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Dimitrova A, Csilléry K, Klisz M, Lévesque M, Heinrichs S, Cailleret M, Andivia E, Madsen P, Böhenius H, Cvjetkovic B, De Cuyper B, de Dato G, Ferus P, Heinze B, Ivetić V, Köbölkuti Z, Lazarević J, Lazdina D, Maaten T, Makovskis K, Milovanović J, Monteiro AT, Nonić M, Place S, Puchalka R, Montagnoli A. Risks, benefits, and knowledge gaps of non-native tree species in Europe. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.908464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing ecosystem conditions and diverse socio-economical events have contributed to an ingrained presence of non-native tree species (NNTs) in the natural and cultural European landscapes. Recent research endeavors have focused on different aspects of NNTs such as legislation, benefits, and risks for forestry, emphasizing that large knowledge gaps remain. As an attempt to fulfill part of these gaps, within the PEN-CAFoRR COST Action (CA19128) network, we established an open-access questionnaire that allows both academic experts and practitioners to provide information regarding NNTs from 20 European countries. Then, we integrated the data originating from the questionnaire, related to the country-based assessment of both peer-reviewed and grey literature, with information from available datasets (EUFORGEN and EU-Forest), which gave the main structure to the study and led to a mixed approach review. Finally, our study provided important insights into the current state of knowledge regarding NNTs. In particular, we highlighted NNTs that have shown to be less commonly addressed in research, raising caution about those characterized by an invasive behavior and used for specific purposes (e.g., wood production, soil recultivation, afforestation, and reforestation). NNTs were especially explored in the context of resilient and adaptive forest management. Moreover, we emphasized the assisted and natural northward migration of NNTs as another underscored pressing issue, which needs to be addressed by joint efforts, especially in the context of the hybridization potential. This study represents an additional effort toward the knowledge enhancement of the NNTs situation in Europe, aiming for a continuously active common source deriving from interprofessional collaboration.
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Adamson K, Laas M, Blumenstein K, Busskamp J, Langer GJ, Klavina D, Kaur A, Maaten T, Mullett MS, Müller MM, Ondrušková E, Padari A, Pilt E, Riit T, Solheim H, Soonvald L, Tedersoo L, Terhonen E, Drenkhan R. Highly Clonal Structure and Abundance of One Haplotype Characterise the Diplodia sapinea Populations in Europe and Western Asia. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:634. [PMID: 34436173 PMCID: PMC8400067 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diplodia sapinea is a cosmopolitan endophyte and opportunistic pathogen having occurred on several conifer species in Europe for at least 200 years. In Europe, disease outbreaks have increased on several Pinus spp. in the last few decades. In this study, the genetic structure of the European and western Asian D. sapinea population were investigated using 13 microsatellite markers. In total, 425 isolates from 15 countries were analysed. A high clonal fraction and low genetic distance between most subpopulations was found. One single haplotype dominates the European population, being represented by 45.3% of all isolates and found in nearly all investigated countries. Three genetically distinct subpopulations were found: Central/North European, Italian and Georgian. The recently detected subpopulations of D. sapinea in northern Europe (Estonia) share several haplotypes with the German subpopulation. The northern European subpopulations (Latvia, Estonia and Finland) show relatively high genetic diversity compared to those in central Europe suggesting either that the fungus has existed in the North in an asymptomatic/endophytic mode for a long time or that it has spread recently by multiple introductions. Considerable genetic diversity was found even among isolates of a single tree as 16 isolates from a single tree resulted in lower clonal fraction index than most subpopulations in Europe, which might reflect cryptic sexual proliferation. According to currently published allelic patterns, D. sapinea most likely originates from North America or from some unsampled population in Asia or central America. In order to enable the detection of endophytic or latent infections of planting stock by D. sapinea, new species-specific PCR primers (DiSapi-F and Diplo-R) were designed. During the search for Diplodia isolates across the world for species specific primer development, we identified D. africana in California, USA, and in the Canary Islands, which are the first records of this species in North America and in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalev Adamson
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; (M.L.); (T.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Marili Laas
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; (M.L.); (T.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Kathrin Blumenstein
- Forest Pathology Research Group, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (K.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Johanna Busskamp
- Section Mycology and Complex Diseases, Department of Forest Protection, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, 37079 Göttingen, Germany; (J.B.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Gitta J. Langer
- Section Mycology and Complex Diseases, Department of Forest Protection, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, 37079 Göttingen, Germany; (J.B.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Darta Klavina
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas 111, LV 2169 Salaspils, Latvia;
| | - Anu Kaur
- Tallinn Botanic Garden, Kloostrimetsa Tee 52, 11913 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Tiit Maaten
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; (M.L.); (T.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Martin S. Mullett
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Michael M. Müller
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 2, 00791 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Emília Ondrušková
- Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Forest Ecology Slovak Academy of Sciences, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Allar Padari
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; (M.L.); (T.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Enn Pilt
- Estonian Environment Agency, Mustamäe Tee 33, 10616 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Taavi Riit
- Center of Mycology and Microbiology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Halvor Solheim
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1431 Ås, Norway;
| | - Liina Soonvald
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Center of Mycology and Microbiology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (T.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Eeva Terhonen
- Forest Pathology Research Group, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (K.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; (M.L.); (T.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.)
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Lefèvre F, Koskela J, Hubert J, Kraigher H, Longauer R, Olrik DC, Schüler S, Bozzano M, Alizoti P, Bakys R, Baldwin C, Ballian D, Black-Samuelsson S, Bednarova D, Bordács S, Collin E, de Cuyper B, de Vries SMG, Eysteinsson T, Frýdl J, Haverkamp M, Ivankovic M, Konrad H, Koziol C, Maaten T, Notivol Paino E, Oztürk H, Pandeva ID, Parnuta G, Pilipovič A, Postolache D, Ryan C, Steffenrem A, Varela MC, Vessella F, Volosyanchuk RT, Westergren M, Wolter F, Yrjänä L, Zariŋa I. Dynamic conservation of forest genetic resources in 33 European countries. Conserv Biol 2013; 27:373-84. [PMID: 23240629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic conservation of forest genetic resources (FGR) means maintaining the genetic diversity of trees within an evolutionary process and allowing generation turnover in the forest. We assessed the network of forests areas managed for the dynamic conservation of FGR (conservation units) across Europe (33 countries). On the basis of information available in the European Information System on FGR (EUFGIS Portal), species distribution maps, and environmental stratification of the continent, we developed ecogeographic indicators, a marginality index, and demographic indicators to assess and monitor forest conservation efforts. The pan-European network has 1967 conservation units, 2737 populations of target trees, and 86 species of target trees. We detected a poor coincidence between FGR conservation and other biodiversity conservation objectives within this network. We identified 2 complementary strategies: a species-oriented strategy in which national conservation networks are specifically designed for key target species and a site-oriented strategy in which multiple-target units include so-called secondary species conserved within a few sites. The network is highly unbalanced in terms of species representation, and 7 key target species are conserved in 60% of the conservation units. We performed specific gap analyses for 11 tree species, including assessment of ecogeographic, demographic, and genetic criteria. For each species, we identified gaps, particularly in the marginal parts of their distribution range, and found multiple redundant conservation units in other areas. The Mediterranean forests and to a lesser extent the boreal forests are underrepresented. Monitoring the conservation efficiency of each unit remains challenging; however, <2% of the conserved populations seem to be at risk of extinction. On the basis of our results, we recommend combining species-oriented and site-oriented strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lefèvre
- INRA, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéenne, URF, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France.
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