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Park T, Burin G, Lazo-Cancino D, Rees JPG, Rule J, Slater G, Cooper N. Charting the Course of Pinniped Evolution: insights from molecular phylogeny and fossil record integration. Evolution 2024:qpae061. [PMID: 38644688 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses, and their fossil relatives) are one of the most successful mammalian clades to live in the oceans. Despite a well-resolved molecular phylogeny and a global fossil record, a complete understanding of their macroevolutionary dynamics remains hampered by a lack of formal analyses that combine these two rich sources of information. We used a meta-analytic approach to infer the most densely sampled pinniped phylogeny to-date (36 recent and 93 fossil taxa) and used phylogenetic paleobiological methods to study their diversification dynamics and biogeographic history. Pinnipeds mostly diversified at constant rates. Walruses however experienced rapid turnover in which extinction rates ultimately exceeded speciation rates from 12-6 Ma, possibly due to changing sea-levels and/or competition with otariids (eared seals). Historical biogeographic analyses including fossil data allowed us to confidently identify the North Pacific and the North Atlantic (plus or minus Paratethys) as the ancestral ranges of Otarioidea (eared seals + walrus) and crown phocids (earless seals), respectively. Yet, despite the novel addition of stem pan-pinniped taxa, the region of origin for Pan-Pinnipedia remained ambiguous. These results suggest further avenues of study in pinnipeds and provide a framework for investigating other groups with substantial extinct and extant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
- Science Group, Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Sciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, 3053, Australia
| | - Gustavo Burin
- Science Group, Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Daniela Lazo-Cancino
- Laboratorio de Mastozoología, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Joseph Pierce Gary Rees
- Science Group, Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James Rule
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
- Science Group, Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Graham Slater
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Natalie Cooper
- Science Group, Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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Coombs EJ, Knapp A, Park T, Bennion RF, McCurry MR, Lanzetti A, Boessenecker RW, McGowen MR. Drivers of morphological evolution in the toothed whale jaw. Curr Biol 2024; 34:273-285.e3. [PMID: 38118449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Toothed whales (odontocetes) emit high-frequency underwater sounds (echolocate)-an extreme and unique innovation allowing them to sense their prey and environment. Their highly specialized mandible (lower jaw) allows high-frequency sounds to be transmitted back to the inner ear. Echolocation is evident in the earliest toothed whales, but little research has focused on the evolution of mandibular form regarding this unique adaptation. Here, we use a high-density, three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of 100 living and extinct cetacean species spanning their ∼50-million-year evolutionary history. Our analyses demonstrate that most shape variation is found in the relative length of the jaw and the mandibular symphysis. The greatest morphological diversity was obtained during two periods of rapid evolution: the initial evolution of archaeocetes (stem whales) in the early to mid-Eocene as they adapted to an aquatic lifestyle, representing one of the most extreme adaptive transitions known, and later on in the mid-Oligocene odontocetes as they became increasingly specialized for a range of diets facilitated by increasingly refined echolocation. Low disparity in the posterior mandible suggests the shape of the acoustic window, which receives sound, has remained conservative since the advent of directional hearing in the aquatic archaeocetes, even as the earliest odontocetes began to receive sounds from echolocation. Diet, echolocation, feeding method, and dentition type strongly influence mandible shape. Unlike in the toothed whale cranium, we found no significant asymmetry in the mandible. We suggest that a combination of refined echolocation and associated dietary specializations have driven morphology and disparity in the toothed whale mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Coombs
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th St & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA; Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Andrew Knapp
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rebecca F Bennion
- Evolution & Diversity Dynamics Lab, Department of Geology, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; O.D. Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthew R McCurry
- Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Earth & Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Agnese Lanzetti
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robert W Boessenecker
- University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael R McGowen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th St & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA
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3
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Mitchell KE, Wenner BA, Lee C, Park T, Socha MT, Kleinschmit DH, Firkins JL. Supplementing branched-chain volatile fatty acids in dual-flow cultures varying in dietary forage and corn oil concentrations. I: Digestibility, microbial protein, and prokaryotic community structure. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7530-7547. [PMID: 37532627 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids are deaminated by amylolytic bacteria to branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA), which are growth factors for cellulolytic bacteria. Our objective was to determine the dietary conditions that would increase the uptake of BCVFA by rumen bacteria. We hypothesized that increased forage would increase cellulolytic bacterial abundance and incorporation of BCVFA into their structure. Supplemental polyunsaturated fatty acids, supplied via corn oil (CO), should inhibit cellulolytic bacteria growth, but we hypothesized that additional BCVFA would alleviate that inhibition. Further, supplemental BCVFA should increase neutral detergent fiber degradation and efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis more with the high forage and low polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary combination. The study was an incomplete block design with 8 dual-flow continuous cultures used in 4 periods with 8 treatments (n = 4 per treatment) arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. The factors were: high forage (HF) or low forage (LF; 67 or 33%), without or with supplemental CO (3% dry matter), and without or with 2.15 mmol/d (which included 5 mg/d of 13C each of BCVFA isovalerate, isobutyrate, and 2-methylbutyrate). The isonitrogenous diets consisted of 33:67 alfalfa:orchardgrass pellet, and was replaced with a concentrate pellet that mainly consisted of ground corn, soybean meal, and soybean hulls for the LF diet. The main effect of supplementing BCVFA increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability by 7.6%, and CO increased NDF degradability only in LF diets. Supplemental BCVFA increased bacterial N by 1.5 g/kg organic matter truly degraded (6.6%) and 0.05 g/g truly degraded N (6.5%). The relative sequence abundance decreased with LF for Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and genus Butyrivibrio compared with HF. Recovery of the total 13C dose in bacterial pellets decreased from 144 µg/ mg with HF to 98.9 µg/ mg with LF. Although isotope recovery in bacteria was greater with HF, BCVFA supplementation increased NDF degradability and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis under all dietary conditions. Therefore, supplemental BCVFA has potential to improve feed efficiency in dairy cows even with dietary conditions that might otherwise inhibit cellulolytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B A Wenner
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - C Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - T Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Korea 17546
| | - M T Socha
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN 55344
| | | | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43035
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Walker R, Fothergill-Misbah N, Kariuki S, Ojo O, Cilia R, Dekker MCJ, Agabi O, Akpalu A, Amod F, Breckons M, Cham M, Del Din S, Dotchin C, Guggsa S, Kwasa J, Mushi D, Nwaokorie FO, Park T, Rochester L, Rogathi J, Sarfo FS, Shalash A, Ternent L, Urasa S, Okubadejo N. Transforming Parkinson's Care in Africa (TraPCAf): protocol for a multimethodology National Institute for Health and Care Research Global Health Research Group project. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:373. [PMID: 37858118 PMCID: PMC10585779 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and, according to the Global Burden of Disease estimates in 2015, was the fastest growing neurological disorder globally with respect to associated prevalence, disability, and deaths. Information regarding the awareness, diagnosis, phenotypic characteristics, epidemiology, prevalence, risk factors, treatment, economic impact and lived experiences of people with PD from the African perspective is relatively sparse in contrast to the developed world, and much remains to be learned from, and about, the continent. METHODS Transforming Parkinson's Care in Africa (TraPCAf) is a multi-faceted, mixed-methods, multi-national research grant. The study design includes multiple sub-studies, combining observational (qualitative and quantitative) approaches for the epidemiological, clinical, risk factor and lived experience components, as appropriate, and interventional methods (clinical trial component). The aim of TraPCAf is to describe and gain a better understanding of the current situation of PD in Africa. The countries included in this National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Global Health Research Group (Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania) represent diverse African geographies and genetic profiles, with differing resources, healthcare systems, health and social protection schemes, and policies. The research team is composed of experts in the field with vast experience in PD, jointly led by a UK-based and Africa-based investigator. DISCUSSION Despite the increasing prevalence of PD globally, robust data on the disease from Africa are lacking. Existing data point towards the poor awareness of PD and other neurological disorders on the continent and subsequent challenges with stigma, and limited access to affordable services and medication. This multi-site study will be the first of its kind in Africa. The data collected across the proposed sub-studies will provide novel and conclusive insights into the situation of PD. The selected country sites will allow for useful comparisons and make results relevant to other low- and middle-income countries. This grant is timely, as global recognition of PD and the public health challenge it poses builds. The work will contribute to broader initiatives, including the World Health Organization's Intersectoral global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN77014546 .
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Affiliation(s)
- R Walker
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N Fothergill-Misbah
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - S Kariuki
- Neuroscience Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - O Ojo
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - R Cilia
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - M C J Dekker
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - O Agabi
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - A Akpalu
- University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - F Amod
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - M Breckons
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M Cham
- Richard Novati Catholic Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana
| | - S Del Din
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C Dotchin
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Guggsa
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - J Kwasa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D Mushi
- Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - F O Nwaokorie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - T Park
- Parkinson's Africa, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - L Rochester
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Rogathi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - F S Sarfo
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - A Shalash
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - L Ternent
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Urasa
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - N Okubadejo
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Burin G, Park T, James TD, Slater GJ, Cooper N. The dynamic adaptive landscape of cetacean body size. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1866. [PMID: 37160084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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McCurry MR, Park T, Coombs EJ, Hart LJ, Laffan S. Latitudinal gradients in the skull shape and assemblage structure of delphinoid cetaceans. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Within delphinoid cetaceans, snout shape is significantly correlated to diet, with long-snouted raptorial-feeding predators preying on smaller and more agile prey than shorter-snouted species. Although there have been several studies into longirostry from a functional perspective there have been no quantitative analyses of spatial variation in skull shape or how the pattern in skull shape morphospace occupation varies between assemblages. Here we analyse the cranial morphological variation of Delphinoidea assemblages. Firstly, we calculate mean and Gi* hotspot statistics of skull shape across the world’s oceans. We find that tropical and subtropical assemblages exhibit higher average measures of longirostry. This pattern is likely caused by differences in the availability of certain prey types in warmer and cooler environments. Secondly, we calculate mean pairwise distance as well as mean nearest taxon distance in functional traits between the members of 119 unique delphinoid assemblages. There was a trend for low latitude assemblages to exhibit greater overdispersion in PC1 (snout length) compared those from high latitudes. Our results suggest that ocean temperature is influential in determining the diversity, range limits and assemblage structure of delphinoid cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R McCurry
- Australian Museum Research Institute , 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010 , Australia
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University of New South Wales , Kensington, NSW 2052 , Australia
- Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC 20560 , USA
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum , Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD , UK
| | - Ellen J Coombs
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum , Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD , UK
- Genetics, Evolution, and Environment Department, University College London , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT , UK
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History , 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20560 , USA
| | - Lachlan J Hart
- Australian Museum Research Institute , 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010 , Australia
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University of New South Wales , Kensington, NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Shawn Laffan
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University of New South Wales , Kensington, NSW 2052 , Australia
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Burin G, Park T, James TD, Slater GJ, Cooper N. The dynamic adaptive landscape of cetacean body size. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1787-1794.e3. [PMID: 36990088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive landscapes are central to evolutionary theory, forming a conceptual bridge between micro- and macroevolution.1,2,3,4 Evolution by natural selection across an adaptive landscape should drive lineages toward fitness peaks, shaping the distribution of phenotypic variation within and among clades over evolutionary timescales.5 The location and breadth of these peaks in phenotypic space can also evolve,4 but whether phylogenetic comparative methods can detect such patterns has largely remained unexplored.6 Here, we characterize the global and local adaptive landscape for total body length in cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and relatives), a trait that spans 5 orders of magnitude, across their ∼53 million year evolutionary history. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we analyze shifts in long-term mean body length7 and directional changes in average trait values8 for 345 living and fossil cetacean taxa. Remarkably, we find that the global macroevolutionary adaptive landscape of cetacean body length is relatively flat, with very few peak shifts occurring after cetaceans entered the oceans. Local peaks are more numerous and manifest as trends along branches linked to specific adaptations. These results contrast with previous studies using only extant taxa,9 highlighting the vital role of fossil data for understanding macroevolution.10,11,12 Our results indicate that adaptive peaks are dynamic and are associated with subzones of local adaptations, creating moving targets for species adaptation. In addition, we identify limits in our ability to detect some evolutionary patterns and processes and suggest that multiple approaches are required to characterize complex hierarchical patterns of adaptation in deep time.
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Schindler E, Hayden R, Menzione N, Park T, Fischer A, Lichtstein D. Counseling After Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Opportunities to Reduce Recurrence Risk. Am J Med 2023; 136:e29-e31. [PMID: 36252712 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Hayden
- Department of Internal Medicine, JFK Medical Center, Atlantis, Fla
| | | | - Travis Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, JFK Medical Center, Atlantis, Fla
| | - Andrew Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine, JFK Medical Center, Atlantis, Fla
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Marx FG, Hocking DP, Park T, Pollock TI, Parker WMG, Rule JP, Fitzgerald EMG, Evans AR. Suction causes novel tooth wear in marine mammals, with implications for feeding evolution in baleen whales. J MAMM EVOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-022-09645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kim T, Park T, Kweon Y, Baek D, Lee J, Kang H. 530 Age-dependent sequential increase of senescent cells in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mark JD, Park T, Velez Quinones V, Isaac S. Rare extension of pancreatic pseudocyst with Mycobacterium abscessus into the iliopsoas muscle. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e252777. [PMID: 36319038 PMCID: PMC9628508 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-252777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic pseudocyst is a well-known complication of both acute and chronic pancreatitis. Although extension into other anatomical sites is common, extension into the retrofascial space causing an iliopsoas abscess is exceedingly rare. Although its low incidence creates a diagnostic challenge for clinicians, early diagnosis is essential to prevent significant complications and poor patient outcomes. We present a case of iliopsoas abscess with unusual culture fluid growth in the setting of acute on chronic pancreatitis secondary to extension of a pancreatic pseudocyst. We also offer a brief review of the literature and pathophysiology of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin David Mark
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, HCA Florida JFK Hospital, Atlantis, Florida, USA
| | | | - Shaun Isaac
- Department of Internal Medicine, HCA Florida JFK Hospital, Atlantis, Florida, USA
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Wenner B, Park T, Mitchell K, Kvidera S, Griswold K, Horst E, Baumgard L. Effect of zinc source (zinc sulfate or zinc hydroxychloride) on relative abundance of fecal Treponema spp. in lactating dairy cows. JDS Communications 2022; 3:334-338. [PMID: 36340900 PMCID: PMC9623701 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cows (n = 24) were fed typical lactating diets that only differed in zinc source inclusion. Fecal samples collected from cows were extracted for prokaryotic 16S gene DNA. Feeding zinc hydroxychloride decreased the Treponema spp. recovered from fecal samples compared with cows fed zinc sulfate.
Previous research revealed a potential effect of dietary trace mineral source on both ruminal and fecal microbiota. However, the effect of Zn source, specifically, has not previously been considered. Based on reported postruminal solubility, we hypothesized that Zn hydroxychloride would decrease Treponema spp. fecal excretion relative to cows fed Zn sulfate. To test this hypothesis, lactating Holstein cows (n = 24; 685 ± 9 kg of body weight; 159 ± 8 d in milk; parity 3 ± 0.2) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: control (75 mg/kg Zn from ZnSO4) or Zn hydroxychloride (HYD; 75 mg/kg IntelliBond Z; Micronutrients USA LLC). Single fecal grab samples were collected on d 1 before dietary treatments and on d 27 after dietary treatments were applied. Fecal microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced to establish taxonomy using a universal primer for the 16S rRNA gene. Supplementation of HYD decreased the relative abundance of Treponema 2 by 3-fold (14.7% vs. 4.9%). Poor sequencing resolution at the species level limited inference of Treponema spp. toward management or gut health implications of HYD supplementation. However, the inclusion of pathogenic species among Treponema spp. indicates a potential implication of HYD feeding to reduce environmental exposure of the dairy cow to Treponema spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.A. Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
- Corresponding author
| | - T. Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - K. Mitchell
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | | | | | - E.A. Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L.H. Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Han A, Park T, Kim H, Min S, Ha J, Min SK. Paclitaxel Coated Balloon Angioplasty vs. Plain Balloon Angioplasty for Haemodialysis Arteriovenous Access Stenosis: A Systematic Review and a Time to Event Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. J Vasc Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Roman-Garcia Y, Mitchell KE, Lee C, Socha MT, Park T, Wenner BA, Firkins JL. Conditions stimulating neutral detergent fiber degradation by dosing branched-chain volatile fatty acids. III: Relation with solid passage rate and pH on prokaryotic fatty acid profile and community in continuous culture. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9868-9885. [PMID: 34253360 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our objectives were to evaluate potential interactions in culture conditions that influence how exogenously dosed branched-chain VFA (BCVFA) would be recovered as elongated fatty acids (FA) or would affect bacterial populations. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments evaluated 3 factors: (1) without versus with BCVFA (0 vs. 2 mmol/d each of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and 2-methylbutyrate; each dose was partially substituted with 13C-enriched tracers before and during the collection period); (2) high versus low pH (ranging diurnally from 6.3 to 6.8 vs. 5.7 to 6.2); and (3) low versus high particulate-phase passage rate (kp; 2.5 vs. 5.0%/h) in continuous cultures administered a 50:50 forage:concentrate diet twice daily. Samples of effluent were collected and composited before harvesting bacteria from which FA and DNA were extracted. Profiles and enrichments of FA in bacteria were evaluated by gas chromatography and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The 13C enrichment in bacterial FA was calculated as percentage recovery of dosed 13C-labeled BCVFA. Dosing BCVFA increased the even-chain iso-FA, preventing the reduced concentration at higher kp and potentially as a physiological response to decreased pH. However, decreasing pH decreased recovery of 13C in these even-chain FA, suggesting greater reliance on isobutyrate produced from degradation of dietary valine. The iso-FA were decreased, whereas anteiso-FA and 16:0 increased with decreasing pH. Thus, 2-methylbutyrate still appeared to be important as a precursor for anteiso-FA to counter the increased rigidity of bacterial membranes that had more saturated straight-chain FA when pH decreased. Provision of BCVFA stimulated the relative sequence abundance of Fibrobacter and Treponema, both of which require isobutyrate and 2-methylbutyrate. Numerous bacterial community members were shifted by low pH, including increased Prevotella and genera within the phylum Proteobacteria, at the expense of members within phylum Firmicutes. Because of relatively few interactions with pH and kp, supplementation of BCVFA can stimulate neutral detergent fiber degradability via key fibrolytic bacteria across a range of conditions. Decreasing pH shifted bacterial populations and their FA composition, suggesting that further research is needed to distinguish pH from dietary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Roman-Garcia
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - K E Mitchell
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - C Lee
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691
| | - M T Socha
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN 55344
| | - T Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - B A Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
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Hocking DP, Marx FG, Wang S, Burton D, Thompson M, Park T, Burville B, Richards HL, Sattler R, Robbins J, Miguez RP, Fitzgerald EMG, Slip DJ, Evans AR. Convergent evolution of forelimb-propelled swimming in seals. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2404-2409.e2. [PMID: 33961784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Modern pinnipeds (true and eared seals) employ two radically different swimming styles, with true seals (phocids) propelling themselves primarily with their hindlimbs, whereas eared seals (otariids) rely on their wing-like foreflippers.1,2 Current explanations of this functional dichotomy invoke either pinniped diphyly3-5 or independent colonizations of the ocean by related but still largely terrestrial ancestors.6-8 Here, we show that pinniped swimming styles form an anatomical, functional, and behavioral continuum, within which adaptations for forelimb swimming can arise directly from a hindlimb-propelled bauplan. Within phocids, southern seals (monachines) show a convergent trend toward wing-like, hydrodynamically efficient forelimbs used for propulsion during slow swimming, turning, bursts of speed, or when initiating movement. This condition is most evident in leopard seals, which have well-integrated foreflippers with little digit mobility, reduced claws, and hydrodynamic characteristics comparable to those of forelimb-propelled otariids. Using monachines as a model, we suggest that the last common ancestor of modern seals may have been hindlimb-propelled and aquatically adapted, thus resolving the apparent contradiction at the root of pinniped evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Hocking
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart 7000, Australia.
| | - Felix G Marx
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington 6011, New Zealand; Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Shibo Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David Burton
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mark Thompson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ben Burville
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Hazel L Richards
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Renae Sattler
- Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, AK 99664, USA; Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Palmer, AK, USA
| | - James Robbins
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK
| | | | - Erich M G Fitzgerald
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - David J Slip
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Mccurry MR, Marx FG, Evans AR, Park T, Pyenson ND, Kohno N, Castiglione S, Fitzgerald EMG. Brain size evolution in whales and dolphins: new data from fossil mysticetes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cetaceans (whales and dolphins) have some of the largest and most complex brains in the animal kingdom. When and why this trait evolved remains controversial, with proposed drivers ranging from echolocation to foraging complexity and high-level sociality. This uncertainty partially reflects a lack of data on extinct baleen whales (mysticetes), which has obscured deep-time patterns of brain size evolution in non-echolocating cetaceans. Building on new measurements from mysticete fossils, we show that the evolution of large brains preceded that of echolocation, and subsequently followed a complex trajectory involving several independent increases (e.g. in rorquals and oceanic dolphins) and decreases (e.g. in right whales and ‘river dolphins’). Echolocating whales show a greater tendency towards large brain size, thus reaffirming cognitive demands associated with sound processing as a plausible driver of cetacean encephalization. Nevertheless, our results suggest that other factors such as sociality were also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Mccurry
- Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Paleobiology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Felix G Marx
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, 6011, New Zealand
- Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 3054, New Zealand
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D Pyenson
- Paleobiology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Paleontology and Geology, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Naoki Kohno
- Department of Geology and Palaeontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Silvia Castiglione
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Napoli,Italy
| | - Erich M G Fitzgerald
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
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Lim S, Kim J, Park JY, Min J, Yun S, Park T, Kim Y, Choi J. Suppressed Degradation and Enhanced Performance of CsPbI 3 Perovskite Quantum Dot Solar Cells via Engineering of Electron Transport Layers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:6119-6129. [PMID: 33499586 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
CsPbI3 perovskite quantum dots (CsPbI3-PQDs) have recently come into focus as a light-harvesting material that can act as a platform through which to combine the material advantages of both perovskites and QDs. However, the low cubic-phase stability of CsPbI3-PQDs in ambient conditions has been recognized as a factor that inhibits device stability. TiO2 nanoparticles are the most regularly used materials as an electron transport layer (ETL) in CsPbI3-PQD photovoltaics; however, we found that TiO2 can facilitate the cubic-phase degradation of CsPbI3-PQDs due to its vigorous photocatalytic activity. To address these issues, we have developed chloride-passivated SnO2 QDs (Cl@SnO2 QDs), which have low photocatalytic activity and few surface traps, to suppress the cubic-phase degradation of CsPbI3-PQDs. Given these advantages, the CsPbI3-PQD solar cells based on Cl@SnO2 ETLs show significantly improved device operational stability (under conditions of 50% relative humidity and 1-sun illumination), compared to those based on TiO2 ETLs. In addition, the Cl@SnO2-based devices showed improved open circuit voltage and photocurrent density, resulting in enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 14.5% compared to that of TiO2-based control devices (PCE of 13.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - J Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - J Min
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - S Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - T Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Kim
- Division of Energy Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - J Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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18
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Lee C, Copelin JE, Park T, Mitchell KE, Firkins JL, Socha MT, Luchini D. Effects of diet fermentability and supplementation of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid and isoacids on milk fat depression: 2. Ruminal fermentation, fatty acid, and bacterial community structure. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1604-1619. [PMID: 33358812 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to understand ruminal effects of diet modification during moderate milk fat depression (MFD) and ruminal effects of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMTBa) and isoacids on alleviating MFD. Five ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design with the following 5 dietary treatments (dry matter basis): a high-forage and low-starch control diet with 1.5% safflower oil (HF-C); a low-forage and high-starch control diet with 1.5% safflower oil (LF-C); the LF-C diet supplemented with HMTBa (0.11%; 28 g/d; LF-HMTBa); the LF-C diet supplemented with isoacids [(IA) 0.24%; 60 g/d; LF-IA]; and the LF-C diet supplemented with HMTBa and IA (LF-COMB). The experiment consisted of 5 periods with 21 d per period (14-d diet adaptation and 7-d sampling). Ruminal samples were collected to determine fermentation characteristics (0, 1, 3, and 6 h after feeding), long-chain fatty acid (FA) profile (6 h after feeding), and bacterial community structure by analyzing 16S gene amplicon sequences (3 h after feeding). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) in a Latin square design. Preplanned comparisons between HF-C and LF-C were conducted, and the main effects of HMTBa and IA and their interaction within the LF diets were examined. The LF-C diet decreased ruminal pH and the ratio of acetate to propionate, with no major changes detected in ruminal FA profile compared with HF-C. The α-diversity for LF-C was lower compared with HF-C, and β-diversity also differed between LF-C and HF-C. The relative abundance of bacterial phyla and genera associated indirectly with fiber degradation was influenced by LF-C versus HF-C. As the main effect of HMTBa within the LF diets, HMTBa increased the ratio of acetate to propionate and butyrate molar proportion. Ruminal saturated FA were increased and unsaturated FA concentration were decreased by HMTBa, with minimal changes detected in ruminal bacterial diversity and community. As the main effect of IA, IA supplementation increased ruminal concentration of all branched-chain volatile FA and valerate and increased the percentage of trans-10 C18 isomers in total FA. In addition, α-diversity and the number of functional features were increased for IA. Changes in the abundances of bacterial phyla and genera were minimal for IA. Interactions between HMTBa and IA were observed for ruminal variables and some bacterial taxa abundances. In conclusion, increasing diet fermentability (LF-C vs. HF-C) influenced rumen fermentation and bacterial community structure without major changes in FA profile. Supplementation of HMTBa increased biohydrogenation capacity, and supplemental IA increased bacterial diversity, possibly alleviating MFD. The combination of HMTBa and IA had no associative effects in the rumen and need further studies to understand the interactive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.
| | - J E Copelin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - T Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - K E Mitchell
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - M T Socha
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN 55344
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19
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Beverstock J, Park T, Song CCA, Alston R, Claxton A, Sharkey T, Hutton S, Fathers J, Cawley W. A comparison of volatile anaesthesia and total intravenous anaesthesia (tiva) on outcome from cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Joung K, Park T, Kim E, Song J, Lee E, Suh D, Spiteri C, Suh D. PCN1 IMPACT of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors on Health Outcomes for Patients with Cancer in South Korea. Value Health Reg Issues 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2020.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike most mammals, toothed whale (Odontoceti) skulls lack symmetry in the nasal and facial (nasofacial) region. This asymmetry is hypothesised to relate to echolocation, which may have evolved in the earliest diverging odontocetes. Early cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) such as archaeocetes, namely the protocetids and basilosaurids, have asymmetric rostra, but it is unclear when nasofacial asymmetry evolved during the transition from archaeocetes to modern whales. We used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to reconstruct the evolution of asymmetry in the skulls of 162 living and extinct cetaceans over 50 million years. RESULTS In archaeocetes, we found asymmetry is prevalent in the rostrum and also in the squamosal, jugal, and orbit, possibly reflecting preservational deformation. Asymmetry in odontocetes is predominant in the nasofacial region. Mysticetes (baleen whales) show symmetry similar to terrestrial artiodactyls such as bovines. The first significant shift in asymmetry occurred in the stem odontocete family Xenorophidae during the Early Oligocene. Further increases in asymmetry occur in the physeteroids in the Late Oligocene, Squalodelphinidae and Platanistidae in the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene, and in the Monodontidae in the Late Miocene/Early Pliocene. Additional episodes of rapid change in odontocete skull asymmetry were found in the Mid-Late Oligocene, a period of rapid evolution and diversification. No high-probability increases or jumps in asymmetry were found in mysticetes or archaeocetes. Unexpectedly, no increases in asymmetry were recovered within the highly asymmetric ziphiids, which may result from the extreme, asymmetric shape of premaxillary crests in these taxa not being captured by landmarks alone. CONCLUSIONS Early ancestors of living whales had little cranial asymmetry and likely were not able to echolocate. Archaeocetes display high levels of asymmetry in the rostrum, potentially related to directional hearing, which is lost in early neocetes-the taxon including the most recent common ancestor of living cetaceans. Nasofacial asymmetry becomes a significant feature of Odontoceti skulls in the Early Oligocene, reaching its highest levels in extant taxa. Separate evolutionary regimes are reconstructed for odontocetes living in acoustically complex environments, suggesting that these niches impose strong selective pressure on echolocation ability and thus increased cranial asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Coombs
- Genetics, Evolution, and Environment Department, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Julien Clavel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Morgan Churchill
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Genetics, Evolution, and Environment Department, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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22
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Martins MCI, Park T, Racicot R, Cooper N. Intraspecific variation in the cochleae of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and its implications for comparative studies across odontocetes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8916. [PMID: 32322439 PMCID: PMC7161573 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In morphological traits, variation within species is generally considered to be lower than variation among species, although this assumption is rarely tested. This is particularly important in fields like palaeontology, where it is common to use a single individual as representative of a species due to the rarity of fossils. Here, we investigated intraspecific variation in the cochleae of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Interspecific variation of cochlear morphology is well characterised among odontocetes (toothed whales) because of the importance of the structure in echolocation, but generally these studies use only a single cochlea to represent each species. In this study we compare variation within the cochleae of 18 specimens of P. phocoena with variations in cochlear morphology across 51 other odontocete species. Using both 3D landmark and linear measurement data, we performed Generalised Procrustes and principal component analyses to quantify shape variation. We then quantified intraspecific variation in our sample of P. phocoena by estimating disparity and the coefficient of variation for our 3D and linear data respectively. Finally, to determine whether intraspecific variation may confound the results of studies of interspecific variation, we used multivariate and univariate analyses of variance to test whether variation within the specimens of P. phocoena was significantly lower than that across odontocetes. We found low levels of intraspecific variation in the cochleae of P. phocoena, and that cochlear shape within P. phocoena was significantly less variable than across odontocetes. Although future studies should attempt to use multiple cochleae for every species, our results suggest that using just one cochlea for each species should not strongly influence the conclusions of comparative studies if our results are consistent across Cetacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Iruzun Martins
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Racicot
- Forschungsinstitut und Naturkundemuseum, Senckenberg der SNG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,The Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America.,Department of Zoology, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Natalie Cooper
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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Min K, Park T. 199 Attitude of Women Nurses for Embarrassing Female Sexual and Urinary Symptoms in Korea. J Sex Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.11.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Background Odontocetes (toothed whales) are the most species-rich marine mammal lineage. The catalyst for their evolutionary success is echolocation - a form of biological sonar that uses high-frequency sound, produced in the forehead and ultimately detected by the cochlea. The ubiquity of echolocation in odontocetes across a wide range of physical and acoustic environments suggests that convergent evolution of cochlear shape is likely to have occurred. To test this, we used SURFACE; a method that fits Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) models with stepwise AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) to identify convergent regimes on the odontocete phylogeny, and then tested whether convergence in these regimes was significantly greater than expected by chance. Results We identified three convergent regimes: (1) True’s (Mesoplodon mirus) and Cuvier’s (Ziphius cavirostris) beaked whales; (2) sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and all other beaked whales sampled; and (3) pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (Kogia sima) sperm whales and Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). Interestingly the ‘river dolphins’, a group notorious for their convergent morphologies and riverine ecologies, do not have convergent cochlear shapes. The first two regimes were significantly convergent, with habitat type and dive type significantly correlated with membership of the sperm whale + beaked whale regime. Conclusions The extreme acoustic environment of the deep ocean likely constrains cochlear shape, causing the cochlear morphology of sperm and beaked whales to converge. This study adds support for cochlear morphology being used to predict the ecology of extinct cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, UK.
| | - Bastien Mennecart
- Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.,Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Loïc Costeur
- Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Grohé
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA.,Laboratory Paleontology Evolution Paleoecosystems Paleoprimatology (PALEVOPRIM) - UMR 7262, CNRS-INEE/University of Poitiers, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Natalie Cooper
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, UK
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Robbins JR, Park T, Coombs EJ. Supernumerary teeth observed in a live True's beaked whale in the Bay of Biscay. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7809. [PMID: 31632847 PMCID: PMC6796962 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoplodont beaked whales are one of the most enigmatic mammalian genera. We document a pod of four beaked whales in the Bay of Biscay breaching and tail slapping alongside a large passenger ferry. Photographs of the animals were independently reviewed by experts, and identified as True's beaked whales (Mesoplodon mirus). This is the first conclusive live sighting of these animals in the north-east Atlantic, and adds information to previous sightings that are likely to have been M. mirus. Photographs of an adult male appears to show two supernumerary teeth posterior to the apical mandibular tusks. Whilst analysed museum specimens (n = 8) did not show evidence of alveoli in this location, there is evidence of vestigial teeth and variable dentition in many beaked whale species. This is the first such record of supernumerary teeth in True's beaked whales.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Robbins
- ORCA, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen J. Coombs
- Department of Life sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Woolf Z, Swanson M, Park T, Brooks A, Dragunow M. P10.02 Differentiating microglia and tumour associated macrophages in high grade glioma. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz126.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumour that affects adults. This aggressive tumour is invariably fatal, carrying a rapid progression and a dismal median survival period of only 15 months despite multimodal treatment approaches. Central to GBM pathogenesis is the immunosuppressive profile of these tumours. The two cell types that are highly abundant in these tumours and play critical roles in the immunosuppressive niche are the brain’s resident microglia and their peripheral counterparts - tumour associated macrophages (TAMs). Despite microglia and TAMs being ontogenetically distinct, these cells have largely been grouped together in research owing to the previous lack of cell-specific markers. Recent evidence has suggested that although TAMs may hold a predominantly pro-tumoral role, microglia may adopt a more anti-tumoral phenotype. Therefore, the differentiation of these two cell types is critical in elucidating the potentially characteristic roles of these two cell types in GBM pathogenesis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Tissue sections from resected low- and high-grade glioma tumours, along with epilepsy tissue (control), were used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of macrophage pan-makers (Iba1, CD45, PU.1) and microglial-specific markers (TMEM119, P2RY12). Marker co-localisation was then used to differentiate microglia from TAMs. We further investigated a wider subset of cell-specific markers using multicolour flow cytometry and immunocytochemical staining of isolated cells from patient tissue samples.
RESULTS
Immunofluorescent staining of glioma and epilepsy tissue revealed two clear populations of cells; one population displayed long processes and co-labelling for both pan- and microglial-specific markers, whilst the other population displayed an amoeboid phenotype with only pan-maker staining. Preliminary analysis comparing microglia/TAM populations in low-grade, high-grade and epilepsy tissue suggests a clear difference in the proportions of these cells.
CONCLUSION
Our work complements RNA-Seq studies, showing that TMEM119 and P2RY12, alongside other markers, can indeed identify two distinct myeloid cell populations within glioma tissue. This provides a strong basis for further study where we aim to elucidate the respective roles of microglia and TAMs within tumours. Ultimately, this may hold the potential for differential targeting of these cells using immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Woolf
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Swanson
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T Park
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Brooks
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Dragunow
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Jung W, Park T, Kim Y, Park H, Han Y, He J, Wolfgang CL, Blair A, Rashid MF, Kluger MD, Su GH, Chabot JA, Yang CY, Lou W, Valente R, Del Chiaro M, Shyr YM, Wang SE, van Huijgevoort NCM, Besselink MG, Yang Y, Kim H, Kwon W, Kim SW, Jang JY. Validation of a nomogram to predict the risk of cancer in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and main duct dilatation of 10 mm or less. Br J Surg 2019; 106:1829-1836. [PMID: 31441048 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is premalignant pancreatic lesion. International guidelines offer limited predictors of individual risk. A nomogram to predict individual IPMN malignancy risk was released, with good diagnostic performance based on a large cohort of Asian patients with IPMN. The present study validated a nomogram to predict malignancy risk and invasiveness of IPMN using both Eastern and Western cohorts. METHODS Clinicopathological and radiological data from patients who underwent pancreatic resection for IPMN at four centres each in Eastern and Western countries were collected. After excluding patients with missing data for at least one malignancy predictor in the nomogram (main pancreatic duct diameter, cyst size, presence of mural nodule, serum carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 levels, and age). RESULTS In total, data from 393 patients who fit the criteria were analysed, of whom 265 were from Eastern and 128 from Western institutions. Although mean age, sex, log value of serum CA19-9 level, tumour location, main duct diameter, cyst size and presence of mural nodule differed between the Korean/Japanese, Eastern and Western cohorts, rates of malignancy and invasive cancer did not differ significantly. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve values for the nomogram predicting malignancy were 0·745 for Eastern, 0·856 for Western and 0·776 for combined cohorts; respective values for the nomogram predicting invasiveness were 0·736, 0·891 and 0·788. CONCLUSIONS External validation of the nomogram showed good performance in predicting cancer in both Eastern and Western patients with IPMN lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jung
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - T Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Kim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Han
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J He
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C L Wolfgang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A Blair
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - M F Rashid
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeon, New York, USA
| | - M D Kluger
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeon, New York, USA
| | - G H Su
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - J A Chabot
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeon, New York, USA
| | - C-Y Yang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W Lou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - R Valente
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute at Centre for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Del Chiaro
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute at Centre for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y-M Shyr
- Departments of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-E Wang
- Departments of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - N C M van Huijgevoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Y Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - H Kim
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - W Kwon
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-W Kim
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-Y Jang
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Park T, Yang C, Yu Z. Specific inhibitors of lysozyme and peptidases inhibit the growth of the rumen protozoan
Entodinium caudatum
without decreasing feed digestion or fermentation
in vitro. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:670-682. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Park
- Department of Animal Sciences The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - C. Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Z. Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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29
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Ang SBL, Hing WC, Tun SY, Park T. Experience with the Use of the Codonics Safe Label System™to Improve Labelling Compliance of Anaesthesia Drugs. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 42:500-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1404200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. B. L. Ang
- Anaesthesia Department, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
| | - W. C. Hing
- Anaesthesia Department, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
- National University Health Systems Singapore, Singapore
| | - S. Y. Tun
- Anaesthesia Department, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
| | - T. Park
- Anaesthesia Department, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Industrial & Information Systems Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
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30
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Szekely B, Bossuyt V, Li X, Wali V, Patwardhan G, Frederick C, Silber A, Park T, Harigopal M, Pelekanou V, Zhang M, Yan Q, Rimm D, Bianchini G, Hatzis C, Pusztai L. Immunological differences between primary and metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2018; 29:2232-2239. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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31
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Skaar D, Park T, Swiontkowski M, Kuntz K. Is Antibiotic Prophylaxis Cost-effective for Dental Patients Following Total Knee Arthroplasty? JDR Clin Trans Res 2018; 4:9-18. [DOI: 10.1177/2380084418808724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Routine antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) to prevent prosthetic joint infection remains controversial. The lack of prophylaxis guideline consensus from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and the American Dental Association (ADA) contributes to clinician confusion. Objectives: This cost-effectiveness decision model informs the AP debate and guideline development by comparing the benefits, harms, and costs of alternative prophylaxis strategies. Methods: A Markov state-transition model was developed comparing lifetime health outcomes and costs of alternative AP strategies for dental patients aged 65 y with a history of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Based on our interpretation of AP recommendations from the AAOS and ADA, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated to compare the following strategies: no AP, AP for the first 2 y after a TKA, and lifetime AP. Results: The no-AP strategy had the lowest average lifetime costs ($17,119) and quality-adjusted life years (11.2151). Compared with a no-prophylaxis strategy, the 2-y AP strategy had incremental costs of $56 and 0.0006 QALYs gained and was cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio = $95,100) when a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per quality-adjusted life year was used. Based on the results of 1-way sensitivity analysis, the no-AP strategy was cost-effective when we modestly increased base case amoxicillin adverse event estimates that were substantially lower than estimates reported in previous models. When plausible combinations of important model parameters were varied, model results suggested that there may be clinical scenarios when AP may be appropriate for some medically at-risk patient populations. Conclusion: The results of cost-effectiveness decision modeling generally support questioning routine AP for dental patients with TKA. Sensitivity analyses suggest that prophylaxis may be cost-effective for patient populations with a higher medical risk of infection. This finding is consistent with the recommendations of the 2015 ADA practice guideline and the appropriate use criteria jointly developed by the AAOS and the ADA. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this decision modeling research support the contention that routine AP before invasive dental procedures to prevent prosthetic joint infection may not be cost-effective for patients without medical conditions, potentially conferring a higher infection risk. Model sensitivity analyses suggest that there may be clinical situations when medically at-risk patients benefit from AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.D. Skaar
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - T. Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - M.F. Swiontkowski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - K.M. Kuntz
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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32
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Abstract
Neobalaenines are an enigmatic group of baleen whales represented today by a single living species: the pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata, found only in the Southern Hemisphere. Molecular divergence estimates date the origin of pygmy right whales to 22–26 Ma, yet so far there are only three confirmed fossil occurrences. Here, we describe an isolated periotic from the latest Miocene of Victoria (Australia). The new fossil shows all the hallmarks of Caperea, making it the second-oldest described neobalaenine, and the oldest record of the genus. Overall, the new specimen resembles C. marginata in its external morphology and details of the cochlea, but is more archaic in it having a hypertrophied suprameatal area and a greater number of cochlear turns. The presence of Caperea in Australian waters during the Late Miocene matches the distribution of the living species, and supports a southern origin for pygmy right whales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix G Marx
- Directorate of Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Palaeontology, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Travis Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erich M G Fitzgerald
- Palaeontology, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.,National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Palaeontology, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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33
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Park T. How Mammals Conquered the Oceans. J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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34
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Park T. 451 Young Scholar Presentation: Towards a Better Understanding of the Metabolism, Physiology and Ecology of Rumen Protozoa: New Insights from Culturomics and Genomics. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky073.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Park
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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35
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Schindler U, Seitz L, Ashok D, Piovesan D, Tan J, DiRenzo D, Yin F, Leleti M, Rosen B, Miles D, Jin L, Park T, Young S, Soriano F, Rieger A, Karakunnel J, Sharif E, Powers J, Walters M. AB928, a dual antagonist of the A 2a R and A 2b R adenosine receptors, leads to greater immune activation and reduced tumor growth when combined with chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Park T, Evans AR, Gallagher SJ, Fitzgerald EMG. Low-frequency hearing preceded the evolution of giant body size and filter feeding in baleen whales. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2528. [PMID: 28179519 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Living baleen whales (mysticetes) produce and hear the lowest-frequency (infrasonic) sounds among mammals. There is currently debate over whether the ancestor of crown cetaceans (Neoceti) was able to detect low frequencies. However, the lack of information on the most archaic fossil mysticetes has prevented us from determining the earliest evolution of their extreme acoustic biology. Here, we report the first anatomical analyses and frequency range estimation of the inner ear in Oligocene (34-23 Ma) fossils of archaic toothed mysticetes from Australia and the USA. The cochlear anatomy of these small fossil mysticetes resembles basilosaurid archaeocetes, but is also similar to that of today's baleen whales, indicating that even the earliest mysticetes detected low-frequency sounds, and lacked ultrasonic hearing and echolocation. This suggests that, in contrast to recent research, the plesiomorphic hearing condition for Neoceti was low frequency, which was retained by toothed mysticetes, and the high-frequency hearing of odontocetes is derived. Therefore, the low-frequency hearing of baleen whales has remained relatively unchanged over the last approximately 34 Myr, being present before the evolution of other signature mysticete traits, including filter feeding, baleen and giant body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia .,Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Erich M G Fitzgerald
- Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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37
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Hocking DP, Marx FG, Park T, Fitzgerald EMG, Evans AR. A behavioural framework for the evolution of feeding in predatory aquatic mammals. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2750. [PMID: 28250183 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extant aquatic mammals are a key component of aquatic ecosystems. Their morphology, ecological role and behaviour are, to a large extent, shaped by their feeding ecology. Nevertheless, the nature of this crucial aspect of their biology is often oversimplified and, consequently, misinterpreted. Here, we introduce a new framework that categorizes the feeding cycle of predatory aquatic mammals into four distinct functional stages (prey capture, manipulation and processing, water removal and swallowing), and details the feeding behaviours that can be employed at each stage. Based on this comprehensive scheme, we propose that the feeding strategies of living aquatic mammals form an evolutionary sequence that recalls the land-to-water transition of their ancestors. Our new conception helps to explain and predict the origin of particular feeding styles, such as baleen-assisted filter feeding in whales and raptorial 'pierce' feeding in pinnipeds, and informs the structure of present and past ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Hocking
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia .,Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Felix G Marx
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.,Directorate of Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Travis Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erich M G Fitzgerald
- Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.,National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
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38
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Hocking DP, Marx FG, Park T, Fitzgerald EMG, Evans AR. Reply to comment by Kienle et al. 2017. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20171836. [PMID: 28954917 PMCID: PMC5627218 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David P Hocking
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Felix G Marx
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne 3001, Australia
- Directorate of Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Travis Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Erich M G Fitzgerald
- Department of Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne 3001, Australia
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Geosciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne 3001, Australia
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39
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Park T, Fitzgerald EMG, Evans AR. Ultrasonic hearing and echolocation in the earliest toothed whales. Biol Lett 2017; 12:rsbl.2016.0060. [PMID: 27072406 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of biosonar (production of high-frequency sound and reception of its echo) was a key innovation of toothed whales and dolphins (Odontoceti) that facilitated phylogenetic diversification and rise to ecological predominance. Yet exactly when high-frequency hearing first evolved in odontocete history remains a fundamental question in cetacean biology. Here, we show that archaic odontocetes had a cochlea specialized for sensing high-frequency sound, as exemplified by an Oligocene xenorophid, one of the earliest diverging stem groups. This specialization is not as extreme as that seen in the crown clade. Paired with anatomical correlates for high-frequency signal production in Xenorophidae, this is strong evidence that the most archaic toothed whales possessed a functional biosonar system, and that this signature adaptation of odontocetes was acquired at or soon after their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Geosciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erich M G Fitzgerald
- Geosciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Geosciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
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40
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Park T, Marx FG, Fitzgerald EMG, Evans AR. The cochlea of the enigmatic pygmy right whale Caperea marginata informs mysticete phylogeny. J Morphol 2017; 278:801-809. [PMID: 28333389 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata, is the least understood extant baleen whale (Cetacea, Mysticeti). Knowledge on its basic anatomy, ecology, and fossil record is limited, even though its singular position outside both balaenids (right whales) and balaenopteroids (rorquals + grey whales) gives Caperea a pivotal role in mysticete evolution. Recent investigations of the cetacean cochlea have provided new insights into sensory capabilities and phylogeny. Here, we extend this advance to Caperea by describing, for the first time, the inner ear of this enigmatic species. The cochlea is large and appears to be sensitive to low-frequency sounds, but its hearing limit is relatively high. The presence of a well-developed tympanal recess links Caperea with cetotheriids and balaenopteroids, rather than balaenids, contrary to the traditional morphological view of a close Caperea-balaenid relationship. Nevertheless, a broader sample of the cetotheriid Herpetocetus demonstrates that the presence of a tympanal recess can be variable at the specific and possibly even the intraspecific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Geosciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felix G Marx
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Geosciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Directorate of Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erich M G Fitzgerald
- Geosciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.,Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Geosciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Schindler U, Chen A, Leleti M, Sharif E, Miles D, Powers J, Tan J, Sexton H, Park T, Young S, Jaen J. Novel small-molecule inhibitors of ecto-nucleotidase CD73: Activation of human CD8+ T cells and effects on tumor growth and immune parameters in experimental tumor models. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)32885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Park T. 1488 Toxicity of antibiotics on rumen protozoan Entodinium caudatum and its associated microbes. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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43
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Prathiba G, Kim I, Shin S, Strychalska J, Klimczuk T, Park T. Tuning the ferromagnetic phase in the CDW compound SmNiC2 via chemical alloying. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26530. [PMID: 27221309 PMCID: PMC4879522 DOI: 10.1038/srep26530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a study on tuning the charge density wave (CDW) ferromagnet SmNiC2 to a weakly coupled superconductor by substituting La for Sm. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the doped compounds obey Vegard's law, where La (Lu) alloying expands (shrinks) the lattice due to its larger (smaller) atomic size than Sm. In the series Sm1-xLaxNiC2, CDW transition (TCDW = 148 K) for SmNiC2 is gradually suppressed, while the ferromagnetic (FM) ordering temperature (TC) at 17 K slightly increases up to x = 0.3. For x > 0.3, TC starts to decrease and there is no signature that could be related with the CDW phase. Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements point toward the possible presence of a FM quantum critical point (QCP) near x = 0.92, where the TC is extrapolated to zero temperature. Superconductivity in LaNiC2 (Tsc = 2.9 K) is completely suppressed with small amount of Sm inclusion near the proposed FM critical point, indicating a competition between the two ordered phases. The tunable lattice parameters via chemical substitution (La,Lu) and the ensuing change among the ordered phases of ferromagnetism, CDW and superconductivity underscores that SmNiC2 provides a rich avenue to study the rare example of a FM QCP, where the broken symmetries are intricately correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prathiba
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - I Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Shin
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - J Strychalska
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - T Klimczuk
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - T Park
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Abstract
Australia has a fossil record of penguins reaching back to the Eocene, yet today is inhabited by just one breeding species, the little penguin Eudyptula minor. The description of recently collected penguin fossils from the re-dated upper Miocene Port Campbell Limestone of Portland (Victoria), in addition to reanalysis of previously described material, has allowed the Cenozoic history of penguins in Australia to be placed into a global context for the first time. Australian pre-Quaternary fossil penguins represent stem taxa phylogenetically disparate from each other and E. minor, implying multiple dispersals and extinctions. Late Eocene penguins from Australia are closest to contemporaneous taxa in Antarctica, New Zealand and South America. Given current material, the Miocene Australian fossil penguin fauna is apparently unique in harbouring 'giant penguins' after they went extinct elsewhere; and including stem taxa until at least 6 Ma, by which time crown penguins dominated elsewhere in the southern hemisphere. Separation of Australia from Antarctica during the Palaeogene, and its subsequent drift north, appears to have been a major event in Australian penguin biogeography. Increasing isolation through the Cenozoic may have limited penguin dispersal to Australia from outside the Australasian region, until intensification of the eastwards-flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the mid-Miocene established a potential new dispersal vector to Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Palaeontology, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Ellyn Tomkins
- Palaeontology, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Allan
- CSIRO Radiogenic Isotope Facility, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ryu S, Huh IS, Cho EY, Cho Y, Park T, Yoon S, Joo Y, Hong K. Association Study of 60 Candidate Genes with Antipsychotic-induced Weight Gain in Schizophrenia Patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 2016; 49:51-6. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1569267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - I.-S. Huh
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - E.-Y. Cho
- Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y. Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - T. Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S. Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y. Joo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - K. Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Marx FG, Hocking DP, Park T, Ziegler T, Evans AR, Fitzgerald EM. Suction feeding preceded filtering in baleen whale evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2016.75.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Chung S, Park J, Choi M, Yang J, Park T, Kim M, Lee N, Moon S. Is mirtazapine really effective in the treatment of Korean elderly depressed patients with insomnia after previous antidepressant failure?: An open-label, multicenter study. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kim H, Park T, Lee J, Jeon J. Correlation between mandibular canal position and IAN encounter during mandibular SSRO using 3D CT analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.08.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The mentally ill are vulnerable to human rights violations, particularly in Indonesia, where shackling is widespread. AIM The aim of this study was to understand the provision of mental health care in Indonesia, thereby identifying ways to improve care and better support carers. METHODS Grounded theory methods were used. Study participants included health professionals, non-health professionals and individuals living with a mental disorder who were well at the time (n = 49). Data were collected through interviews conducted in 2011 and 2012. RESULTS The core category of this grounded theory is 'connecting care' a term coined by the authors to describe a model of care that involves health professionals and non-health professionals, such as family members. Four main factors influence care-providers' decision-making: competence, willingness, available resources and compliance with institutional policy. Health professionals are influenced most strongly by institutional policy when deciding whether to accept or shift responsibility to provide care. Non-health professionals base their decisions largely on personal circumstances. Jointly-made decisions can be matched or unmatched. Unmatched decisions can result in forced provision of care, increasing risks of human rights violations. LIMITATIONS Generalization of this grounded theory is difficult as the research was conducted in two provinces of Indonesia. CONCLUSION Institutional policy was important in the process of connecting care for the mentally ill in Indonesia and needs to be underpinned by legislation to protect human rights. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY Strengthening mental health legislation in Indonesia will allow nurses to connect care more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nurjannah
- Centre for Nursing and Midwifery Research James Cook University, University of Alberta, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Nursing Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - J Mills
- Centre for Nursing and Midwifery Research James Cook University, University of Alberta, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T Park
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Usher
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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