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Jolly RA, Bandara S, Bercu J, Callis CM, Dolan DG, Graham J, HaMai D, Barle EL, Maier A, Masuda-Herrera M, Moudgal C, Parker JA, Reichard J, Sandhu R, Fung ES. Setting impurity limits for endogenous substances: Recommendations for a harmonized procedure and an example using fatty acids. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105242. [PMID: 35964842 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous substances, such as fatty, amino, and nucleic acids, are often purposefully used in parenterally pharmaceuticals, but may be present as impurities. Currently, no consensus guidance exists on setting impurity limits for these substances. Specific procedures are needed, as the amount and types of toxicity data available for endogenous substances are typically far less than those for other chemical impurities. Additionally, the parenteral route of administration of these substances is inherently non-physiological, resulting in potentially different or increased severity of toxicity. Risk Assessment Process Maps (RAPMAPs) are proposed as a model to facilitate the development of health-based exposure limits (HBELs) for endogenous substances. This yielded a framework that was applied to derive HBELs for several fatty acids commonly used in parenteral pharmaceuticals. This approach was used to derive HBELs with further vetting based on anticipated perturbations in physiological serum levels, impacts of dose-rate, and consideration of intermittent dosing. Parenteral HBELs of 100-500 mg/day were generated for several fatty acids, and a proposed class-based limit of 50 mg/day to be used in the absence of chemical-specific data. This default limit is consistent with the low toxicity of this chemical class and ICH Q3C value for Class 3 solvents.
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Parker JA, Fung ES, Trejo-Martin A, Liang L, Gibbs K, Bandara S, Chen S, Sandhu R, Bercu J, Maier A. The utility of hERG channel inhibition data in the derivation of occupational exposure limits. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105224. [PMID: 35817210 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the human ether-à-go-go (hERG) channel may lead to QT prolongation and fatal arrhythmia. While pharmaceutical drug candidates that exhibit potent hERG channel inhibition often fail early in development, many drugs with both cardiac and non-cardiac indications proceed to market. In this study, the relationship between in vitro hERG channel inhibition and published occupational exposure limit (OEL) was evaluated. A total of 23 cardiac drugs and 44 drugs with non-cardiac indications with published hERG channel IC50 and published OELs were identified. There was an apparent relationship between hERG IC50 potency and the OEL for cardiac and non-cardiac drugs. Twenty cardiac and non-cardiac drugs were identified that had a potent hERG IC50 (≤25 μM) and a contrastingly large OEL value (≥100 μg/m3). OELs or hazard banding corresponding to ≤100 μg/m3 should be sufficiently protective of effects following occupational exposure to the majority of APIs with hERG IC50 values ≤ 100 μM. It is important to consider hERG IC50 values and possible cardiac effects when deriving OEL values for drugs, regardless of indication. These considerations may be particularly important early in the drug development process for establishing exposure control bands for drugs that do not yet have full clinical safety data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel Bercu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology, Foster City, CA, USA
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Kundu P, Korol DL, Bandara S, Monaikul S, Ondera CE, Helferich WG, Khan IA, Doerge DR, Schantz SL. Licorice root components mimic estrogens in an object location task but not an object recognition task. Horm Behav 2018; 103:97-106. [PMID: 29920269 PMCID: PMC6086590 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of components of licorice root to alter performance on two different recognition tasks, a hippocampus-sensitive metric change in object location (MCOL) task and a striatum-sensitive double object recognition (DOR) task. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), licorice root extract (LRE), and whole licorice root powder (LRP) were assessed. Young adult female rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and exposed to ISL, LRE or LRP at 0.075%, 0.5% or 5% respectively in the diet. An estradiol group was included as a positive control based on our prior findings. Rats were allowed to explore two objects for three 5-min study trials (separated by 3-min intervals) before a fourth 5-min test trial where the objects were moved closer together (MCOL task) or replaced with two new objects (DOR task). Rats typically habituate to the objects across the three study trials. An increase in object exploration time in the test trial suggests the rat detected the change. Estradiol improved MCOL performance and impaired DOR performance, similar to previously shown effects of estradiol and other estrogens, which tend to improve learning and memory on hippocampus-sensitive tasks and impair striatum-sensitive cognition. LRP had no effect on recognition while exposure to ISL and LRE improved MCOL performance. Exposure to ISL, LRE and LRP failed to attenuate DOR, contrary to effects of estradiol shown here and to previous reports in young-adult OVX rats. These findings suggest components of licorice root may prove to be effective therapies targeting memory enhancement without unintended deleterious cognitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Kundu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Donna L Korol
- Syracuse University, Department of Biology, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Suren Bandara
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Supida Monaikul
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Caitlin E Ondera
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - William G Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 905 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- The University of Mississippi, 1558 University Circle, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Daniel R Doerge
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Susan L Schantz
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Kundu P, Neese SL, Bandara S, Monaikul S, Helferich WG, Doerge DR, Khan IA, Schantz SL. The effects of the botanical estrogen, isoliquiritigenin on delayed spatial alternation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 66:55-62. [PMID: 29408209 PMCID: PMC5856646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related declines in cognitive function can impair working memory, reduce speed of processing, and alter attentional resources. In particular, menopausal women may show an acceleration in the rate of cognitive decline as well as an increased vulnerability to brain diseases as estrogens may play a neuroprotective and neurotrophic role in the brain. To treat menopausal symptoms, many women turn to botanical estrogens that are promoted as a safe and natural alternative to traditional hormone replacement therapy. However, the majority of these compounds have not been systematically evaluated for efficacy and safety. The current study investigated the efficacy of the commercially available botanical estrogenic compound isoliquiritigenin (ISL) to alter performance on an operant working memory task, delayed spatial alternation (DSA). ISL is a compound found in licorice root that has been shown to have a wide range of effects on different biological systems, including estrogenic properties. This botanical is currently being used in over the counter dietary supplements. Middle-aged (12-month old) Long-Evans female rats were ovariectomized and orally dosed with either 0 mg, 6 mg, 12 mg or 24 mg of ISL 60 min before testing on the DSA task. The DSA task required the rat to alternate its responses between two retractable levers in order to earn food rewards. Random delays of 0, 3, 6, 9 or 18 s were imposed between opportunities to press. ISL treatment failed to alter DSA performance. Previous work from our research group has found that estrogenic compounds, including 17β-estradiol and the botanical estrogen genistein impair performance on the DSA task. The goal of our botanical estrogens research is to find compounds that offer some of the beneficial effects of estrogen supplementation, without the harmful effects. This work suggests that ISL may not carry the cognitive risks associated with most other estrogenic compounds tested to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Kundu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, USA.
| | - Steven L Neese
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Suren Bandara
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Supida Monaikul
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - William G Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 905 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Daniel R Doerge
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- The University of Mississippi, 1558 University Circle, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Susan L Schantz
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Comparative Biosciences, Neuroscience Program, Veterinary Medicine Basic Sciences Bldg. 2001 South Lincoln Avenue Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Amarasinghe P, Dharmaratne S, Bandara S, Amarasinghe N. Cost of Road Traffic Crashes in a Developing Country, Sri Lanka. Ann Glob Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2017.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Dias I, Bandara S. A SCORE CARD TO EVALUATE PEDESTRIAN SAFETY IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS USING WALKABILITY MEASURES. Inj Prev 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040580c.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bandara S, Diehl M, Fricker G. A Mathematical Model for the Transport of Paclitaxel (Taxol) Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Chem Eng Res Des 2007. [DOI: 10.1205/cherd06238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pathirana SL, Alles HK, Bandara S, Phone-Kyaw M, Perera MK, Wickremasinghe AR, Mendis KN, Handunnetti SM. ABO-blood-group types and protection against severe, Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2005; 99:119-24. [PMID: 15814030 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x19946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the ABO blood group of the human host has been reported to influence malarial infection, there have been few clinical observations on this effect. A hospital-based, comparative study was therefore performed to investigate the relationship between blood-group type and severe disease i nPlasmodium falciparum malaria. Overall, 243 cases of malaria (163 uncomplicated and 80 severe) and 65 patients with severe, non-malarial infections were studied. In terms of ABO-blood-group composition, the patients with severe malaria were significantly different from the patients with the uncomplicated disease (P<0.001) and also from a population control described previously (P<0.0001). The patients with uncomplicated malaria or severe but non-malarial disease were, however, similar to the population control. The cases of severe malaria were significantly less likely to be of blood group O (P=0.0003), and significantly more likely to be of group AB (P<0.0001), than the patients with nonsevere malaria. It appears that individuals who are of blood-group O are relatively resistant to the severe disease caused by P. falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Pathirana
- Malaria Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, P.O. Box 271, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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Wattavidanage J, Carter R, Perera KL, Munasingha A, Bandara S, McGuinness D, Wickramasinghe AR, Alles HK, Mendis KN, Premawansa S. TNFalpha*2 marks high risk of severe disease during Plasmodium falciparum malaria and other infections in Sri Lankans. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 115:350-5. [PMID: 9933464 PMCID: PMC1905163 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the association between alleles of the genes for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF-beta and severity of disease during malarial (Plasmodium falciparum) and other infections in the Sri Lankan population. Patients were categorized as having either (i) uncomplicated malaria, (ii) severe and complicated malaria, or (iii) severe and complicated infection in which a diagnosis of malaria had been excluded. For all the patients, as well as for a group of matched healthy controls, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta allelic types were identified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allele-specific oligonucleotide probes and restriction enzyme digestion. The odds in favour of carrying the TNFalpha*2 allele, mainly of the heterozygous genotype (TNFalpha*1,*2), were two to three times greater among individuals with severe disease, of either malarial or other infectious origin, relative to healthy controls or to those with uncomplicated malarial infections. No significant risk was associated with either of the alleles of TNF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wattavidanage
- Malaria Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Simpson JB, Bandara S. Technical considerations for the use of independent collimators to achieve optimal photon field matching in radiotherapy. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 1997; 20:44-6. [PMID: 9141313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The dose uniformity across a junction between two abutting photon fields can be optimised by creating non-divergent field edges using independent collimators. Current linear accelerator specifications for the positional accuracy of such collimators are not rigorous enough to ensure that a clinically acceptable match is produced. Confirmation of the junction dose is required prior to clinical use and additional quality assurance is necessary to ensure that the strict requirement for positional accuracy is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Simpson
- Department of Medical Physics, Townsville General Hospital, Qld
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