF binding to singly and multiply-phosphorylated forms of XRCC1 and XRCC4, and comparison with PNKP reveals a pattern of distinct but overlapping binding specificities that are differentially modulated by multi-site phosphorylation. Together, our data illuminate important differences between activities of the three phospho-binding domains, in spite of a close evolutionary relationship between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Cherry
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Timothy J Nott
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Geoffrey Kelly
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Stuart L Rulten
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Stephen J Smerdon
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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10
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Breslin C, Hornyak P, Ridley A, Rulten SL, Hanzlikova H, Oliver AW, Caldecott KW. The XRCC1 phosphate-binding pocket binds poly (ADP-ribose) and is required for XRCC1 function. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6934-44. [PMID: 26130715 PMCID: PMC4538820 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) is synthesized at DNA single-strand breaks and can promote the recruitment of the scaffold protein, XRCC1. However, the mechanism and importance of this process has been challenged. To address this issue, we have characterized the mechanism of poly (ADP-ribose) binding by XRCC1 and examined its importance for XRCC1 function. We show that the phosphate-binding pocket in the central BRCT1 domain of XRCC1 is required for selective binding to poly (ADP-ribose) at low levels of ADP-ribosylation, and promotes interaction with cellular PARP1. We also show that the phosphate-binding pocket is required for EGFP-XRCC1 accumulation at DNA damage induced by UVA laser, H2O2, and at sites of sub-nuclear PCNA foci, suggesting that poly (ADP-ribose) promotes XRCC1 recruitment both at single-strand breaks globally across the genome and at sites of DNA replication stress. Finally, we show that the phosphate-binding pocket is required following DNA damage for XRCC1-dependent acceleration of DNA single-strand break repair, DNA base excision repair, and cell survival. These data support the hypothesis that poly (ADP-ribose) synthesis promotes XRCC1 recruitment at DNA damage sites and is important for XRCC1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Breslin
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Peter Hornyak
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Andrew Ridley
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Hana Hanzlikova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Antony W Oliver
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
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11
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Dai X, Rulten SL, You C, Caldecott KW, Wang Y. Identification and Functional Characterizations of N-Terminal α-N-Methylation and Phosphorylation of Serine 461 in Human Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 3. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2575-82. [PMID: 25886813 PMCID: PMC4703312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 3 (PARP3) is a member of the PARP family enzymes which catalyze the ADP-ribosylation of proteins. PARP3 plays an important role in DNA damage repair and mitotic progression. In this study, we identified, using mass spectrometric techniques, two novel post-translational modification sites in PARP3, α-N-methylation and phosphorylation of serine 461 (S461). We found that the N-terminal α-amino group of PARP3 is heavily methylated in human cells, and N-terminal RCC1 methyltransferase (NRMT) is a key enzyme required for this methylation. We also observed that the phosphorylation level of S461 in PARP3 could be reduced in human cells upon treatment with flavopiridol, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Moreover, we demonstrated that S461 phosphorylation, but not α-N-methylation of PARP3, may be involved in the cellular response toward DNA double-strand breaks. These findings provide novel insights into the post-translational regulation of PARP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Stuart L. Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, U.K
| | - Changjun You
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Keith W. Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, U.K
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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12
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Grundy GJ, Moulding HA, Caldecott KW, Rulten SL. One ring to bring them all--the role of Ku in mammalian non-homologous end joining. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 17:30-8. [PMID: 24680220 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The repair of DNA double strand breaks is essential for cell survival and several conserved pathways have evolved to ensure their rapid and efficient repair. The non-homologous end joining pathway is initiated when Ku binds to the DNA break site. Ku is an abundant nuclear heterodimer of Ku70 and Ku80 with a toroidal structure that allows the protein to slide over the broken DNA end and bind with high affinity. Once locked into placed, Ku acts as a tool-belt to recruit multiple interacting proteins, forming one or more non-homologous end joining complexes that act in a regulated manner to ensure efficient repair of DNA ends. Here we review the structure and functions of Ku and the proteins with which it interacts during non-homologous end joining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle J Grundy
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
| | - Hayley A Moulding
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
| | - Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
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13
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Rulten SL, Rotheray A, Green RL, Grundy GJ, Moore DAQ, Gómez-Herreros F, Hafezparast M, Caldecott KW. PARP-1 dependent recruitment of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated protein FUS/TLS to sites of oxidative DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:307-14. [PMID: 24049082 PMCID: PMC3874156 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is associated with progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Several of the genes associated with this disease encode proteins involved in RNA processing, including fused-in-sarcoma/translocated-in-sarcoma (FUS/TLS). FUS is a member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family of proteins that bind thousands of pre-mRNAs and can regulate their splicing. Here, we have examined the possibility that FUS is also a component of the cellular response to DNA damage. We show that both GFP-tagged and endogenous FUS re-localize to sites of oxidative DNA damage induced by UVA laser, and that FUS recruitment is greatly reduced or ablated by an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. Consistent with this, we show that recombinant FUS binds directly to poly (ADP-ribose) in vitro, and that both GFP-tagged and endogenous FUS fail to accumulate at sites of UVA laser induced damage in cells lacking poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Finally, we show that GFP-FUSR521G, harbouring a mutation that is associated with ALS, exhibits reduced ability to accumulate at sites of UVA laser-induced DNA damage. Together, these data suggest that FUS is a component of the cellular response to DNA damage, and that defects in this response may contribute to ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, UK and School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG
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14
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Abstract
A number of DNA repair disorders are known to cause neurological problems. These disorders can be broadly characterised into early developmental, mid-to-late developmental or progressive. The exact developmental processes that are affected can influence disease pathology, with symptoms ranging from early embryonic lethality to late-onset ataxia. The category these diseases belong to depends on the frequency of lesions arising in the brain, the role of the defective repair pathway, and the nature of the mutation within the patient. Using observations from patients and transgenic mice, we discuss the importance of double strand break repair during neuroprogenitor proliferation and brain development and the repair of single stranded lesions in neuronal function and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
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15
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Grundy GJ, Rulten SL, Zeng Z, Arribas-Bosacoma R, Iles N, Manley K, Oliver A, Caldecott KW. APLF promotes the assembly and activity of non-homologous end joining protein complexes. EMBO J 2013; 32:112-25. [PMID: 23178593 PMCID: PMC3545299 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is critical for the maintenance of genetic integrity and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. NHEJ is regulated by a series of interactions between core components of the pathway, including Ku heterodimer, XLF/Cernunnos, and XRCC4/DNA Ligase 4 (Lig4). However, the mechanisms by which these proteins assemble into functional protein-DNA complexes are not fully understood. Here, we show that the von Willebrand (vWA) domain of Ku80 fulfills a critical role in this process by recruiting Aprataxin-and-PNK-Like Factor (APLF) into Ku-DNA complexes. APLF, in turn, functions as a scaffold protein and promotes the recruitment and/or retention of XRCC4-Lig4 and XLF, thereby assembling multi-protein Ku complexes capable of efficient DNA ligation in vitro and in cells. Disruption of the interactions between APLF and either Ku80 or XRCC4-Lig4 disrupts the assembly and activity of Ku complexes, and confers cellular hypersensitivity and reduced rates of chromosomal DSB repair in avian and human cells, respectively. Collectively, these data identify a role for the vWA domain of Ku80 and a molecular mechanism by which DNA ligase proficient complexes are assembled during NHEJ in mammalian cells, and reveal APLF to be a structural component of this critical DSB repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Natasha Iles
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Katie Manley
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Antony Oliver
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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16
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Rulten SL, Fisher AEO, Robert I, Zuma MC, Rouleau M, Ju L, Poirier G, Reina-San-Martin B, Caldecott KW. PARP-3 and APLF function together to accelerate nonhomologous end-joining. Mol Cell 2011; 41:33-45. [PMID: 21211721 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PARP-3 is a member of the ADP-ribosyl transferase superfamily of unknown function. We show that PARP-3 is stimulated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in vitro and functions in the same pathway as the poly (ADP-ribose)-binding protein APLF to accelerate chromosomal DNA DSB repair. We implicate PARP-3 in the accumulation of APLF at DSBs and demonstrate that APLF promotes the retention of XRCC4/DNA ligase IV complex in chromatin, suggesting that PARP-3 and APLF accelerate DNA ligation during nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). Consistent with this, we show that class switch recombination in Aplf(-/-) B cells is biased toward microhomology-mediated end-joining, a pathway that operates in the absence of XRCC4/DNA ligase IV, and that the requirement for PARP-3 and APLF for NHEJ is circumvented by overexpression of XRCC4/DNA ligase IV. These data identify molecular roles for PARP-3 and APLF in chromosomal DNA double-strand break repair reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
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17
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Rulten SL, Ripley TL, Manerakis E, Stephens DN, Mayne LV. Ethanol modifies the effect of handling stress on gene expression: problems in the analysis of two-way gene expression studies in mouse brain. Brain Res 2006; 1102:39-43. [PMID: 16806122 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies analysing the effects of acute treatments on animal behaviour and brain biochemistry frequently use pairwise comparisons between sham-treated and -untreated animals. In this study, we analyse expression of tPA, Grik2, Smarca2 and the transcription factor, Sp1, in mouse cerebellum following acute ethanol treatment. Expression is compared to saline-injected and -untreated control animals. We demonstrate that acute i.p. injection of saline may alter gene expression in a gene-specific manner and that ethanol may modify the effects of sham treatment on gene expression, as well as inducing specific effects independent of any handling related stress. In addition to demonstrating the complexity of gene expression in response to physical and environmental stress, this work raises questions on the interpretation and validity of studies relying on pairwise comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Rulten
- Trafford Centre for Medical Research, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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18
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Mead AN, Morris HV, Dixon CI, Rulten SL, Mayne LV, Zamanillo D, Stephens DN. AMPA receptor GluR2, but not GluR1, subunit deletion impairs emotional response conditioning in mice. Behav Neurosci 2006; 120:241-8. [PMID: 16719688 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.120.2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Deletions of gria1 or gria2 genes encoding alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic-acid-receptor subunits differ in their effects on appetitive conditioning. The authors investigated whether similar differences would occur in an aversive conditioning test. The ability of a discrete stimulus paired with footshock to subsequently inhibit food-maintained operant responding (conditioned emotional response) was examined in mice with deletions of gria1 or gria2 genes. Whereas gria1 knockout (KO) mice performed normally compared with wild-type (WT) controls, gria2 KO mice displayed no reduction in response rates when the shock-paired stimulus was presented. Nevertheless, gria2 KOs displayed evidence of freezing in a footshock-paired context, indicating that aversive learning could occur. In addition, gria1 KO mice showed some evidence of increased anxiety, and gria2 KOs showed reduced anxiety, in the elevated plus-maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Mead
- Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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19
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Rulten SL, Kinloch RA, Tateossian H, Robinson C, Gettins L, Kay JE. The human FK506-binding proteins: characterization of human FKBP19. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:322-31. [PMID: 16596453 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-005-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the human repertoire of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases has identified an expansion of genes that code for human FKBPs in the secretory pathway. There are distinct differences in tissue distribution and expression levels of each variant. In this article we describe the characterization of human FKBP19 (Entrez Gene ID: FKBP11), an FK506-binding protein predominantly expressed in vertebrate secretory tissues. The FKBP19 sequence comprises a cleavable N-terminal signal sequence followed by a putative peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase domain with homology to FKBP12. This domain binds FK506 weakly in vitro. FKBP19 mRNA is abundant in human pancreas and other secretory tissues and high levels of FKBP19 protein are detected in the acinar cells of mouse pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Rulten
- Trafford Centre for Graduate Medical Education and Research, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
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20
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Rulten SL, Ripley TL, Hunt CL, Stephens DN, Mayne LV. Sp1 and NFkappaB pathways are regulated in brain in response to acute and chronic ethanol. Genes Brain Behav 2006; 5:257-73. [PMID: 16594979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2005.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA microarray analysis was used to identify candidate ethanol-regulated genes, as a first step towards exploring how transcriptional changes might lead to ethanol-induced changes in behaviour. Mice were treated with a single acute intraperitoneal ethanol dose and DNA microarray analysis performed on midbrain 2 h posttreatment. We predicted that if ethanol-regulated genes contribute towards behaviour, then constitutive variation in brain expression levels may also contribute to strain-specific differences in ethanol-related behaviour of inbred mouse strains. On the basis of this assumption, we interrogated the BXD inbred strain phenotype database and the U74Av2 MAS5 brain expression database using the WebQTL tool (http://www.genenetwork.org/) and correlated ethanol-related behaviours to expression levels. Constitutive expression levels of 70/90 candidate genes, identified from the DNA microarray analysis, varied significantly between inbred strains and correlated significantly with strain-specific differences in ethanol-related behaviours. These genes were then mapped onto biochemical pathways using Stratagene's PathwayAssist software. This analysis identified the transcription factor Sp1 and NFkappaB pathways in the acute response to ethanol. Ethanol regulation of Sp1 transcription was conserved between humans and mouse. As predicted, downstream targets of Sp1 were also ethanol regulated. NFkappaBia, an important regulator of NFkappaB function and Rela, an NFkappaB-binding partner, were both regulated by ethanol. Expression of both Sp1 and NFkappaBialpha were also downregulated following chronic ethanol treatment. As Sp1 and NFkappaB are implicated in plasticity and behaviour, our data suggest a role for these transcription factors in the long-term behavioural adaptations to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Rulten
- Trafford Centre for Medical Research, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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21
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Thorpe JR, Mosaheb S, Hashemzadeh-Bonehi L, Cairns NJ, Kay JE, Morley SJ, Rulten SL. Shortfalls in the peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase protein Pin1 in neurons are associated with frontotemporal dementias. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 17:237-49. [PMID: 15474361 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) Pin1 modulates the activity of a range of target proteins involved in the cell cycle, transcription, translation, endocytosis, and apoptosis by facilitating dephosphorylation of phosphorylated serine or threonine residue preceding a proline (p-Ser/Thr-Pro) motifs catalyzed by phosphatases specific for the trans conformations. Pin1 targets include the neuronal microtubule-associated protein tau, whose dephosphorylation restores its ability to stabilize microtubules. We, and others, have shown that tau hyperphosphorylation in the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with redirection of the predominantly nuclear Pin1 to the cytoplasm and with Pin1 shortfalls throughout subcellular compartments. As nuclear Pin1 depletion causes apoptosis, shortfalls in regard to both nuclear and p-tau targets may contribute to neuronal dysfunction. We report here that similar Pin1 redistribution and shortfalls occur in frontotemporal dementias (FTDs) characterized by abnormal protein aggregates of tau and other cytoskeletal proteins. This may be a unifying, contributory factor towards neuronal death in these dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Thorpe
- Electron Microscope Division, The Sussex Centre for Advanced Microscopy, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
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22
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Pemberton TJ, Rulten SL, Kay JE. Identification and characterisation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cyclophilin 3, a cyclosporin A insensitive orthologue of human USA-CyP. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 786:81-91. [PMID: 12651004 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have identified nine cyclophilins encoded in the genome of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sp). Cyclophilin 3 is an orthologue of hUSA-CyP, which is associated with Prp4/Prp3 in the [U4/U6.U5] snRNP complex and Prp18, both of which are components of the pre-mRNA splicing machinery. PPIase assays have shown SpCyp3 and hUSA-CyP to have comparable activity and substrate specificity, but SpCyp3 has a reduced sensitivity to CsA correlating with a difference in the catalytic site. Prp3, Prp4 and Prp18 proteins exist in S. pombe and nuclear localisation of SpCyp3 has been shown, indicating conservation of function between hUSA-CyP and SpCyp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Pemberton
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, Brighton, UK.
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23
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Thorpe JR, Morley SJ, Rulten SL. Utilizing the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase pin1 as a probe of its phosphorylated target proteins. Examples of binding to nuclear proteins in a human kidney cell line and to tau in Alzheimer's diseased brain. J Histochem Cytochem 2001; 49:97-108. [PMID: 11118482 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104900110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human parvulin Pin1 is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase group of proteins, which modulate the assembly, folding, activity, and transport of essential cellular proteins. Pin1 is a mitotic regulator interacting with a range of proteins that are phosphorylated before cell division. In addition, an involvement of Pin1 in the tau-related neurodegenerative brain disorders has recently been shown. In this context, Pin1 becomes depleted from the nucleus in Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurons when it is redirected to the large amounts of hyperphosphorylated tau associated with the neurofibrillary tangles. This depletion from the nucleus may ultimately contribute to neuron cell death. Recently we have devised a novel methodology in which exogenous Pin1 is used as a TEM probe for its target proteins. Here we extend this methodology to provide further evidence that Pin1 binds at enhanced levels to mitotic nuclear proteins and to hyperphosphorylated tau in AD brain. We suggest that exogenous Pin1 labeling can be used to elucidate the phosphorylation status of its target proteins in general and could specifically provide important insights into the development of tau-related neurodegenerative brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Thorpe
- Electron Microscope and FACS Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
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24
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Thorpe JR, Rulten SL, Kay JE. Binding of a putative and a known chaperone protein revealed by immunogold labeling transmission electron microscopy: A suggested use of chaperones as probes for the distribution of their target proteins. J Histochem Cytochem 1999; 47:1633-40. [PMID: 10567447 DOI: 10.1177/002215549904701215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvulins are a distinct family within the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase group of proteins that catalyse the cis-trans isomerization of proline-containing peptides. The intracellular distribution of a novel human parvulin homologue (hEPVH) has been investigated in a human kidney cell line (HEK 293) by immunogold labeling transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This showed hEPVH to be distributed throughout HEK 293 cells but in highest concentration within mitochondria. Unexpectedly, preabsorption of anti-hEPVH antiserum with recombinant hEPVH exaggerated the observed immunolabel density in a pattern that mirrored that of the endogenous hEPVH. The hEPVH protein itself was then used to label sections, and the specificity of its binding was confirmed with the use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with homologous and irrelevant protein controls. The pattern of hEPVH binding also mirrored that of endogenous hEPVH. A known chaperone protein, Pin1, was also found to bind to cells in a pattern mirroring that of the endogenous protein. This lends considerable weight to our hypothesis that hEPVH is binding to its target protein(s) within the cell, reflecting its postulated chaperone function. Finally, we suggest that chaperone proteins in general might be used as TEM probes for their target (or substrate) proteins. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:1633-1640, 1999)
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Thorpe
- Electron Microscope and FACS Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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