1
|
Choi YS, Kim DW, Yun SH. Functional Analysis of Genes Specifically Expressed during Aerial Hyphae Collapse as a Potential Signal for Perithecium Formation Induction in Fusarium graminearum. Plant Pathol J 2024; 40:83-97. [PMID: 38326961 PMCID: PMC10850530 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.01.2024.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereal crops, employs the production of sexual fruiting bodies (perithecia) on plant debris as a strategy for overwintering and dissemination. In an artificial condition (e.g., carrot agar medium), the F. graminearum Z3643 strain was capable of producing perithecia predominantly in the central region of the fungal culture where aerial hyphae naturally collapsed. To unravel the intricate relationship between natural aerial hyphae collapse and sexual development in this fungus, we focused on 699 genes differentially expressed during aerial hyphae collapse, with 26 selected for further analysis. Targeted gene deletion and quantitative real-time PCR analyses elucidated the functions of specific genes during natural aerial hyphae collapse and perithecium formation. Furthermore, comparative gene expression analyses between natural collapse and artificial removal conditions reveal distinct temporal profiles, with the latter inducing a more rapid and pronounced response, particularly in MAT gene expression. Notably, FGSG_09210 and FGSG_09896 play crucial roles in sexual development and aerial hyphae growth, respectively. Taken together, it is plausible that if aerial hyphae collapse occurs on plant debris, it may serve as a physical cue for inducing perithecium formation in crop fields, representing a survival strategy for F. graminearum during winter. Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying aerial hyphae collapse provides offer potential strategies for disease control against FHB caused by F. graminearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Seon Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shin YK, Kim DW, Lee SW, Lee MJ, Gi Baek S, Lee T, Yun SH. Functional roles of all five putative hydrophobin genes in growth, development and secondary metabolism in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 160:103683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
3
|
Geiser DM, Al-Hatmi AMS, Aoki T, Arie T, Balmas V, Barnes I, Bergstrom GC, Bhattacharyya MK, Blomquist CL, Bowden RL, Brankovics B, Brown DW, Burgess LW, Bushley K, Busman M, Cano-Lira JF, Carrillo JD, Chang HX, Chen CY, Chen W, Chilvers M, Chulze S, Coleman JJ, Cuomo CA, de Beer ZW, de Hoog GS, Del Castillo-Múnera J, Del Ponte EM, Diéguez-Uribeondo J, Di Pietro A, Edel-Hermann V, Elmer WH, Epstein L, Eskalen A, Esposto MC, Everts KL, Fernández-Pavía SP, da Silva GF, Foroud NA, Fourie G, Frandsen RJN, Freeman S, Freitag M, Frenkel O, Fuller KK, Gagkaeva T, Gardiner DM, Glenn AE, Gold SE, Gordon TR, Gregory NF, Gryzenhout M, Guarro J, Gugino BK, Gutierrez S, Hammond-Kosack KE, Harris LJ, Homa M, Hong CF, Hornok L, Huang JW, Ilkit M, Jacobs A, Jacobs K, Jiang C, Jiménez-Gasco MDM, Kang S, Kasson MT, Kazan K, Kennell JC, Kim HS, Kistler HC, Kuldau GA, Kulik T, Kurzai O, Laraba I, Laurence MH, Lee T, Lee YW, Lee YH, Leslie JF, Liew ECY, Lofton LW, Logrieco AF, López-Berges MS, Luque AG, Lysøe E, Ma LJ, Marra RE, Martin FN, May SR, McCormick SP, McGee C, Meis JF, Migheli Q, Mohamed Nor NMI, Monod M, Moretti A, Mostert D, Mulè G, Munaut F, Munkvold GP, Nicholson P, Nucci M, O'Donnell K, Pasquali M, Pfenning LH, Prigitano A, Proctor RH, Ranque S, Rehner SA, Rep M, Rodríguez-Alvarado G, Rose LJ, Roth MG, Ruiz-Roldán C, Saleh AA, Salleh B, Sang H, Scandiani MM, Scauflaire J, Schmale DG, Short DPG, Šišić A, Smith JA, Smyth CW, Son H, Spahr E, Stajich JE, Steenkamp E, Steinberg C, Subramaniam R, Suga H, Summerell BA, Susca A, Swett CL, Toomajian C, Torres-Cruz TJ, Tortorano AM, Urban M, Vaillancourt LJ, Vallad GE, van der Lee TAJ, Vanderpool D, van Diepeningen AD, Vaughan MM, Venter E, Vermeulen M, Verweij PE, Viljoen A, Waalwijk C, Wallace EC, Walther G, Wang J, Ward TJ, Wickes BL, Wiederhold NP, Wingfield MJ, Wood AKM, Xu JR, Yang XB, Yli-Mattila T, Yun SH, Zakaria L, Zhang H, Zhang N, Zhang SX, Zhang X. Phylogenomic Analysis of a 55.1-kb 19-Gene Dataset Resolves a Monophyletic Fusarium that Includes the Fusarium solani Species Complex. Phytopathology 2021; 111:1064-1079. [PMID: 33200960 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0330-le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scientific communication is facilitated by a data-driven, scientifically sound taxonomy that considers the end-user's needs and established successful practice. In 2013, the Fusarium community voiced near unanimous support for a concept of Fusarium that represented a clade comprising all agriculturally and clinically important Fusarium species, including the F. solani species complex (FSSC). Subsequently, this concept was challenged in 2015 by one research group who proposed dividing the genus Fusarium into seven genera, including the FSSC described as members of the genus Neocosmospora, with subsequent justification in 2018 based on claims that the 2013 concept of Fusarium is polyphyletic. Here, we test this claim and provide a phylogeny based on exonic nucleotide sequences of 19 orthologous protein-coding genes that strongly support the monophyly of Fusarium including the FSSC. We reassert the practical and scientific argument in support of a genus Fusarium that includes the FSSC and several other basal lineages, consistent with the longstanding use of this name among plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, students, and researchers with a stake in its taxonomy. In recognition of this monophyly, 40 species described as genus Neocosmospora were recombined in genus Fusarium, and nine others were renamed Fusarium. Here the global Fusarium community voices strong support for the inclusion of the FSSC in Fusarium, as it remains the best scientific, nomenclatural, and practical taxonomic option available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | | | - Takayuki Aoki
- Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arie
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gary C Bergstrom
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | | | - Cheryl L Blomquist
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA 95832, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Bowden
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Balázs Brankovics
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daren W Brown
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Lester W Burgess
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Mark Busman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - José F Cano-Lira
- Mycology Unit and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Medical School, Reus, Spain
| | - Joseph D Carrillo
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - Hao-Xun Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Martin Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Sofia Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, National University of Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jeffrey J Coleman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, U.S.A
| | | | - Z Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Department of Medical Mycology and Infectious Diseases, Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Wade H Elmer
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
| | - Lynn Epstein
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Akif Eskalen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | | | - Kathryne L Everts
- Wye Research and Education Center, University of Maryland, Queenstown, MD 21658, U.S.A
| | - Sylvia P Fernández-Pavía
- Laboratorio de Patología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán 58880, México
| | | | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Gerda Fourie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rasmus J N Frandsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stanley Freeman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, U.S.A
| | - Tatiana Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg-Pushkin, Russia
| | | | - Anthony E Glenn
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, U.S.A
| | - Scott E Gold
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, U.S.A
| | - Thomas R Gordon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Nancy F Gregory
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, DE 19716, U.S.A
| | - Marieka Gryzenhout
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Beth K Gugino
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | | | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Mónika Homa
- MTA-SZTE Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cheng-Fang Hong
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - László Hornok
- Institute of Plant Protection, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Jenn-Wen Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Sarıçam, Adana, Turkey
| | - Adriaana Jacobs
- Biosystematics Unit, Plant Health and Protection, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Cong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - María Del Mar Jiménez-Gasco
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Matthew T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, U.S.A
| | - Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - John C Kennell
- Biology Department, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63101, U.S.A
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - H Corby Kistler
- USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Gretchen A Kuldau
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections NRZMyk, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Imane Laraba
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Matthew H Laurence
- Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Garden and Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John F Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - Edward C Y Liew
- Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Garden and Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lily W Lofton
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, U.S.A
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Manuel S López-Berges
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alicia G Luque
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Referencia de Micología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Erik Lysøe
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien, Ås, Norway
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Robert E Marra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
| | - Frank N Martin
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, ARS-USDA, Salinas, CA 93905, U.S.A
| | - Sara R May
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Chyanna McGee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Mycology and Infectious Diseases, Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Nucleo Ricerca Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - N M I Mohamed Nor
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Michel Monod
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Diane Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gary P Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Paul Nicholson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Marcio Nucci
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludwig H Pfenning
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Anna Prigitano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Stephen A Rehner
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - Martijn Rep
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Rodríguez-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Patología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán 58880, México
| | - Lindy Joy Rose
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Mitchell G Roth
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Carmen Ruiz-Roldán
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Amgad A Saleh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baharuddin Salleh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hyunkyu Sang
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - María Mercedes Scandiani
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Referencia de Micología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Scauflaire
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation Agronomie, Haute Ecole Louvain en Hainaut, Montignies-sur-Sambre, Belgium
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A
| | | | - Adnan Šišić
- Department of Ecological Plant Protection, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Jason A Smith
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Christopher W Smyth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, U.S.A
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ellie Spahr
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, U.S.A
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Emma Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christian Steinberg
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Haruhisa Suga
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Brett A Summerell
- Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Garden and Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia
| | - Antonella Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Cassandra L Swett
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | | | - Terry J Torres-Cruz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Anna M Tortorano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Urban
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Vanderpool
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
| | - Anne D van Diepeningen
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martha M Vaughan
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Eduard Venter
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Marcele Vermeulen
- Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Mycology and Infectious Diseases, Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emma C Wallace
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Grit Walther
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections NRZMyk, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Jie Wang
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94702
| | - Todd J Ward
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Brian L Wickes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, U.S.A
| | - Nathan P Wiederhold
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, U.S.A
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ana K M Wood
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, U.S.A
| | - Xiao-Bing Yang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Latiffah Zakaria
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A
| | - Sean X Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, U.S.A
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim W, Liu R, Woo S, Kang KB, Park H, Yu YH, Ha HH, Oh SY, Yang JH, Kim H, Yun SH, Hur JS. Linking a Gene Cluster to Atranorin, a Major Cortical Substance of Lichens, through Genetic Dereplication and Heterologous Expression. mBio 2021; 12:e0111121. [PMID: 34154413 PMCID: PMC8262933 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01111-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The depside and depsidone series compounds of polyketide origin accumulate in the cortical or medullary layers of lichen thalli. Despite the taxonomic and ecological significance of lichen chemistry and its pharmaceutical potentials, there has been no single piece of genetic evidence linking biosynthetic genes to lichen substances. Thus, we systematically analyzed lichen polyketide synthases (PKSs) for categorization and identification of the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) involved in depside/depsidone production. Our in-depth analysis of the interspecies PKS diversity in the genus Cladonia and a related Antarctic lichen, Stereocaulon alpinum, identified 45 BGC families, linking lichen PKSs to 15 previously characterized PKSs in nonlichenized fungi. Among these, we identified highly syntenic BGCs found exclusively in lichens producing atranorin (a depside). Heterologous expression of the putative atranorin PKS gene (coined atr1) yielded 4-O-demethylbarbatic acid, found in many lichens as a precursor compound, indicating an intermolecular cross-linking activity of Atr1 for depside formation. Subsequent introductions of tailoring enzymes into the heterologous host yielded atranorin, one of the most common cortical substances of macrolichens. Phylogenetic analysis of fungal PKS revealed that the Atr1 is in a novel PKS clade that included two conserved lichen-specific PKS families likely involved in biosynthesis of depsides and depsidones. Here, we provide a comprehensive catalog of PKS families of the genus Cladonia and functionally characterize a biosynthetic gene cluster from lichens, establishing a cornerstone for studying the genetics and chemical evolution of diverse lichen substances. IMPORTANCE Lichens play significant roles in ecosystem function and comprise about 20% of all known fungi. Polyketide-derived natural products accumulate in the cortical and medullary layers of lichen thalli, some of which play key roles in protection from biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g., herbivore attacks and UV irradiation). To date, however, no single lichen product has been linked to respective biosynthetic genes with genetic evidence. Here, we identified a gene cluster family responsible for biosynthesis of atranorin, a cortical substance found in diverse lichen species, by categorizing lichen polyketide synthase and reconstructing the atranorin biosynthetic pathway in a heterologous host. This study will help elucidate lichen secondary metabolism, harnessing the lichen's chemical diversity, hitherto obscured due to limited genetic information on lichens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonyong Kim
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Rundong Liu
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Sunmin Woo
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
- Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Ho Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
- Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yoon Oh
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Ji Ho Yang
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
- Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim W, Jeong MH, Yun SH, Hur JS. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies a Gene Cluster for the Biosynthesis of Biruloquinone, a Rare Phenanthraquinone, in a Lichen-Forming Fungus Cladonia macilenta. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:398. [PMID: 34065383 PMCID: PMC8161216 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens are prolific producers of natural products of polyketide origin. We previously described a culture of lichen-forming fungus (LFF) Cladonia macilenta that produces biruloquinone, a purple pigment that is a phenanthraquinone rarely found in nature. However, there was no genetic information on the biosynthesis of biruloquinone. To identify a biosynthetic gene cluster for biruloquinone, we mined polyketide synthase (PKS) genes from the genome sequence of a LFF isolated from thalli of C. macilenta. The 38 PKS in C. macilenta are highly diverse, many of which form phylogenetic clades with PKS previously characterized in non-lichenized fungi. We compared transcriptional profiles of the 38 PKS genes in two chemotypic variants, one producing biruloquinone and the other producing no appreciable metabolite in vitro. We identified a PKS gene (hereafter PKS21) that was highly upregulated in the LFF that produces biruloquinone. The boundaries of a putative biruloquinone gene cluster were demarcated by co-expression patterns of six clustered genes, including the PKS21. Biruloquinone gene clusters exhibited a high degree of synteny between related species. In this study we identified a novel PKS family responsible for the biosynthesis of biruloquinone through whole-transcriptome analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonyong Kim
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Min-Hye Jeong
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea;
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim DW, Shin YK, Lee SW, Wimonmuang K, Kang KB, Lee YS, Yun SH. FgPKS7 is an essential player in mating-type-mediated regulatory pathway required for completing sexual cycle in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1972-1990. [PMID: 33169919 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolism is intimately linked to developmental processes in filamentous fungi. In a previous study, we revealed that several polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, including FgPKS7, are specifically induced during formation of the sexual fruiting body (perithecium) in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The function of PKS7, which is essential for perithecial development and hyphal growth, is interchangeable between two phylogenetically related species, F. graminearum and F. asiaticum, but not conserved in the more distantly related species F. fujikuroi and F. neocosmosporiellum. FgPKS7 is under the control of global or upstream regulators including the mating-type (MAT) locus and regulates numerous downstream genes that are transcriptionally specific to and functionally essential for sexual development, several other PKS genes, and ABC transporter genes for azole resistance in F. graminearum. FgPKS7 is an essential element for proper sexual development and participates in a regulatory network controlled by the MAT locus. Although the chemical identity of FgPKS7 remains unclear, FgPKS7 is likely involved in chemical reaction(s) for synthesis of metabolite(s) that control or promote perithecial maturation in F. graminearum. This study provides in-depth insights into the direct role of secondary metabolites in sexual development of filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanphassorn Wimonmuang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sang Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jang JY, Baek SG, Choi JH, Kim S, Kim J, Kim DW, Yun SH, Lee T. Characterization of Nivalenol-Producing Fusarium asiaticum That Causes Cereal Head Blight in Korea. Plant Pathol J 2019; 35:543-552. [PMID: 31832035 PMCID: PMC6901258 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.06.2019.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium asiaticum of the F. graminearum species complex causes head blight in small-grain cereals. The nivalenol (NIV) chemotypes of F. asiaticum is more common than the deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotypes of F. asiaticum or F. graminearum in Korea. To understand the prevalence of F. asiaticum-NIV in Korean cereals, we characterized the biological traits of 80 cereal isolates of F. asiaticum producing NIV or 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 54 F. graminearum with 3-ADON or 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON). There was no significant difference in mycelial growth between the chemotypes, but F. asiaticum isolates grew approximately 30% faster than F. graminearum isolates on potato dextrose agar. Sexual and asexual reproduction capacities differed markedly between the two species. Both chemotypes of F. graminearum (3-ADON and 15-ADON) produced significantly higher numbers of perithecia and conidia than F. asiaticum-NIV. The highest level of mycotoxins (sum of trichothecenes and zearalenone) was produced by F. graminearum-3-ADON on rice medium, followed by F. graminearum-15-ADON, F. asiaticum-3-ADON, and F. asiaticum-NIV. Zearalenone levels were correlated with DON levels in some chemotypes, but not with NIV levels. Disease assessment on barley, maize, rice, and wheat revealed that both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum isolates were virulent toward all crops tested. However, there is a tendency that virulence levels of F. asiaticum-NIV isolates on rice were higher than those of F. graminearum isolates. Taken together, the phenotypic traits found among the Korean F. asiaticum-NIV isolates suggest an association with their host adaptation to certain environments in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ja Yeong Jang
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Seul Gi Baek
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Sosoo Kim
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Jeomsoon Kim
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyanag University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyanag University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Choi JH, Lee S, Nah JY, Kim HK, Paek JS, Lee S, Ham H, Hong SK, Yun SH, Lee T. Species composition of and fumonisin production by the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex isolated from Korean cereals. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 267:62-69. [PMID: 29291460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To assess the risk of fumonisin contamination in Korean cereals, we isolated colonies of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) from barley, maize, rice and soybean samples from 2011 to 2015. A total of 878 FFSC strains were isolated mostly from maize and rice, and species identity of the isolates were determined using the DNA sequence of the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α) and RNA polymerase II (RPB2) genes. Fusaria recovered from Korean cereals included F. fujikuroi (317 isolates and a frequency of 36%), F. proliferatum (212 isolates and 24.1%), F. verticillioides (170 isolates and 19.4%), F. concentricum (86 strains and 9.8%), F. andiyazi (56 isolates and 6.4%), F. subglutinans (28 isolates and 3.2%), F. thapsinum (5 isolates and 0.6%), and F. circinatum (2 isolates and 0.2%). The rice samples were dominated by F. fujikuroi (47.4%), F. proliferatum (27.3%), and F. concentricum (15.1%), whereas maize samples were dominated by F. verticillioides (33.9%), F. fujikuroi (25.3%), and F. proliferatum (21.1%). A phylogenetic analysis of 70 representative isolates demonstrated that each species was resolved as genealogically exclusive in the ML tree. Fumonisin production potential was evaluated using a PCR assay for the fumonisin biosynthesis gene, FUM1 in all of the isolates. Most of the isolates tested (94%) were positive for FUM1. All of the isolates assigned to F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides and F. thapsinum were positive for FUM1 irrespective of their host origin. Seventy-seven representative isolates positive for FUM1 were examined for fumonisin production in rice medium. The majority of F. proliferatum (26/27, 96.3%), F. verticillioides (16/17, 94.1%) and F. fujikuroi (19/25, 76.0%) produced both FB1 and FB2. Notably, 16 of 19 fumonisin-producing F. fujikuroi produced >1000μg/g of fumonisins (FB1+FB2) in rice medium, which is higher than that in previous reports. These results suggest that F. fujikuroi can produce high levels of fumonisins similar to F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hye Choi
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seolhee Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Nah
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Paek
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyung Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonheui Ham
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kee Hong
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Paik JH, Jung HM, Yun SH, Lee JS, Han SB, Kim JS, Kim JH. Spontaneous Rupture of Abdominal Aorta after Seizure in a 23-Year-Old Woman: A Case Report. HONG KONG J EMERG ME 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/102490791402100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous non-aneurysmal aortic rupture is a rare and life threatening clinical entity. A 23-year-old female patient who visited a nearby hospital due to intractable seizure was transferred to our hospital with the impression of hypotension and decreased level of haemoglobin. She had a history of seizure attacks once a month. However, in the 2 weeks before presentation, the frequency of seizure attacks had increased to 2 to 3 times a day. An abdominal-pelvic computed tomogram scan showed extravasation of contrast from the abdominal aorta at L3 level. An emergency laparotomy revealed a 0.3 cm diameter tear in the posterior wall of the aorta, superior to the iliac bifurcation. We discuss the mechanism of spontaneous aortic rupture and the possibility of aortic rupture related to seizure attacks. (Hong Kong j.emerg.med. 2014;21:103-106)
Collapse
|
10
|
Niehaus EM, Kim HK, Münsterkötter M, Janevska S, Arndt B, Kalinina SA, Houterman PM, Ahn IP, Alberti I, Tonti S, Kim DW, Sieber CMK, Humpf HU, Yun SH, Güldener U, Tudzynski B. Comparative genomics of geographically distant Fusarium fujikuroi isolates revealed two distinct pathotypes correlating with secondary metabolite profiles. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006670. [PMID: 29073267 PMCID: PMC5675463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi causes bakanae ("foolish seedling") disease of rice which is characterized by hyper-elongation of seedlings resulting from production of gibberellic acids (GAs) by the fungus. This plant pathogen is also known for production of harmful mycotoxins, such as fusarins, fusaric acid, apicidin F and beauvericin. Recently, we generated the first de novo genome sequence of F. fujikuroi strain IMI 58289 combined with extensive transcriptional, epigenetic, proteomic and chemical product analyses. GA production was shown to provide a selective advantage during infection of the preferred host plant rice. Here, we provide genome sequences of eight additional F. fujikuroi isolates from distant geographic regions. The isolates differ in the size of chromosomes, most likely due to variability of subtelomeric regions, the type of asexual spores (microconidia and/or macroconidia), and the number and expression of secondary metabolite gene clusters. Whilst most of the isolates caused the typical bakanae symptoms, one isolate, B14, caused stunting and early withering of infected seedlings. In contrast to the other isolates, B14 produced no GAs but high amounts of fumonisins during infection on rice. Furthermore, it differed from the other isolates by the presence of three additional polyketide synthase (PKS) genes (PKS40, PKS43, PKS51) and the absence of the F. fujikuroi-specific apicidin F (NRPS31) gene cluster. Analysis of additional field isolates confirmed the strong correlation between the pathotype (bakanae or stunting/withering), and the ability to produce either GAs or fumonisins. Deletion of the fumonisin and fusaric acid-specific PKS genes in B14 reduced the stunting/withering symptoms, whereas deletion of the PKS51 gene resulted in elevated symptom development. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two subclades of F. fujikuroi strains according to their pathotype and secondary metabolite profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Birgit Arndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Svetlana A. Kalinina
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Petra M. Houterman
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Il-Pyung Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilaria Alberti
- CREA-CIN Sede di Rovigo, Viale Giovanni Amendola, 82, 45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Stefano Tonti
- CREA-SCS Sede di Bologna, Via di Corticella, 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian M. K. Sieber
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, University of California, Walnut Creek, Berkeley, California
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (BT); (UG); (SY)
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail: (BT); (UG); (SY)
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail: (BT); (UG); (SY)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yun SH, Kim HK, Lee T, Turgeon BG. Self-fertility in Chromocrea spinulosa is a consequence of direct repeat-mediated loss of MAT1-2, subsequent imbalance of nuclei differing in mating type, and recognition between unlike nuclei in a common cytoplasm. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006981. [PMID: 28892488 PMCID: PMC5608430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Chromocrea spinulosa (Trichoderma spinulosum) exhibits both self-fertile (homothallic) and self-sterile (heterothallic) sexual reproductive behavior. Self-fertile strains produce progeny cohorts that are 50% homothallic, 50% heterothallic. Heterothallic progeny can mate only with homothallic strains, and progeny also segregate 50% homothallic, 50% heterothallic. Sequencing of the mating type (MAT) region of homothallic and heterothallic strains revealed that both carry an intact MAT1-1 locus with three MAT1-1 genes (MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2, MAT1-1-3), as previously described for the Sordariomycete group of filamentous fungi. Homothallic strains, however, have a second version of MAT with the MAT1-2 locus genetically linked to MAT1-1. In this version, the MAT1-1-1 open reading frame is split into a large and small fragment and the truncated ends are bordered by 115bp direct repeats (DR). The MAT1-2-1 gene and additional sequences are inserted between the repeats. To understand the mechanism whereby C. spinulosa can exhibit both homothallic and heterothallic behavior, we utilized molecular manipulation to delete one of the DRs from a homothallic strain and insert MAT1-2 into a heterothallic strain. Mating assays indicated that: i) the DRs are key to homothallic behavior, ii) looping out of MAT1-2-1 via intra-molecular homologous recombination between the DRs in self-fertile strains results in two nuclear types in an individual (one carrying both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 and one carrying MAT1-1 only), iii) self-fertility is achieved by inter-nuclear recognition between these two nuclear types before meiosis, iv) the two types of nuclei are in unequal proportion, v) having both an intact MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 gene in a single nucleus is not sufficient for self-fertility, and vi) the large truncated MAT1-1-1 fragment is expressed. Comparisons with MAT regions of Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma virens suggest that several crossovers between misaligned parental MAT chromosomes may have led to the MAT architecture of homothallic C. spinulosa. Fungi employ one of two mating tactics for sexual reproduction: self-sterile/heterothallic species can mate only with a genetically distinct partner while self-fertile/homothallic species do not require a partner. In ascomycetes, sexual reproduction is controlled by master regulators encoded by the mating-type (MAT) locus. The architecture of MAT differs in heterothallic versus homothallic species; heterothallics carry one of two forms (MAT1-1 or MAT1-2) per nucleus, whereas most homothallics carry both MAT forms in a single nucleus. There are intriguing exceptions. For example, the yeast models, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe undergo reversible MAT switching, not demonstrated in filamentous fungi. Here, we describe the mating mechanism in Chromocrea spinulosa (Trichoderma spinulosum), a filamentous ascomycete that exhibits both homothallic and heterothallic behavior. Self-fertile strains produce progeny cohorts that are 50% homothallic, 50% heterothallic. Self-sterile strains can mate only with homothallic strains, and when this occurs, homothallic and heterothallic progeny are also produced in a 1:1 ratio. By MAT sequencing and manipulation, we discovered unique MAT architecture and determined that self-fertility is achieved by deletion of MAT1-2 from most homothallic nuclei and subsequent inter-nuclear recognition between the resulting two, unevenly present, nuclear types in a common cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SHY); (BGT)
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - B. Gillian Turgeon
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SHY); (BGT)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Suhardi VJ, Bichara DA, Kwok S, Freiberg AA, Rubash H, Malchau H, Yun SH, Muratoglu OK, Oral E. A Fully Functional Drug-Eluting Joint Implant. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1:0080. [PMID: 29354321 PMCID: PMC5773111 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in orthopedic materials, the development of drug-eluting bone and joint implants that can sustain the delivery of the drug and maintain the necessary mechanical strength in order to withstand loading has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that modifying the eccentricity of drug clusters and the percolation threshold in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) results in maximized drug elution and in the retention of mechanical strength. The optimized UHMWPE eluted antibiotic at a higher concentration for longer than the clinical gold standard antibiotic-eluting bone cement while retaining the mechanical and wear properties of clinically used UHMWPE joint prostheses. Treatment of lapine knees infected with Staphylococcus aureus with the antibiotic-eluting UHMWPE led to complete bacterial eradication and to the absence of detectable systemic effects. We argue that the antibiotic-eluting UHMWPE joint implant is a promising candidate for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V J Suhardi
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
- Department of Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - D A Bichara
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - Sjj Kwok
- Department of Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Wellmann Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - A A Freiberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - H Rubash
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - H Malchau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - S H Yun
- Department of Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Wellmann Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - O K Muratoglu
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - E Oral
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Won BY, Park KC, Lee SH, Yun SH, Kim MJ, Park KS, Kim YS, Haam JH, Kim HY, Kim HJ, Park KH. Sex Difference in the Association between Serum Homocysteine Level and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Korean J Fam Med 2016; 37:242-7. [PMID: 27468343 PMCID: PMC4961857 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.4.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between serum homocysteine levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the sex-specific relationship between serum homocysteine level and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Korean population. Methods This cross-sectional study included 150 men and 132 women who participated in medical examination programs in Korea from January 2014 to December 2014. Patients were screened for fatty liver by abdominal ultrasound and patient blood samples were collected to measure homocysteine levels. Patients that consumed more than 20 grams of alcohol per day were excluded from this study. Results The homocysteine level (11.56 vs. 8.05 nmol/L) and the proportion of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (60.7% vs. 19.7%) were significantly higher in men than in women. In men, elevated serum homocysteine levels were associated with a greater prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (quartile 1, 43.6%; quartile 4, 80.6%; P=0.01); however, in females, there was no significant association between serum homocysteine levels and the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In the logistic regression model adjusted for age and potential confounding parameters, the odds ratio for men was significantly higher in the uppermost quartile (model 3, quartile 4: odds ratio, 6.78; 95% confidential interval, 1.67 to 27.56); however, serum homocysteine levels in women were not associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the crude model or in models adjusted for confounders. Conclusion Serum homocysteine levels were associated with the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Youn Won
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chae Park
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Moon-Jong Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kye-Seon Park
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young-Sang Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Haam
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyung-Yuk Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Park
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim DW, Kim GY, Kim HK, Kim J, Jeon SJ, Lee CW, Lee HB, Yun SH. Characterization of Nivalenol-Producing Fusarium culmorum Isolates Obtained from the Air at a Rice Paddy Field in Korea. Plant Pathol J 2016; 32:182-189. [PMID: 27298593 PMCID: PMC4892814 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2015.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Together with the Fusarium graminearum species complex, F. culmorum is a major member of the causal agents of Fusarium head blight on cereals such as wheat, barley and corn. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in the contamination of grain with mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and animals. In Korea, F. culmorum is listed as a quarantine fungal species since it has yet to be found in the country. In this paper, we report that two isolates (J1 and J2) of F. culmorum were collected from the air at a rice paddy field in Korea. Species identification was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using multi-locus sequence data derived from five genes encoding translation elongation factor, histone H3, phosphate permease, a reductase, and an ammonia ligase and by morphological comparison with reference strains. Both diagnostic PCR and chemical analysis confirmed that these F. culmorum isolates had the capacity to produce nivalenol, the trichothecene mycotoxin, in rice substrate. In addition, both isolates were pathogenic on wheat heads and corn stalks. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. culmorum in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Gi-Yong Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Jueun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Sun Jeong Jeon
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Chul Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yun SH, Kim MJ, Choi BH, Park KC, Park KS, Kim YS. Low Level of Osteocalcin Is Related With Arterial Stiffness in Korean Adults: An Inverse J-Shaped Relationship. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:96-102. [PMID: 26529629 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The relationship between bone turnover markers and atherosclerosis is controversial. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the association of arterial stiffness with the levels of osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study included 1691 men and 1913 women who participated in the medical examination programs of a hospital from March 2008 to December 2011. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Arterial stiffness was estimated by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Osteocalcin and CTx were assayed by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS The mean baPWV was elevated at both ends of the osteocalcin quintiles in both men and women. However, the adjusted mean was higher in the lowest quintile of osteocalcin than in the other quintiles in men and women. Before adjustment, negative and positive relationships of baPWV with the levels of osteocalcin and CTx were observed in men (β = -0.123 and -0.078 for osteocalcin and CTx, respectively) and women (β = 0.151 and 0.193), respectively. After adjustment for age and metabolic parameters, osteocalcin was negatively related with baPWV at lower osteocalcin levels (Q1-Q2) in both sexes (in the fully adjusted model, β = -0.090 for men and -0.053 for women). No significant relationship was observed at higher values. The osteocalcin level was fit for a quadratic model for baPWV showing an inverse J-shape. CONCLUSIONS The level of serum osteocalcin showed an inverse J-shaped relationship with arterial stiffness in both men and women. However, the association between the CTx level and arterial stiffness was not significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Family Medicine (S.-H.Y., M.J.K., K.-C.P., K.-S.P., Y.-S.K.), CHA Bundang Medical Centre, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea 13496; and Department of Family Medicine (B.-h.C.), Chaum Medical Checkup Center Samseongdong Branch, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 06168
| | - Moon Jong Kim
- Department of Family Medicine (S.-H.Y., M.J.K., K.-C.P., K.-S.P., Y.-S.K.), CHA Bundang Medical Centre, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea 13496; and Department of Family Medicine (B.-h.C.), Chaum Medical Checkup Center Samseongdong Branch, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 06168
| | - Beom-hee Choi
- Department of Family Medicine (S.-H.Y., M.J.K., K.-C.P., K.-S.P., Y.-S.K.), CHA Bundang Medical Centre, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea 13496; and Department of Family Medicine (B.-h.C.), Chaum Medical Checkup Center Samseongdong Branch, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 06168
| | - Kyung-Chae Park
- Department of Family Medicine (S.-H.Y., M.J.K., K.-C.P., K.-S.P., Y.-S.K.), CHA Bundang Medical Centre, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea 13496; and Department of Family Medicine (B.-h.C.), Chaum Medical Checkup Center Samseongdong Branch, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 06168
| | - Kye-Seon Park
- Department of Family Medicine (S.-H.Y., M.J.K., K.-C.P., K.-S.P., Y.-S.K.), CHA Bundang Medical Centre, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea 13496; and Department of Family Medicine (B.-h.C.), Chaum Medical Checkup Center Samseongdong Branch, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 06168
| | - Young-Sang Kim
- Department of Family Medicine (S.-H.Y., M.J.K., K.-C.P., K.-S.P., Y.-S.K.), CHA Bundang Medical Centre, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea 13496; and Department of Family Medicine (B.-h.C.), Chaum Medical Checkup Center Samseongdong Branch, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 06168
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim HK, Jo SM, Kim GY, Kim DW, Kim YK, Yun SH. A Large-Scale Functional Analysis of Putative Target Genes of Mating-Type Loci Provides Insight into the Regulation of Sexual Development of the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005486. [PMID: 26334536 PMCID: PMC4559316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight in cereal crops, produces sexual progeny (ascospore) as an important overwintering and dissemination strategy for completing the disease cycle. This homothallic ascomycetous species does not require a partner for sexual mating; instead, it carries two opposite mating-type (MAT) loci in a single nucleus to control sexual development. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of sexual development in F. graminearum, we used in-depth and high-throughput analyses to examine the target genes controlled transcriptionally by two-linked MAT loci (MAT1-1, MAT1-2). We hybridized a genome-wide microarray with total RNAs from F. graminearum mutants that lacked each MAT locus individually or together, and overexpressed MAT1-2-1, as well as their wild-type progenitor, at an early stage of sexual development. A comparison of the gene expression levels revealed a total of 1,245 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among all of the mutants examined. Among these, genes involved in metabolism, cell wall organization, cellular response to stimuli, cell adhesion, fertilization, development, chromatin silencing, and signal transduction, were significantly enriched. Protein binding microarray analysis revealed the presence of putative core DNA binding sequences (ATTAAT or ATTGTT) for the HMG (high mobility group)-box motif in the MAT1-2-1 protein. Targeted deletion of 106 DEGs revealed 25 genes that were specifically required for sexual development, most of which were regulated transcriptionally by both the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 loci. Taken together with the expression patterns of key target genes, we propose a regulatory pathway for MAT-mediated sexual development, in which both MAT loci may be activated by several environmental cues via chromatin remodeling and/or signaling pathways, and then control the expression of at least 1,245 target genes during sexual development via regulatory cascades and/or networks involving several downstream transcription factors and a putative RNA interference pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Mi Jo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Yong Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ki Kim
- Division of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Sexual spores (ascospores) of Fusarium graminearum, a homothallic ascomycetous fungus, are believed to be the primary inocula for epidemics of the diseases caused by this species in cereal crops. Based on the light requirement for the formation of fruiting bodies (perithecia) of F. graminearum under laboratory conditions, we explored whether photoreceptors play an important role in sexual development. Here, we evaluated the roles of three genes encoding putative photoreceptors [a phytochrome gene (FgFph) and two white collar genes (FgWc-1 and FgWc-2)] during sexual development in F. graminearum. For functional analyses, we generated transgenic strains lacking one or two genes from the self-fertile Z3643 strain. Unlike the wild-type (WT) and add-back strains, the single deletion strains (ΔFgWc-1 and ΔFgWc-2) produced fertile perithecia under constant light on complete medium (CM, an unfavorable medium for sexual development) as well as on carrot agar (a perithecial induction condition). The expression of mating-type (MAT) genes increased significantly in the gene deletion strains compared to the WT under both conditions. Deletion of FgFph had no significant effect on sexual development or MAT gene expression. In contrast, all of the deletion strains examined did not show significant changes in other traits such as hyphal growth, mycotoxin production, and virulence. A split luciferase assay confirmed the in vivo protein-protein interactions among three photoreceptors along with FgLaeA, a global regulator of secondary metabolism and fungal development. Introduction of an intact copy of the A. nidulans LreA and LreB genes, which are homologs of FgWc-1 and FgWc-2, into the ΔFgWc-1 and ΔFgWc-2 strains, respectively, failed to repress perithecia formation on CM in the gene deletion strains. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FgWc-1 and FgWc-2, two central components of the blue-light sensing system, negatively regulate sexual development in F. graminearum, which differs from the regulation pattern in A. nidulans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hun Kim
- Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brown DW, Lee SH, Kim LH, Ryu JG, Lee S, Seo Y, Kim YH, Busman M, Yun SH, Proctor RH, Lee T. Identification of a 12-gene Fusaric Acid Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in Fusarium Species Through Comparative and Functional Genomics. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2015; 28:319-32. [PMID: 25372119 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0264-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In fungi, genes involved in biosynthesis of a secondary metabolite (SM) are often located adjacent to one another in the genome and are coordinately regulated. These SM biosynthetic gene clusters typically encode enzymes, one or more transcription factors, and a transport protein. Fusaric acid is a polyketide-derived SM produced by multiple species of the fungal genus Fusarium. This SM is of concern because it is toxic to animals and, therefore, is considered a mycotoxin and may contribute to plant pathogenesis. Preliminary descriptions of the fusaric acid (FA) biosynthetic gene (FUB) cluster have been reported in two Fusarium species, the maize pathogen F. verticillioides and the rice pathogen F. fujikuroi. The cluster consisted of five genes and did not include a transcription factor or transporter gene. Here, analysis of the FUB region in F. verticillioides, F. fujikuroi, and F. oxysporum, a plant pathogen with multiple hosts, indicates the FUB cluster consists of at least 12 genes (FUB1 to FUB12). Deletion analysis confirmed that nine FUB genes, including two Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor genes, are required for production of wild-type levels of FA. Comparisons of FUB cluster homologs across multiple Fusarium isolates and species revealed insertion of non-FUB genes at one or two locations in some homologs. Although the ability to produce FA contributed to the phytotoxicity of F. oxysporum culture extracts, lack of production did not affect virulence of F. oxysporum on cactus or F. verticillioides on maize seedlings. These findings provide new insights into the genetic and biochemical processes required for FA production.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee T, Lee SH, Shin JY, Kim HK, Yun SH, Kim HY, Lee S, Ryu JG. Comparison of Trichothecene Biosynthetic Gene Expression between Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium asiaticum. Plant Pathol J 2014; 30:33-42. [PMID: 25288983 PMCID: PMC4174835 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.11.2013.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are predominant Fusarium-producing mycotoxins found in grains, which are mainly produced by Fusarium asiaticum and F. graminearum. NIV is found in most of cereals grown in Korea, but the genetic basis for NIV production by F. asiaticum has not been extensively explored. In this study, 12 genes belonging to the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster were compared at the transcriptional level between two NIV-producing F. asiaticum and four DON-producing F. graminearum strains. Chemical analysis revealed that time-course toxin production patterns over 14 days did not differ between NIV and DON strains, excluding F. asiaticum R308, which was a low NIV producer. Both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Northern analysis revealed that the majority of TRI gene transcripts peaked at day 2 in both NIV and DON producers, which is 2 days earlier than trichothecene accumulation in liquid medium. Comparison of the gene expression profiles identified an NIV-specific pattern in two transcription factor-encoding TRI genes (TRI6 and TRI10) and TRI101, which showed two gene expression peaks during both the early and late incubation periods. In addition, the amount of trichothecenes produced by both DON and NIV producers were correlated with the expression levels of TRI genes, regardless of the trichothecene chemotypes. Therefore, the reduced production of NIV by R308 compared to NIV or DON by the other strains may be attributable to the significantly lower expression levels of the TRI genes, which showed early expression patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
- Co-corresponding authors. T. Lee, Phone) +82-31-290-0451, FAX) +82-31-290-0407, E-mail)
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Ginseng Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea
| | - Jean Young Shin
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Korea
- S-H. Yun, Phone) +82-41-530-1288, FAX) +82-41-530-3085 E-mail),
| | - Hwang-Yong Kim
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Soohyung Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
| | - Jae-Gee Ryu
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hwang IS, Kang WR, Hwang DJ, Bae SC, Yun SH, Ahn IP. Evaluation of bakanae disease progression caused by Fusarium fujikuroi in Oryza sativa L. J Microbiol 2013; 51:858-65. [PMID: 24385365 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi is an important fungal disease in rice. Among the seven strains isolated from symptomatic rice grains in this study, one strain, FfB14, triggered severe root growth inhibition and decay in the crown and root of rice seedlings. The remaining six strains caused typical Bakanae symptoms such as etiolation and abnormal succulent rice growth. To reveal the relationship between mycelial growth in the infected tissues and Bakanae disease progression, we have established a reliable quantification method using real time PCR that employs a primer pair and dual-labeled probe specific to a unigene encoding F. fujikuroi PNG1 (FfPNG1), which is located upstream of the fumonisin biosynthesis gene cluster. Plotting the crossing point (CP) values from the infected tissue DNAs on a standard curve revealed the active fungal growth of FfB14 in the root and crown of rice seedlings, while the growth rate of FfB20 in rice was more than 4 times lower than FfB14. Massive infective mycelial growth of FfB14 was evident in rice stems and crown; however, FfB20 did not exhibit vigorous growth. Our quantitative evaluation system is applicable for the identification of fungal virulence factors other than gibberellin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim HK, Lee S, Jo SM, McCormick SP, Butchko RAE, Proctor RH, Yun SH. Functional roles of FgLaeA in controlling secondary metabolism, sexual development, and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68441. [PMID: 23874628 PMCID: PMC3713025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight in cereal crops, produces mycotoxins such as trichothecenes and zearalenone in infected plants. Here, we focused on the function of FgLaeA in F. graminearum, a homolog of Aspergillus nidulans LaeA encoding the global regulator for both secondary metabolism and sexual development. Prior to gene analysis, we constructed a novel luciferase reporter system consisting of a transgenic F. graminearum strain expressing a firefly luciferase gene under control of the promoter for either TRI6 or ZEB2 controlling the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Targeted deletion of FgLaeA led to a dramatic reduction of luminescence in reporter strains, indicating that FgLaeA controls the expression of these transcription factors in F. graminearum; reduced toxin accumulation was further confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Overexpression of FgLaeA caused the increased production of trichothecenes and additional metabolites. RNA seq-analysis revealed that gene member(s) belonging to ~70% of total tentative gene clusters, which were previously proposed, were differentially expressed in the ΔFgLaeA strain. In addition, ΔFgLaeA strains exhibited an earlier induction of sexual fruiting body (perithecia) formation and drastically reduced disease symptoms in wheat, indicating that FgLaeA seems to negatively control perithecial induction, but positively control virulence toward the host plant. FgLaeA was constitutively expressed under both mycotoxin production and sexual development conditions. Overexpression of a GFP-FgLaeA fusion construct in the ΔFgLaeA strain restored all phenotypic changes to wild-type levels and led to constitutive expression of GFP in both nuclei and cytoplasm at different developmental stages. A split luciferase assay demonstrated that FgLaeA was able to interact with FgVeA, a homolog of A. nidulans veA. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FgLaeA, a member of putative FgVeA complex, controls secondary metabolism, sexual development, and virulence in F. graminearum, although the specific regulation pattern differs from that of LaeA in A. nidulans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Mi Jo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan P. McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert A. E. Butchko
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Proctor
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee JH, Lee JM, Kim SJ, Baek JH, Yun SH, Kim KW, Han JK, Choi BI. Enhancement patterns of hepatocellular carcinomas on multiphasicmultidetector row CT: comparison with pathological differentiation. Br J Radiol 2012; 85:e573-83. [PMID: 22919011 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/86767895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of typical and atypical enhancement patterns of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) on multiphasic multidetector row CT (MDCT) and to correlate the enhancement patterns and morphological image findings of HCC with the degree of tumour differentiation. METHODS MDCT images of 217 patients with 243 surgically proven HCCs were evaluated through consensus reading by two radiologists. Our MDCT protocol was composed of precontrast, arterial, portal and delayed phases. The reviewers analysed the CT images for degree of attenuation; relative timing of washout; presence of dysmorphic intratumoral vessels, aneurysms and necrosis; tumour size; tumour margin; presence of pseudocapsule; intratumoral heterogeneity; and determined enhancement pattern. The imaging features were correlated with tumour differentiation using Fisher's exact test or the χ(2) test. RESULTS Among 243 HCCs, 137 (56.4%) showed the typical enhancement pattern of HCC, which is arterial enhancement and washout on portal or equilibrium phase images. In the arterial phase, 190 of 243 (78.2%) HCCs showed hypervascularity, with approximately three quarters of poorly differentiated (PD) (34 of 45, 75.6%) and moderately differentiated (MD) HCCs (92 of 123, 74.8%) showing washout during the portal or delayed phases, vs only 50% of well-differentiated (WD) HCCs (11 of 22; p<0.048). The presence of intratumoral vessels and aneurysms, tumour necrosis, attenuation of precontrast, the relative timing of washout, intratumoral attenuation heterogeneity, tumour margin and tumour size were correlated with the pathological differentiation of HCCs (p<0.05). CONCLUSION A typical enhancement of HCCs on MDCT was not unusual (43.6%) and WD and PD HCCs account for most of the atypical enhancement patterns. Early washout favoured MD and PD HCCs rather than WD HCCs, whereas in our study the presence of intratumoral aneurysm was a highly specific finding for PD HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Park SU, Min YW, Shin JU, Choi JH, Kim YH, Kim JJ, Cho YB, Kim HC, Yun SH, Lee WY, Chun HK, Chang DK. Endoscopic submucosal dissection or transanal endoscopic microsurgery for nonpolypoid rectal high grade dysplasia and submucosa-invading rectal cancer. Endoscopy 2012; 44:1031-6. [PMID: 23012217 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1310015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has been shown to be highly effective for early rectal cancer, and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been introduced to treat noninvasive colorectal neoplasia. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of ESD and TEM for superficial early rectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 63 patients with nonpolypoid rectal high grade dysplasia or submucosa-invading cancer who were treated with ESD or TEM, and compared clinical outcomes and safety between the treatment groups. RESULTS 30 patients underwent ESD and 33 underwent TEM. For ESD compared with TEM, en bloc resection rates were 96.7% vs. 100% (P = 0.476) and R0 resection rates were 96.7 % vs. 97.0 % (P = 1.000). There were no cases of local recurrence or distant metastasis in either group. Antibiotics were required in 11 patients (36.7%) in the ESD group and 33 (100%) in the TEM group (P < 0.001). There was no difference in net procedure time although ESD was associated with shorter total procedure time and hospital stay than TEM, with mean (standard deviation [SD]) 84.0 (51.2) vs. 116.4 (58.5) min (P = 0.0023), and 3.6 (1.2) vs. 6.6 (3.5) days (P < 0.001), respectively. There were no significant differences in complications between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Both ESD and TEM are effective and oncologically safe for treating nonpolypoid rectal high grade dysplasia and submucosa-invading cancers. ESD has the additional advantages of minimal invasiveness and avoidance of anesthesia. Therefore, ESD could be recommended as a treatment option for superficial early rectal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S U Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim HK, Cho EJ, Lee S, Lee YS, Yun SH. Functional analyses of individual mating-type transcripts atMATloci inFusarium graminearumandFusarium asiaticum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 337:89-96. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Soonchunhyang University; Asan; South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Cho
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Soonchunhyang University; Asan; South Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Soonchunhyang University; Asan; South Korea
| | - Young-Sang Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Soonchunhyang University; Asan; South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Soonchunhyang University; Asan; South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee J, Myong K, Kim JE, Kim HK, Yun SH, Lee YW. FgVelB globally regulates sexual reproduction, mycotoxin production and pathogenicity in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:1723-1733. [PMID: 22516221 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.059188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The velvet genes are conserved in ascomycetous fungi and function as global regulators of differentiation and secondary metabolism. Here, we characterized one of the velvet genes, designated FgVelB, in the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, which causes fusarium head blight in cereals and produces mycotoxins within plants. FgVelB-deleted (ΔFgVelB) strains produced fewer aerial mycelia with less pigmentation than those of the wild-type (WT) during vegetative growth. Under sexual development conditions, the ΔFgVelB strains produced no fruiting bodies but retained male fertility, and conidiation was threefold higher compared with the WT strain. Production of trichothecene and zearalenone was dramatically reduced compared with the WT strain. In addition, the ΔFgVelB strains were incapable of colonizing host plant tissues. Transcript analyses revealed that FgVelB was highly expressed during the sexual development stage, and may be regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Microarray analysis showed that FgVelB affects regulatory pathways mediated by the mating-type loci and a G-protein alpha subunit, as well as primary and secondary metabolism. These results suggest that FgVelB has diverse biological functions, probably by acting as a member of a possible velvet protein complex, although identification of the FgVelB-FgVeA complex and the determination of its roles require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilseon Myong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Son H, Seo YS, Min K, Park AR, Lee J, Jin JM, Lin Y, Cao P, Hong SY, Kim EK, Lee SH, Cho A, Lee S, Kim MG, Kim Y, Kim JE, Kim JC, Choi GJ, Yun SH, Lim JY, Kim M, Lee YH, Choi YD, Lee YW. A phenome-based functional analysis of transcription factors in the cereal head blight fungus, Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002310. [PMID: 22028654 PMCID: PMC3197617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen that causes head blight of major cereal crops. The fungus produces mycotoxins that are harmful to animal and human. In this study, a systematic analysis of 17 phenotypes of the mutants in 657 Fusarium graminearum genes encoding putative transcription factors (TFs) resulted in a database of over 11,000 phenotypes (phenome). This database provides comprehensive insights into how this cereal pathogen of global significance regulates traits important for growth, development, stress response, pathogenesis, and toxin production and how transcriptional regulations of these traits are interconnected. In-depth analysis of TFs involved in sexual development revealed that mutations causing defects in perithecia development frequently affect multiple other phenotypes, and the TFs associated with sexual development tend to be highly conserved in the fungal kingdom. Besides providing many new insights into understanding the function of F. graminearum TFs, this mutant library and phenome will be a valuable resource for characterizing the gene expression network in this fungus and serve as a reference for studying how different fungi have evolved to control various cellular processes at the transcriptional level. Large collections of mutant lines allow for identification of gene functions. Here we constructed a mutant library of 657 putative transcription factors (TFs) through homologous recombination in the head blight fungus, Fusarium graminearum, providing a resource for understanding gene regulation in fungus. By screening these mutants in 17 phenotypic categories, we constructed a dataset of over 11,000 phenotypes. This study provides new insight into understanding multiple phenotypes caused by single TF as well as regulation of gene expression at the transcription level in F. graminearum. Furthermore, our TF mutant library will be a valuable resource for fungal studies through the distribution of mutants and easy access to our phenotypic and genetic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Peijian Cao
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sae-Yeon Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aram Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Gu Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Chemical Biotechnology Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon, Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Chemical Biotechnology Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Do Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lu SW, Yun SH, Lee T, Turgeon BG. Altering sexual reproductive mode by interspecific exchange of MAT loci. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:714-24. [PMID: 21514396 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sexual fungi can be self-sterile (heterothallic, requiring genetically distinct partners) or self-fertile (homothallic, no partner required). In most ascomycetes, a single mating type locus (MAT) controls the ability to reproduce sexually. In the genus Cochliobolus, all heterothallic species have either MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 (but never both) in different individuals whereas all homothallic species carry both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 in the same nucleus of an individual. It has been demonstrated, previously, that a MAT gene from homothallic Cochliobolus luttrellii can confer self-mating ability on a mat-deleted strain of its heterothallic relative, Cochliobolus heterostrophus. In this reciprocal study, we expressed, separately, the heterothallic C. heterostrophus MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes in a mat-deleted homothallic C. luttrellii strain and asked if this converts homothallic C. luttrellii to heterothallism. We report that: (1) A C. luttrellii transgenic strain carrying C. heterostrophus MAT1-1-1 and a C. luttrellii transgenic strain carrying C. heterostrophus MAT1-2-1 can mate in a heterothallic manner and the fertility of the cross is similar to that of a wild type C. luttrellii self. Full tetrads are always found. (2) A C. luttrellii transgenic strain carrying C. heterostrophus MAT1-1-1 can mate with the parental wild type C. luttrellii MAT1-1;MAT1-2 strain, indicating the latter is able to outcross, a result which was expected but has not been demonstrated previously. (3) A C. luttrellii transgenic strain carrying C. heterostrophus MAT1-2-1 cannot mate with the parental wild type C. luttrellii MAT1-1;MAT1-2 strain, indicating outcrossing specificity. (4) Each transgenic C. luttrellii strain, carrying only a single C. heterostrophus MAT gene, is able to self, although all pseudothecia produced are smaller than those of wild type and fertility is low (about 4-15% of the number of wild type asci). These data support the argument that in Cochliobolus spp., the primary determinant of reproductive mode is MAT itself, and that a heterothallic strain can be made homothallic or a homothallic strain can be made heterothallic by exchange of MAT genes. The selfing ability of transgenic C. luttrellii strains also suggests that both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes of C. heterostrophus carry equivalent transcription regulatory activities, each capable of promoting sexual development when alone, in a suitable genetic background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Wen Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oide S, Liu J, Yun SH, Wu D, Michev A, Choi MY, Horwitz BA, Turgeon BG. Histidine kinase two-component response regulator proteins regulate reproductive development, virulence, and stress responses of the fungal cereal pathogens Cochliobolus heterostrophus and Gibberella zeae. Eukaryot Cell 2010; 9:1867-80. [PMID: 21037181 PMCID: PMC3008274 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00150-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Histidine kinase (HK) phosphorelay signaling is a major mechanism by which fungi sense their environment. The maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus has 21 HK genes, 4 candidate response regulator (RR) genes (SSK1, SKN7, RIM15, REC1), and 1 gene (HPT1) encoding a histidine phosphotransfer domain protein. Because most HKs are expected to signal through RRs, these were chosen for deletion. Except for pigment and slight growth alterations for rim15 mutants, no measurable altered phenotypes were detected in rim15 or rec1 mutants. Ssk1p is required for virulence and affects fertility and proper timing of sexual development of heterothallic C. heterostrophus. Pseudothecia from crosses involving ssk1 mutants ooze masses of single ascospores, and tetrads cannot be found. Wild-type pseudothecia do not ooze. Ssk1p represses asexual spore proliferation during the sexual phase, and lack of it dampens asexual spore proliferation during vegetative growth, compared to that of the wild type. ssk1 mutants are heavily pigmented. Mutants lacking Skn7p do not display any of the above phenotypes; however, both ssk1 and skn7 mutants are hypersensitive to oxidative and osmotic stresses and ssk1 skn7 mutants are more exaggerated in their spore-type balance phenotype and more sensitive to stress than single mutants. ssk1 mutant phenotypes largely overlap hog1 mutant phenotypes, and in both types of mutant, the Hog1 target gene, MST1, is not induced. ssk1 and hog1 mutants were examined in the homothallic cereal pathogen Gibberella zeae, and pathogenic and reproductive phases of development regulated by Ssk1 and Hog1 were found to mirror, but also vary from, those of C. heterostrophus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Oide
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Dongliang Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Alex Michev
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - May Yee Choi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - B. Gillian Turgeon
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kang HJ, Sigler L, Lee J, Gibas CFC, Yun SH, Lee YW. Xylogone ganodermophthora sp. nov., an ascomycetous pathogen causing yellow rot on cultivated mushroom Ganoderma lucidum in Korea. Mycologia 2010; 102:1167-84. [PMID: 20943517 DOI: 10.3852/09-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Yellow rot, caused by an ascomycetous fungus having a distinctive arthroconidial anamorph, is the most destructive disease of cultivated Ganoderma lucidum in Korea, but the identity of the yellow rot pathogen (YRP) remains uncertain. Isolates have been identified as Xylogone sphaerospora (with putative anamorph Sporendonema purpurascens) or as Arthrographis cuboidea. Therefore we used morphological features, pathogenicity tests and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal genes, including partial small subunit and internal transcribed spacer regions, and from the gene encoding RNA polymerase second largest subunit to evaluate the relationship between YRP isolates and these species. YRP isolates formed a distinct subgroup within a clade that included X. sphaerospora, A. cuboidea and Scytalidium lignicola, the type species of Scytalidium, but the disposition of the clade within the Leotiomycetes was uncertain. We describe Xylogone ganodermophthora sp. nov. and Scytalidium ganodermophthorum sp. nov. for the teleomorph and anamorph of YRP respectively. Arthrographis cuboidea is reclassified as Scytalidium cuboideum comb. nov., and the anamorph of X. sphaerospora is named Scytalidium sphaerosporum sp. nov. In pathogenicity tests only X. ganodermophthora caused disease in Ganoderma lucidum. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses showed that X. ganodermophthora populations from diseased fruiting bodies or from oak wood in Korea consisted of two clonal groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Kang
- Environment-friendly Agriculture Research Division, Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Cheongwon 363-883, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yun SH, Cho NZ. MONTE CARLO DEPLETION UNDER LEAKAGE-CORRECTED CRITICAL SPECTRUM VIA ALBEDO SEARCH. Nuclear Engineering and Technology 2010. [DOI: 10.5516/net.2010.42.3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
31
|
Hong SY, So J, Lee J, Min K, Son H, Park C, Yun SH, Lee YW. Functional analyses of two syntaxin-like SNARE genes, GzSYN1 and GzSYN2, in the ascomycete Gibberella zeae. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:364-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
32
|
Jin JM, Lee S, Lee J, Baek SR, Kim JC, Yun SH, Park SY, Kang S, Lee YW. Functional characterization and manipulation of the apicidin biosynthetic pathway in Fusarium semitectum. Mol Microbiol 2010; 76:456-66. [PMID: 20233305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apicidin is a cyclic tetrapeptide produced by certain isolates of Fusarium semitectum and has been shown to inhibit Apicomplexan histone deacetylase. An apicidin-producing strain (KCTC16676) of the filamentous fungus was mutated using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, resulting in 24 apicidin-deficient mutants. Three of the mutants had a T-DNA insertion in a gene that encodes a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). Results of sequence, expression, and gene deletion analyses defined an apicidin biosynthetic gene cluster, and the NRPS gene was named as apicidin synthetase gene 1 (APS1). A 63 kb region surrounding APS1 was sequenced and analysis revealed the presence of 19 genes. All of the genes including APS1 were individually deleted to determine their roles in apicidin biosynthesis. Chemical analyses of the mutant strains showed that eight genes are required for apicidin production and were used to propose an apicidin biosynthetic pathway. The apicidin analogues apicidin E, apicidin D(2) and apicidin B were identified from chemical analysis of the mutants. The cluster gene APS2, a putative transcription factor, was shown to regulate expression of the genes in the cluster and overexpression of APS2 increased apicidin production. This study establishes the apicidin biosynthetic pathway and provides new opportunities to improve the production of apicidin and produce new analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhong W, Celli JP, Rizvi I, Mai Z, Spring BQ, Yun SH, Hasan T. In vivo high-resolution fluorescence microendoscopy for ovarian cancer detection and treatment monitoring. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:2015-22. [PMID: 19920823 PMCID: PMC2795438 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In patients with advanced ovarian cancer (OvCa), microscopic residual tumour nodules that remain after surgical debulking frequently escape detection by current treatment assessment methods and lead to disease recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of high-resolution fibre-optic fluorescence imaging of the clinically approved photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent benzoporphyin-derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA) for detection of microscopic OvCa and for monitoring treatment response. Methods: Our fluorescence microendoscope consists of a flexible imaging fibre coupled to a custom epi-fluorescence system optimised for imaging BPD-MA, which, after a single administration, serves as both an imaging agent and a light-activated therapeutic agent. After characterisation in an in vitro OvCa 3D model, we used the flexible imaging fibre to minimally invasively image the peritoneal cavity of a disseminated OvCa murine model using BPD-MA administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). To evaluate longitudinal changes in response to treatment, we compared sets of images obtained before and after PDT with those from untreated mice imaged at the same time points. Results: By comparison with histopathology, we report an 86% sensitivity for tumour detection in vivo using the microendoscope. Using a custom routine to batch process-image data in the monitoring study, treated mice exhibited an average decrease of 58.8% in tumour volumes compared with an increase of 59.3% in untreated controls (P<0.05). Conclusions: Our findings indicate the potential of this approach as a reporter of treatment outcome that could aid in the rational design of strategies to mitigate recurrent OvCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Zhong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee SH, Han YK, Yun SH, Lee YW. Roles of the glyoxylate and methylcitrate cycles in sexual development and virulence in the cereal pathogen Gibberella zeae. Eukaryot Cell 2009; 8:1155-64. [PMID: 19525419 PMCID: PMC2725564 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00335-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The glyoxylate and methylcitrate cycles are involved in the metabolism of two- or three-carbon compounds in fungi. To elucidate the role(s) of these pathways in Gibberella zeae, which causes head blight in cereal crops, we focused on the functions of G. zeae orthologs (GzICL1 and GzMCL1) of the genes that encode isocitrate lyase (ICL) and methylisocitrate lyase (MCL), respectively, key enzymes in each cycle. The deletion of GzICL1 (DeltaGzICL1) caused defects in growth on acetate and in perithecium (sexual fruiting body) formation but not in virulence on barley and wheat, indicating that GzICL1 acts as the ICL of the glyoxylate cycle and is essential for self-fertility in G. zeae. In contrast, the DeltaGzMCL1 strains failed to grow on propionate but exhibited no major changes in other traits, suggesting that GzMCL1 is required for the methylcitrate cycle in G. zeae. Interestingly, double deletion of both GzICL1 and GzMCL1 caused significantly reduced virulence on host plants, indicating that both GzICL1 and GzMCL1 have redundant functions for plant infection in G. zeae. Thus, both GzICL1 and GzMCL1 may play important roles in determining major mycological and pathological traits of G. zeae by participating in different metabolic pathways for the use of fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Centers for Fungal Pathogenesis and Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yun HR, Lee LJ, Park JH, Cho YK, Cho YB, Lee WY, Kim HC, Chun HK, Yun SH. Local recurrence after curative resection in patients with colon and rectal cancers. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008; 23:1081-7. [PMID: 18688621 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-008-0530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are a range of rates and a number of prognostic factors associated with the local recurrence of colorectal cancer after curative resection. The aim of this study was to identify the potential prognostic factors of local recurrence in patients with colon and rectal cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of 1,838 patients who underwent curative resection of non-metastatic colorectal cancer was conducted. The patients were treated between 1994 and 2004, and had a minimum follow-up of 3 years. RESULTS There were 994 patients with colon cancer and 844 patients with rectal cancer. The median duration of follow-up was 60.9 +/- 24.5 months. With respect to colon cancer, the local recurrence rate was 6.1% (61 patients). With respect to rectal cancer, 95 patients had a local recurrence (11.3%), the rate of which was statistically greater than the local recurrence rate for colon cancer (p < 0.001). The overall recurrence rate was 16.4% (301 patients), and the local recurrence rate, with or without systemic metastases, was 8.5% (156 patients). Local recurrences occurred within 2 and 3 years in 59.9% and 82.4% of the patients, respectively. In patients with colon and rectal cancer, the pathologic T stage (p = 0.044 and p = 0.034, respectively), pathologic N stage (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), and lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.013 and p = 0.004, respectively) were adverse risk factors for local recurrence. The level of the anastomosis from the anal verge was an additional prognostic factor (p = 0.007) in patients with rectal cancer. CONCLUSION Compulsive follow-up care of patients with colon and rectal cancers is needed for 3 years after curative resection, especially in patients who have adverse risk factors for local recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Yun
- Department of Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center 50, Irwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee HW, Kim C, Yun SH, Park SP. P4‐085: Serum uric acid and cognitive function in rural community‐dwelling adults. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Won Lee
- Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDAEGURepublic of Korea
| | | | | | - Sung-Pa Park
- Kyungpook National University School of MedicineDAEGURepublic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Oh WY, Vakoc BJ, Yun SH, Tearney GJ, Bouma BE. Single-detector polarization-sensitive optical frequency domain imaging using high-speed intra A-line polarization modulation. Opt Lett 2008; 33:1330-2. [PMID: 18552948 PMCID: PMC2697108 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel high-speed polarization-sensitive optical frequency domain imaging system employing high-speed polarization modulation. Rapid and continuous polarization modulation of light prior to illumination of the sample is accomplished by shifting the frequency of one polarization eigenstate by an amount equal to one quarter of the digitization sampling frequency. This approach enables polarization-sensitive imaging with a single detection channel and overcomes artifacts that may arise from temporal variations of the birefringence in fiber-optic imaging probes and spatial variation of birefringence in the sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Y Oh
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yu HY, Seo JA, Kim JE, Han KH, Shim WB, Yun SH, Lee YW. Functional analyses of heterotrimeric G protein G alpha and G beta subunits in Gibberella zeae. Microbiology (Reading) 2008; 154:392-401. [PMID: 18227243 PMCID: PMC2885625 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/012260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The homothallic ascomycete fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph: Fusarium graminearum) is a major toxigenic plant pathogen that causes head blight disease on small-grain cereals. The fungus produces the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in infected hosts, posing a threat to human and animal health. Despite its agricultural and toxicological importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying its growth, development and virulence remain largely unknown. To better understand such mechanisms, we studied the heterotrimeric G proteins of G. zeae, which are known to control crucial signalling pathways that regulate various cellular and developmental responses in fungi. Three putative Gα subunits, GzGPA1, GzGPA2 and GzGPA3, and one Gβ subunit, GzGPB1, were identified in the F. graminearum genome. Deletion of GzGPA1, a homologue of the Aspergillus nidulans Gα gene fadA, resulted in female sterility and enhanced DON and ZEA production, suggesting that GzGPA1 is required for normal sexual reproduction and repression of toxin biosynthesis. The production of DON and ZEA was also enhanced in the GzGPB1 mutant, suggesting that both GαGzGPA1 and GβGzGPB1 negatively control mycotoxin production. Deletion of GzGPA2, which encodes a Gα protein similar to A. nidulans GanB, caused reduced pathogenicity and increased chitin accumulation in the cell wall, implying that GzGPA2 has multiple functions. Our study shows that G. zeae heterotrimeric G protein subunits can regulate vegetative growth, sexual development, toxin production and pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Yu
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Seo
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Kap-Hoon Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Woosuk University, Wanju 565-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lee SH, Kim YK, Yun SH, Lee YW. Identification of differentially expressed proteins in a mat1-2-deleted strain of Gibberella zeae, using a comparative proteomics analysis. Curr Genet 2008; 53:175-84. [PMID: 18214489 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-008-0176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gibberella zeae is a self-fertile ascomycetous fungus that causes important diseases of cereal crops. A comprehensive understanding of sexual reproduction in G. zeae is needed for disease control. To identify fungal proteins involved in this process, we compared the protein profiles of a wild-type strain and its self-sterile strain deleted for MAT1-2, a master regulator of sexual reproduction in G. zeae. Using 2-DE and either MALDI-TOF or ESI-Q-TOF MS, we identified 13 protein spots that showed statistically significant differences in expression levels between the two strains; 11 were reduced and two were increased in abundance in the DeltaMAT1-2 strain. Six of the 13 proteins were similar to those related to cell wall structure and the others were orthologs of proteins involved in metabolism or environmental stress responses. We confirmed that all the genes of the proteins examined were down-regulated during the sexual development stage in the DeltaMAT1-2, DeltaMAT1-1, and other strains deleted for a MAP kinase or a G-protein gene. These data suggest that differences in the protein expression levels are mostly affected by down-regulation of the corresponding genes in the DeltaMAT1-2 strain. To date, this is the first proteomics approach successfully identifying proteins differentially regulated by MAT1-2 in G. zeae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Oh WY, Yun SH, Vakoc BJ, Shishkov M, Desjardins AE, Park BH, de Boer JF, Tearney GJ, Bouma BE. High-speed polarization sensitive optical frequency domain imaging with frequency multiplexing. Opt Express 2008; 16:1096-103. [PMID: 18542183 PMCID: PMC2752304 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.001096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) provides a cross-sectional image of birefringence in biological samples that is complementary in many applications to the standard reflectance-based image. Recent ex vivo studies have demonstrated that birefringence mapping enables the characterization of collagen and smooth muscle concentration and distribution in vascular tissues. Instruments capable of applying these measurements percutaneously in vivo may provide new insights into coronary atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction. We have developed a polarization sensitive optical frequency domain imaging (PS-OFDI) system that enables high-speed intravascular birefringence imaging through a fiber-optic catheter. The novel design of this system utilizes frequency multiplexing to simultaneously measure reflectance of two incident polarization states, overcoming concerns regarding temporal variations of the catheter fiber birefringence and spatial variations in the birefringence of the sample. We demonstrate circular cross-sectional birefringence imaging of a human coronary artery ex vivo through a flexible fiber-optic catheter with an A-line rate of 62 kHz and a ranging depth of 6.2 mm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Y Oh
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, BAR 704, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shentu J, Yun SH, Cho NZ. A MONTE CARLO METHOD FOR SOLVING HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEMS WITH COMPLICATED GEOMETRY. Nuclear Engineering and Technology 2007. [DOI: 10.5516/net.2007.39.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
42
|
Abstract
Gibberella zeae is an ascomyceteous fungus that causes serious diseases in cereal crops. Severe epidemics require strains that are virulent and that can reproduce sexually. We characterized an insertional mutant (designated ZH436) with a pleiotropic defect in both traits, and identified a novel F-box protein gene encoding FBP1 (F-box protein 1) that is similar to fungal F-box proteins including Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grr1, a well-characterized component of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box protein (SCF(Grr1)) E3 ligase complex required for protein degradation. FBP1 also can bind both S. cerevisiae Skp1 protein, the other component of the SCF(Grr1) complex, and its G. zeae sequence homologue SKP1. Two putative protein interacting domains in FBP1 are essential for in vivo function. FBP1 and ScGRR1 are not so interchangeable between S. cerevisiae and G. zeae, but FBP1 can partially complement several defects of a yeast grr1 deletion mutant. Functional analyses confirmed that FBP1 is required for several phenotypes including both sexual development and virulence in G. zeae; the phenotype of DeltaFBP1 strains is different from those of null mutants for F-box proteins in other filamentous fungi as well as from S. cerevisiae grr1Delta strains. Thus, FBP1 is a versatile F-box protein that presumably participates in the formation of the SCF(FBP1) complex that probably controls the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of proteins involved in sexual reproduction and virulence important for disease development by G. zeae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Kyoung Han
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee WY, Lee WS, Yun SH, Shin SH, Chun HK. Decision for salvage treatment after transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Surg Endosc 2007; 21:975-9. [PMID: 17623251 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-006-9170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has emerged as an alternative to classic radical operation for early rectal cancer. Early rectal cancer can be treated by adequate local excision such as TEM. If there are adverse risk factors, especially poor cellular differentiation, close resection margin, or positive lymphovascular invasion or incomplete excision, a radical resection is indicated. This study aimed to clarify the factors related to recurrence for patients required to undergo a salvage operation after TEM. METHODS This retrospective study analyzed 167 patients who underwent TEM for rectal cancer between 1994 and 2004. Of these patients, 36 with poor differentiation, mucinous carcinoma, proper muscle invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and positive resection margin were included in the analysis. RESULTS Of the 36 patients, 12 underwent a salvage operation, and the remaining 24 did not because of poor physical condition or refusal of radical surgery. There were a total of 6 (16.7%) recurrences. One (8.3%) of the 12 patients who underwent salvage surgery had systemic recurrence. Five (20.8%) of the 24 patients who did not receive surgery had recurrence (3 local recurrences, 2 distant recurrences). Analysis of the subgroups showed that 2 (28.6%) of 7 patients with lymphovascular invasion had recurrence, and that 1 patient (100%) had a T3 lesion. Three (17.6%) of 17 patients had T2 lesions. CONCLUSIONS For high-risk patients, TEM followed by radical surgery is the most beneficial in preventing local recurrence. Radical salvage surgery is strongly recommended if pathologic results after TEM show T3 lesion or lymphovascular invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Yong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim JE, Myong K, Shim WB, Yun SH, Lee YW. Functional characterization of acetylglutamate synthase and phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase genes in Gibberella zeae. Curr Genet 2006; 51:99-108. [PMID: 17146619 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-006-0110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gibberella zeae (anamorph, Fusarium graminearum) is an important pathogen of cereal crops found in many regions of the world. In this study, we have characterized two auxotrophic strains, designated S4B1279 and S4B3008, which were discovered from a collection of insertional mutants of G. zeae generated by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI). Both mutant strains exhibited pleiotropic phenotypic changes that include reduction of mycelial growth and virulence and abolished sexual reproduction. Molecular analysis of the REMI mutants has shown that the auxotrophy of S4B1279 is due to a mutation of the ARG2 gene encoding an acetylglutamate synthase, and the auxotrophy of S4B3008 is due to a mutation of the ADE5 gene encoding a phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase. Subsequent gene disruption and complementation studies have confirmed the functions for ARG2 and ADE5, respectively, in G. zeae. Our study has demonstrated the feasibility of using the REMI technique in studying G. zeae virulence mechanisms, in addition to providing two new selectable markers allowing genetic transformation of the fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Han SA, Chun H, Park CM, Kang SJ, Kim SH, Sohn D, Yun SH, Lee WY. Prognostic Significance of β-catenin in Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastasis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2006; 18:761-7. [PMID: 17168211 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A decreased expression of beta-catenin has been known to be associated with tumour metastasis. The prognostic value of beta-catenin expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with liver metastasis was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy patients who underwent curative resection for CRC with liver metastasis were included. Tissue samples from normal colon mucosa, primary CRC and metastatic liver lesions were prepared in tissue microarrays, and were stained by immunohistochemistry with beta-catenin antibody. The beta-catenin expression of primary CRC tissues and metastatic liver tissues was analysed. RESULTS A high expression of beta-catenin (score > 6) was observed in 42.0% and 21.9% of primary colorectal tissues and metastatic liver tissues, respectively. The beta-catenin expression in metastatic liver tissues was significantly lower than in primary CRC tissues (P = 0.022). The patients were classified into two groups according to the difference in the beta-catenin expression score between the primary CRC and the liver metastasis. Group A was defined as patients showing a remarkably decreased expression of beta-catenin in their metastatic liver tissue and group B was defined as patients showing a maintained or increased beta-catenin expression in their metastatic liver tissue in comparison with their primary CRC. The overall survival and disease-free survival rates were better in group B than in group A, and this was statistically significant (P = 0.02, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The decreased expression of beta-catenin in a metastatic liver lesion may be a poor prognostic marker in CRC with liver metastasis and further investigation is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Han
- Department of Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lim H, de Boer JF, Park BH, Lee EC, Yelin R, Yun SH. Optical frequency domain imaging with a rapidly swept laser in the 815-870 nm range. Opt Express 2006; 14:5937-44. [PMID: 19516763 DOI: 10.1364/oe.14.005937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) in the 800-nm biological imaging window is demonstrated by using a novel wavelength-swept laser source. The laser output is tuned continuously from 815 to 870 nm at a 43.2-kHz repetition rate with 7-mW average power. Axial resolution of 10-mum in biological tissue and peak sensitivity of 96 dB are achieved. In vivo imaging of Xenopus laevis is demonstrated with an acquisition speed of 84 frames per second (512 axial lines per frame). This new imaging technique may prove useful in comprehensive retinal screening for medical diagnosis and contrast-agent-based imaging for biological investigations.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kim YT, Lee YR, Jin J, Han KH, Kim H, Kim JC, Lee T, Yun SH, Lee YW. Two different polyketide synthase genes are required for synthesis of zearalenone in Gibberella zeae. Mol Microbiol 2006; 58:1102-13. [PMID: 16262793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a polyketide mycotoxin produced by some species of Gibberella/Fusarium and causes hyperestrogenic syndrome in animals. ZEA occurs naturally in cereals infected by Gibberella zeae in temperate regions and threatens animal health. In this study, we report on a set of genes that participate in the biosynthesis of ZEA in G. zeae. Focusing on the non-reducing polyketide synthase (PKS) genes of the G. zeae genome, we demonstrated that PKS13 is required for ZEA production. Subsequent analyses revealed that a continuous, 50 kb segment of DNA carrying PKS13 consisted of three additional open reading frames that were coexpressed as a cluster during the condition for ZEA biosynthesis. These genes, in addition to PKS13, were essential for the ZEA biosynthesis. They include another PKS gene (PKS4) encoding a fungal reducing PKS; zearalenone biosynthesis gene 1 (ZEB1), which shows a high similarity to putative isoamyl alcohol oxidase genes; and ZEB2 whose deduced product carries a conserved, basic-region leucine zipper domain. ZEB1 is responsible for the chemical conversion of beta-zearalenonol (beta-ZOL) to ZEA in the biosynthetic pathway, and ZEB2 controls transcription of the cluster members. Transcription of these genes was strongly influenced by different culture conditions such as nutrient starvations and ambient pH. Furthermore, the same set of genes regulated by ZEB2 was dramatically repressed in the transgenic G. zeae strain with the deletion of PKS13 or PKS4 but not in the ZEB1 deletion strain, suggesting that ZEA or beta-ZOL may be involved in transcriptional activation of the gene cluster required for ZEA biosynthesis in G. zeae. This is the first published report on the molecular characterization of genes required for ZEA biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tae Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Park YS, Choi ID, Kang CM, Ham MS, Kim JH, Kim TH, Yun SH, Lee YW, Chang HI, Sung HC, Yun CW. Functional identification of high-affinity iron permeases from Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2006; 43:273-82. [PMID: 16464625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ScFTR1 gene encodes an iron permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its homologues, FgFtr1 and FgFtr2, were identified from filamentous pathogenic plant fungus, Fusarium graminearum. Homologies between the deduced amino acid sequences of ScFtr1p and FgFtr1 and FgFtr2 were 56 and 54%, respectively, and both had REXXE sequences, which form the conserved amino acid sequence of ScFtr1p. FgFtr1 expression increased under iron depletion, and although FgFtr2 mRNA was not detected in the wild-type strain, it was detected in the deltafgftr1 strain in the iron-depleted condition. When the FgFtr1 and FgFtr2 were deleted, the amount of growth was found not to be different from the wild-type in iron-depleted media. However, the mRNA of FgSid, a homologue of the SIDA of Aspergillus fumigatus, was dramatically increased in the deltafgftr1/deltafgftr2 strain and in an iron-depleted condition. FgFtr1 and FgFtr2 genes act as functional complements when they are introduced into the S. cerevisiae deltaScftr1 strain. The deltaScftr1 strain, which contains either the FgFtr1 or FgFtr2, grew well in iron-depleted media. Moreover, specific alteration of the REXXE consensus sequence of FgFtr1 and FgFtr2 did not allow for sustained growth of the deltaScftr1 strain on iron-depleted medium. The iron uptake activity was recovered when FgFtr1 and FgFtr2 genes were introduced into the deltaScftr1 strain. Though the Fet3p in S. cerevisiae was found on the intracellular vesicle in the deltaScftr1 strain, Fet3p was found on the plasma membrane when FgFtr1 or FgFtr2 was introduced into the deltaftr1 strain. An infection test was carried out with deletion strains; however, no change in the ability of these strains to cause disease was observed. These results suggest that FgFtr1 and FgFtr2 may function as iron permeases in the reductive iron uptake pathway and that they do not play major roles in the pathogenicity of F. graminearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sung Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bilenca A, Yun SH, Tearney GJ, Bouma BE. Numerical study of wavelength-swept semiconductor ring lasers: the role of refractive-index nonlinearities in semiconductor optical amplifiers and implications for biomedical imaging applications. Opt Lett 2006; 31:760-2. [PMID: 16544615 PMCID: PMC2713050 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent results have demonstrated unprecedented wavelength-tuning speed and repetition rate performance of semiconductor ring lasers incorporating scanning filters. However, several unique operational characteristics of these lasers have not been adequately explained, and the lack of an accurate model has hindered optimization. We numerically investigated the characteristics of these sources, using a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) traveling-wave Langevin model, and found good agreement with experimental measurements. In particular, we explored the role of the SOA refractive-index nonlinearities in determining the intracavity frequency-shift-broadening and the emitted power dependence on scan speed and direction. Our model predicts both continuous-wave and pulse operation and shows a universal relationship between the output power of lasers that have different cavity lengths and the filter peak frequency shift per round trip, therefore revealing the advantage of short cavities for high-speed biomedical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bilenca
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lee S, Kong DH, Yun SH, Lee KR, Lee KP, Franzblau SG, Lee EY, Chang CL. Evaluation of a modified antimycobacterial susceptibility test using Middlebrook 7H10 agar containing 2,3-diphenyl-5-thienyl-(2)-tetrazolium chloride. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 66:548-51. [PMID: 16563534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and accurate antimycobacterial susceptibility test is essential for effective treatment of tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate a modified method applying 2,3-diphenyl-5-thienyl-(2)-tetrazolium chloride (STC) to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A total of 132 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis, forty-eight isolates showing resistance to one or more of the first-line antituberculosis drugs, and eighty-four fully susceptible isolates were collected from hospitals of a nationwide distribution from June to September 2004. The modified procedure was conducted basically according to the agar-proportion method described in the CLSI Guideline both with STC 50 mug/mL. The amount of growth in each well was recorded and graded at 2nd and 3rd weeks after inoculation. After 3 weeks of incubation, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the detection of drug-resistant strains of STC-containing agar proportion methods were 100%, except ethambutol-low level resistance, of which the diagnostic sensitivity was 93.4%. After two weeks of incubation in STC-containing agar proportion methods, one hundred of the 107 strain-drug combinations have shown drug resistance, indicating the sensitivity of 93.5%. Especially, all 41 isoniazid-resistant strains and 19 of 21 rifampin-resistant strains (90.5%) could be detected after two weeks of incubation. A modification of the agar proportion method using STC resulted in a reliable and more easily interpretable data, and detected most of resistant strains a week earlier than conventional method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Seoul Medical Science Institute, Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|