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Salaun B, De Smedt J, Vernhes C, Moureau A, Öner D, Bastian AR, Janssens M, Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh S, Aerssens J, Lambert C, Coenen S, Butler CC, Drysdale SB, Wildenbeest JG, Pollard AJ, Openshaw PJM, Bont L. T cells, more than antibodies, may prevent symptoms developing from respiratory syncytial virus infections in older adults. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260146. [PMID: 37936699 PMCID: PMC10627235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The immune mechanisms supporting partial protection from reinfection and disease by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have not been fully characterized. In older adults, symptoms are typically mild but can be serious in patients with comorbidities when the infection extends to the lower respiratory tract. Methods This study formed part of the RESCEU older-adults prospective-cohort study in Northern Europe (2017-2019; NCT03621930) in which a thousand participants were followed over an RSV season. Peripheral-blood samples (taken pre-season, post-season, during illness and convalescence) were analyzed from participants who (i) had a symptomatic acute respiratory tract infection by RSV (RSV-ARTI; N=35) or (ii) asymptomatic RSV infection (RSV-Asymptomatic; N=16). These analyses included evaluations of antibody (Fc-mediated-) functional features and cell-mediated immunity, in which univariate and machine-learning (ML) models were used to explore differences between groups. Results Pre-RSV-season peripheral-blood biomarkers were predictive of symptomatic RSV infection. T-cell data were more predictive than functional antibody data (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] for the models were 99% and 76%, respectively). The pre-RSV season T-cell phenotypes which were selected by the ML modelling and which were more frequent in RSV-Asymptomatic group than in the RSV-ARTI group, coincided with prominent phenotypes identified during convalescence from RSV-ARTI (e.g., IFN-γ+, TNF-α+ and CD40L+ for CD4+, and IFN-γ+ and 4-1BB+ for CD8+). Conclusion The evaluation and statistical modelling of numerous immunological parameters over the RSV season suggests a primary role of cellular immunity in preventing symptomatic RSV infections in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deniz Öner
- Biomarkers Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jeroen Aerssens
- Biomarkers Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Samuel Coenen
- Centre for General Practice, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christopher C. Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon B. Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne G. Wildenbeest
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. M. Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Institute , Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- ReSViNET Foundation, Julius Clinical, Zeist, Netherlands
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Korsten K, Adriaenssens N, Coenen S, Butler C, Ravanfar B, Rutter H, Allen J, Falsey A, Pirçon JY, Gruselle O, Pavot V, Vernhes C, Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh S, Öner D, Ispas G, Aerssens J, Shinde V, Verheij T, Bont L, Wildenbeest J. Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in community-dwelling older adults in Europe (RESCEU): an international prospective cohort study. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.02688-2020. [PMID: 33060153 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02688-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in older adults is recognised as an important health issue. We aimed to assess the community burden of RSV in Europe in older adults aged ≥60 years. METHODS This international, prospective, observational cohort study is part of work by the REspiratory Syncytial virus Consortium in EUrope (RESCEU). Participants were recruited through general practitioners' (GPs) offices before two independent RSV seasons. Participants reported weekly about symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) during one RSV season. ARTI patients were tested for RSV during home visits and completed a daily symptom diary. RSV illness included PCR-confirmed ARTI and those showing seroconversion over the season. RSV ARTI was based on PCR alone (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03621930). RESULTS We recruited 1040 participants (527 in season 2017-2018 and 513 in season 2018-2019) with a median age of 75 years (range 60-100 years). Of these, 1023 (99%) lived independently at home at baseline. RSV illness incidence was 22 out of 527 (4.2%) and 37 out of 513 (7.2%) in the respective seasons. RSV illness did not affect frailty or cardiopulmonary status during the course of the study. No patients were hospitalised or died from RSV illness. In the 36 patients with PCR confirmed RSV ARTI, symptom duration averaged 19 days, while a doctor's visit took place in 11 out of 36 cases (31%). RSV ARTI could not be differentiated clinically from all other ARTIs based on symptoms. CONCLUSION This European study showed that RSV is prevalent in community-dwelling older adults and rarely causes severe disease. This suggests that watchful waiting, using a continuity of care approach to identify those who do need more intensive care, is often justified when RSV is suspected in family practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koos Korsten
- Dept of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Adriaenssens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Dept of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care (ELIZA)-Centre for General Practice, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Samuel Coenen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Dept of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care (ELIZA)-Centre for General Practice, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Dept of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (ESOC), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christopher Butler
- Nuffield Dept of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Behnaz Ravanfar
- Nuffield Dept of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather Rutter
- Nuffield Dept of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie Allen
- Nuffield Dept of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann Falsey
- Dept of Medicine-Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Vincent Pavot
- Sanofi Pasteur R&D, Sanofi Pasteur Campus Mérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Deniz Öner
- Infectious Diseases Translational Biomarkers, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Ispas
- Infectious Diseases Translational Biomarkers, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Aerssens
- Infectious Diseases Translational Biomarkers, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Theo Verheij
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Bont
- Dept of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Wildenbeest
- Dept of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Corti D, Langedijk JPM, Hinz A, Seaman MS, Vanzetta F, Fernandez-Rodriguez BM, Silacci C, Pinna D, Jarrossay D, Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh S, Willems B, Zekveld MJ, Dreja H, O'Sullivan E, Pade C, Orkin C, Jeffs SA, Montefiori DC, Davis D, Weissenhorn W, McKnight Á, Heeney JL, Sallusto F, Sattentau QJ, Weiss RA, Lanzavecchia A. Analysis of memory B cell responses and isolation of novel monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing breadth from HIV-1-infected individuals. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8805. [PMID: 20098712 PMCID: PMC2808385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The isolation of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize a broad spectrum of primary HIV-1 isolates and the characterization of the human neutralizing antibody B cell response to HIV-1 infection are important goals that are central to the design of an effective antibody-based vaccine. METHODS AND FINDINGS We immortalized IgG(+) memory B cells from individuals infected with diverse clades of HIV-1 and selected on the basis of plasma neutralization profiles that were cross-clade and relatively potent. Culture supernatants were screened using various recombinant forms of the envelope glycoproteins (Env) in multiple parallel assays. We isolated 58 mAbs that were mapped to different Env surfaces, most of which showed neutralizing activity. One mAb in particular (HJ16) specific for a novel epitope proximal to the CD4 binding site on gp120 selectively neutralized a multi-clade panel of Tier-2 HIV-1 pseudoviruses, and demonstrated reactivity that was comparable in breadth, but distinct in neutralization specificity, to that of the other CD4 binding site-specific neutralizing mAb b12. A second mAb (HGN194) bound a conserved epitope in the V3 crown and neutralized all Tier-1 and a proportion of Tier-2 pseudoviruses tested, irrespective of clade. A third mAb (HK20) with broad neutralizing activity, particularly as a Fab fragment, recognized a highly conserved epitope in the HR-1 region of gp41, but showed striking assay-dependent selectivity in its activity. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that by using appropriate screening methods, a large proportion of memory B cells can be isolated that produce mAbs with HIV-1 neutralizing activity. Three of these mAbs show unusual breadth of neutralization and therefore add to the current panel of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies with potential for passive protection and template-based vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Corti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Hinz
- Unit for Virus Host Cell Interaction, UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Chiara Silacci
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Debora Pinna
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Jarrossay
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Hanna Dreja
- Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Chloe Orkin
- Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Jeffs
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Davis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Quentin J. Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin A. Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Heeney JL, Rutjens E, Verschoor EJ, Niphuis H, ten Haaft P, Rouse S, McClure H, Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh S, Bogers W, Salas M, Cobb K, Kestens L, Davis D, van der Groen G, Courgnaud V, Peeters M, Murthy KK. Transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVcpz and the evolution of infection in the presence and absence of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in chimpanzees. J Virol 2006; 80:7208-18. [PMID: 16809326 PMCID: PMC1489021 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00382-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data suggest that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic arose by transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVcpz from a subspecies of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) to humans. SIVcpz of chimpanzees is itself a molecular chimera of SIVs from two or more different monkey species, suggesting that recombination was made possible by coinfection of one individual animal with different lentiviruses. However, very little is known about SIVcpz transmission and the susceptibility to lentivirus coinfection of its natural host, the chimpanzee. Here, it is revealed that either infected plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells readily confer infection when exposure occurs by the intravenous or mucosal route. Importantly, the presence of preexisting HIV-1 infection did not modify the kinetics of SIVcpz infection once it was established by different routes. Although humoral responses appeared as early as 4 weeks postinfection, neutralization to SIVcpz-ANT varied markedly between animals. Analysis of the SIVcpz env sequence over time revealed the emergence of genetic viral variants and persistent SIVcpz RNA levels of between 10(4) and 10(5) copies/ml plasma regardless of the presence or absence of concurrent HIV-1 infection. These unique data provide important insight into possible routes of transmission, the kinetics of acute SIVcpz infection, and how readily coinfection with SIVcpz and other lentiviruses may be established as necessary preconditions for potential recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Rutjens E, Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh S, Verschoor E, Bogers W, Koopman G, Heeney J. Lentivirus infections and mechanisms of disease resistance in chimpanzees. Front Biosci 2003; 8:d1134-45. [PMID: 12957818 DOI: 10.2741/1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One year after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was pinpointed as the etiological agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans, chimpanzees were identified as one of the few living species also capable of sustaining persistent HIV-1 infection. During the mid to late 1980s, as the AIDS epidemic spread globally in humans, the chimpanzee was eagerly looked to for answers concerning effective AIDS therapies and a possible HIV vaccine. Although from the complicated inter-relationship of the AIDS virus with the human immune system, neither an effective vaccine nor a therapy has emerged, one remarkable observation has been that, unlike humans, chimpanzees are relatively resistant to the development of AIDS. In the meantime, HIV-1 vaccine and therapy research has moved on to the SHIV/SIVmac rhesus model as an alternative AIDS model for which disease intervention studies can be better performed, and chimpanzees are rarely studied anymore. However, pertinent questions about the mechanisms of resistance to AIDS in this species beg to be answered. After more than twenty years, the spotlight has recently been turned once again on to the chimpanzee, in the intense search for the origin of the AIDS epidemic. Here we review the history of HIV-1 infection in this species as well as the observations that have led to some of the current leading hypotheses regarding the resistance to AIDS in naturally infected African primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rutjens
- Department of Virology, the Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh S, Mooij P, Koopman G, Haaksma T, Teeuwsen V, Heeney J, Bontrop R. Differential cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in HIV-1 immunised sibling chimpanzees with shared MHC haplotypes. Immunol Lett 1999; 66:61-7. [PMID: 10203035 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell mediated immune responses to HIV-1 and CTL responses in particular differ dramatically in infected individuals. This may largely be influenced by the immunogenetic differences of different individuals such as those encoded by the MHC. These differences may be difficult to dissect due to the immunosuppressive nature of HIV-1 infection itself. In order to reduce the variables associated with effects of the virus, one recombinant viral antigen was chosen from a particular HIV-1 variant (rgp120 of the clinical isolate HIV-1w6.1D). To minimise differences between outbred hosts, we chose two sibling chimpanzees from which the family pedigree and genetic segregation with respect to polymorphic MHC molecules was known. Immunisation induced strong antigen specific antibody and T-helper immune responses. The magnitude and persistence of the humoral and T-helper immune responses were comparable in both chimpanzees. However, CTL responses were only observed in one sibling. These responses were subsequently mapped to several distinct epitopes. The CTL response to the immunodominant epitope was found to be presented in the context of a MHC molecule which was shared by both siblings. The absence of a CTL response in the other sibling is not yet understood, but could not be attributed to MHC alleles that were not shared by these two chimpanzees. These findings suggest that other polymorphic immunoregulatory mechanisms such as those involved in antigen processing and presentation influence host CTL responses to HIV-1.
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