1
|
Miller TM, Cudkowicz ME, Genge A, Shaw PJ, Sobue G, Bucelli RC, Chiò A, Van Damme P, Ludolph AC, Glass JD, Andrews JA, Babu S, Benatar M, McDermott CJ, Cochrane T, Chary S, Chew S, Zhu H, Wu F, Nestorov I, Graham D, Sun P, McNeill M, Fanning L, Ferguson TA, Fradette S. Trial of Antisense Oligonucleotide Tofersen for SOD1 ALS. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1099-1110. [PMID: 36129998 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2204705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrathecally administered antisense oligonucleotide tofersen reduces synthesis of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein and is being studied in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) associated with mutations in SOD1 (SOD1 ALS). METHODS In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned adults with SOD1 ALS in a 2:1 ratio to receive eight doses of tofersen (100 mg) or placebo over a period of 24 weeks. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 28 in the total score on the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R; range, 0 to 48, with higher scores indicating better function) among participants predicted to have faster-progressing disease. Secondary end points included changes in the total concentration of SOD1 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in the concentration of neurofilament light chains in plasma, in slow vital capacity, and in handheld dynamometry in 16 muscles. A combined analysis of the randomized component of the trial and its open-label extension at 52 weeks compared the results in participants who started tofersen at trial entry (early-start cohort) with those in participants who switched from placebo to the drug at week 28 (delayed-start cohort). RESULTS A total of 72 participants received tofersen (39 predicted to have faster progression), and 36 received placebo (21 predicted to have faster progression). Tofersen led to greater reductions in concentrations of SOD1 in CSF and of neurofilament light chains in plasma than placebo. In the faster-progression subgroup (primary analysis), the change to week 28 in the ALSFRS-R score was -6.98 with tofersen and -8.14 with placebo (difference, 1.2 points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -3.2 to 5.5; P = 0.97). Results for secondary clinical end points did not differ significantly between the two groups. A total of 95 participants (88%) entered the open-label extension. At 52 weeks, the change in the ALSFRS-R score was -6.0 in the early-start cohort and -9.5 in the delayed-start cohort (difference, 3.5 points; 95% CI, 0.4 to 6.7); non-multiplicity-adjusted differences favoring early-start tofersen were seen for other end points. Lumbar puncture-related adverse events were common. Neurologic serious adverse events occurred in 7% of tofersen recipients. CONCLUSIONS In persons with SOD1 ALS, tofersen reduced concentrations of SOD1 in CSF and of neurofilament light chains in plasma over 28 weeks but did not improve clinical end points and was associated with adverse events. The potential effects of earlier as compared with delayed initiation of tofersen are being further evaluated in the extension phase. (Funded by Biogen; VALOR and OLE ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02623699 and NCT03070119; EudraCT numbers, 2015-004098-33 and 2016-003225-41.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Miller
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Merit E Cudkowicz
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Angela Genge
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Gen Sobue
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Robert C Bucelli
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Adriano Chiò
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Philip Van Damme
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Jonathan D Glass
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Jinsy A Andrews
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Suma Babu
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Michael Benatar
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Christopher J McDermott
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Thos Cochrane
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Sowmya Chary
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Sheena Chew
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Han Zhu
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Fan Wu
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Ivan Nestorov
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Danielle Graham
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Peng Sun
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Manjit McNeill
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Laura Fanning
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Toby A Ferguson
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Stephanie Fradette
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|