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Starý T, Satková P, Piterková J, Mieslerová B, Luhová L, Mikulík J, Kašparovský T, Petřivalský M, Lochman J. The elicitin β-cryptogein's activity in tomato is mediated by jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling pathways independently of elicitin-sterol interactions. Planta 2019; 249:739-749. [PMID: 30374914 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The level of resistance induced in different tomato genotypes after β-CRY treatment correlated with the upregulation of defence genes, but not sterol binding and involved ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling. Elicitins, a family of small proteins secreted by Phytophthora and Pythium spp., are the most well-known microbe-associated molecular patterns of oomycetes, a lineage of fungus-like organisms that include many economically significant crop pathogens. The responses of tomato plants to elicitin INF1 produced by Phytophthora infestans have been studied extensively. Here, we present studies on the responses of three tomato genotypes to β-cryptogein (β-CRY), a potent elicitin secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea that induces hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in tobacco plants and confers greater resistance to oomycete infection than acidic elicitins like INF1. We also studied β-CRY mutants impaired in sterol binding (Val84Phe) and interaction with the binding site on tobacco plasma membrane (Leu41Phe), because sterol binding was suggested to be important in INF1-induced resistance. Treatment with β-CRY or the Val84Phe mutant induced resistance to powdery mildew caused by the pathogen Pseudoidium neolycopersici, but not the HR cell death observed in tobacco and potato plants. The level of resistance induced in different tomato genotypes correlated with the upregulation of defence genes including defensins, β-1,3-glucanases, heveins, chitinases, osmotins, and PR1 proteins. Treatment with the Leu41Phe mutant did not induce this upregulation, suggesting similar elicitin recognition in tomato and tobacco. However, here β-CRY activated ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling, but not salicylic acid signalling, demonstrating that elicitins activate different downstream signalling processes in different plant species. This could potentially be exploited to enhance the resistance of Phytophthora-susceptible crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Starý
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Satková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Piterková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Mieslerová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Mikulík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kašparovský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
We explore the feasibility of using fast-slow asymptotics to eliminate the computational stiffness of discrete-state, continuous-time deterministic Markov chain models of ionic channels underlying cardiac excitability. We focus on a Markov chain model of fast sodium current, and investigate its asymptotic behaviour with respect to small parameters identified in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Starý
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Harrison Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Vadim N Biktashev
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Harrison Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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Satková P, Starý T, Plešková V, Zapletalová M, Kašparovský T, Činčalová-Kubienová L, Luhová L, Mieslerová B, Mikulík J, Lochman J, Petřivalský M. Diverse responses of wild and cultivated tomato to BABA, oligandrin and Oidium neolycopersici infection. Ann Bot 2017; 119:829-840. [PMID: 27660055 PMCID: PMC5378190 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Current strategies for increased crop protection of susceptible tomato plants against pathogen infections include treatment with synthetic chemicals, application of natural pathogen-derived compounds or transfer of resistance genes from wild tomato species within breeding programmes. In this study, a series of 45 genes potentially involved in defence mechanisms was retrieved from the genome sequence of inbred reference tomato cultivar Solanum lycopersicum 'Heinz 1706'. The aim of the study was to analyse expression of these selected genes in wild and cultivated tomato plants contrasting in resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Oidium neolycopersici , the causative agent of powdery mildew. Plants were treated either solely with potential resistance inducers or by inducers together with the pathogen. Methods The resistance against O. neolycopersici infection as well as RT-PCR-based analysis of gene expression in response to the oomycete elicitor oligandrin and chemical agent β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) were investigated in the highly susceptible domesticated inbred genotype Solanum lycopersicum 'Amateur' and resistant wild genotype Solanum habrochaites . Key Results Differences in basal expression levels of defensins, germins, β-1,3-glucanases, heveins, chitinases, osmotins and PR1 proteins in non-infected and non-elicited plants were observed between the highly resistant and susceptible genotypes. Moreover, these defence genes showed an extensive up-regulation following O. neolycopersici infection in both genotypes. Application of BABA and elicitin induced expression of multiple defence-related transcripts and, through different mechanisms, enhanced resistance against powdery mildew in the susceptible tomato genotype. Conclusions The results indicate that non-specific resistance in the resistant genotype S. habrochaites resulted from high basal levels of transcripts with proven roles in defence processes. In the susceptible genotype S. lycopersicum 'Amateur', oligandrin- and BABA-induced resistance involved different signalling pathways, with BABA-treated leaves displaying direct activation of the ethylene-dependent signalling pathway, in contrast to previously reported jasmonic acid-mediated signalling for elicitins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Satková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Starý
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Plešková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zapletalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kašparovský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Činčalová-Kubienová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Mieslerová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Mikulík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Moreno C, de la Cruz A, Oliveras A, Kharche SR, Guizy M, Comes N, Starý T, Ronchi C, Rocchetti M, Baró I, Loussouarn G, Zaza A, Severi S, Felipe A, Valenzuela C. Marine n-3 PUFAs modulate IKs gating, channel expression, and location in membrane microdomains. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 105:223-32. [PMID: 25497550 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Polyunsaturated fatty n-3 acids (PUFAs) have been reported to exhibit antiarrhythmic properties. However, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. We studied the electrophysiological effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on IKs, and on the expression and location of Kv7.1 and KCNE1. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments were performed using patch-clamp, western blot, and sucrose gradient techniques in COS7 cells transfected with Kv7.1/KCNE1 channels. Acute perfusion with both PUFAs increased Kv7.1/KCNE1 current, this effect being greater for DHA than for EPA. Similar results were found in guinea pig cardiomyocytes. Acute perfusion of either PUFA slowed the activation kinetics and EPA shifted the activation curve to the left. Conversely, chronic EPA did not modify Kv7.1/KCNE1 current magnitude and shifted the activation curve to the right. Chronic PUFAs decreased the expression of Kv7.1, but not of KCNE1, and induced spatial redistribution of Kv7.1 over the cell membrane. Cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin increased Kv7.1/KCNE1 current magnitude. Under these conditions, acute EPA produced similar effects than those induced in non-cholesterol-depleted cells. A ventricular action potential computational model suggested antiarrhythmic efficacy of acute PUFA application under IKr block. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that acute application of PUFAs increases Kv7.1/KCNE1 through a probably direct effect, and shows antiarrhythmic efficacy under IKr block. Conversely, chronic EPA application modifies the channel activity through a change in the Kv7.1/KCNE1 voltage-dependence, correlated with a redistribution of Kv7.1 over the cell membrane. This loss of function may be pro-arrhythmic. This shed light on the controversial effects of PUFAs regarding arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia de la Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Oliveras
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sanjay R Kharche
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory D.E.I.S., University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Miriam Guizy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nùria Comes
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomáš Starý
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory D.E.I.S., University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ronchi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Rocchetti
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabelle Baró
- L'Institut du Thorax, Unité Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Gildas Loussouarn
- L'Institut du Thorax, Unité Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes, France
| | - Antonio Zaza
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Severi
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory D.E.I.S., University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Antonio Felipe
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Valenzuela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Starý T, Šolcová O, Schneider P, Marek M. Effective diffusivities and pore-transport characteristics of washcoated ceramic monolith for automotive catalytic converter. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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