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Päll T, Abroi A, Avi R, Niglas H, Shablinskaja A, Pauskar M, Jõgeda EL, Soeorg H, Kallas E, Lahesaare A, Truusalu K, Hoidmets D, Sadikova O, Ratnik K, Sepp H, Dotsenko L, Epštein J, Suija H, Kaarna K, Smit S, Milani L, Metspalu M, Oopkaup OE, Koppel I, Jaaniso E, Kuzmin I, Inno H, Raudvere U, Härma MA, Naaber P, Reisberg T, Peterson H, Talas UG, Lutsar I, Huik K. SARS-CoV-2 clade dynamics and their associations with hospitalisations during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303176. [PMID: 38728305 PMCID: PMC11086870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic was characterised by rapid waves of disease, carried by the emergence of new and more infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus variants. How the pandemic unfolded in various locations during its first two years has yet to be sufficiently covered. To this end, here we are looking at the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, their diversity, and hospitalisation rates in Estonia in the period from March 2000 to March 2022. METHODS We sequenced a total of 27,550 SARS-CoV-2 samples in Estonia between March 2020 and March 2022. High-quality sequences were genotyped and assigned to Nextstrain clades and Pango lineages. We used regression analysis to determine the dynamics of lineage diversity and the probability of clade-specific hospitalisation stratified by age and sex. RESULTS We successfully sequenced a total of 25,375 SARS-CoV-2 genomes (or 92%), identifying 19 Nextstrain clades and 199 Pango lineages. In 2020 the most prevalent clades were 20B and 20A. The various subsequent waves of infection were driven by 20I (Alpha), 21J (Delta) and Omicron clades 21K and 21L. Lineage diversity via the Shannon index was at its highest during the Delta wave. About 3% of sequenced SARS-CoV-2 samples came from hospitalised individuals. Hospitalisation increased markedly with age in the over-forties, and was negligible in the under-forties. Vaccination decreased the odds of hospitalisation in over-forties. The effect of vaccination on hospitalisation rates was strongly dependent upon age but was clade-independent. People who were infected with Omicron clades had a lower hospitalisation likelihood in age groups of forty and over than was the case with pre-Omicron clades regardless of vaccination status. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 disease waves in Estonia were driven by the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron clades. Omicron clades were associated with a substantially lower hospitalisation probability than pre-Omicron clades. The protective effect of vaccination in reducing hospitalisation likelihood was independent of the involved clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Päll
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aare Abroi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Radko Avi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heiki Niglas
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Health Board, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Arina Shablinskaja
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merit Pauskar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene-Ly Jõgeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hiie Soeorg
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eveli Kallas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Kai Truusalu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dagmar Hoidmets
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olga Sadikova
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Health Board, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Hanna Sepp
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Health Board, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Liidia Dotsenko
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Health Board, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jevgenia Epštein
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Health Board, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Heleene Suija
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Health Board, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katrin Kaarna
- Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Steven Smit
- Institute of Genomics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Institute of Genomics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Institute of Genomics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ott Eric Oopkaup
- High Performance Computing Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivar Koppel
- High Performance Computing Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Erik Jaaniso
- Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivan Kuzmin
- High Performance Computing Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heleri Inno
- High Performance Computing Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Uku Raudvere
- High Performance Computing Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Härma
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Health Board, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Paul Naaber
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- SYNLAB Eesti OÜ, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Reisberg
- Institute of Genomics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hedi Peterson
- Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulvi Gerst Talas
- High Performance Computing Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Huik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Jakobson L, Vaahtera L, Tõldsepp K, Nuhkat M, Wang C, Wang YS, Hõrak H, Valk E, Pechter P, Sindarovska Y, Tang J, Xiao C, Xu Y, Gerst Talas U, García-Sosa AT, Kangasjärvi S, Maran U, Remm M, Roelfsema MRG, Hu H, Kangasjärvi J, Loog M, Schroeder JI, Kollist H, Brosché M. Natural Variation in Arabidopsis Cvi-0 Accession Reveals an Important Role of MPK12 in Guard Cell CO2 Signaling. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000322. [PMID: 27923039 PMCID: PMC5147794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant gas exchange is regulated by guard cells that form stomatal pores. Stomatal adjustments are crucial for plant survival; they regulate uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis, loss of water, and entrance of air pollutants such as ozone. We mapped ozone hypersensitivity, more open stomata, and stomatal CO2-insensitivity phenotypes of the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Cvi-0 to a single amino acid substitution in MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN (MAP) KINASE 12 (MPK12). In parallel, we showed that stomatal CO2-insensitivity phenotypes of a mutant cis (CO2-insensitive) were caused by a deletion of MPK12. Lack of MPK12 impaired bicarbonate-induced activation of S-type anion channels. We demonstrated that MPK12 interacted with the protein kinase HIGH LEAF TEMPERATURE 1 (HT1)-a central node in guard cell CO2 signaling-and that MPK12 functions as an inhibitor of HT1. These data provide a new function for plant MPKs as protein kinase inhibitors and suggest a mechanism through which guard cell CO2 signaling controls plant water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Jakobson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kadri Tõldsepp
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Nuhkat
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cun Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yuh-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hanna Hõrak
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Pechter
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jing Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanlei Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ulvi Gerst Talas
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Uko Maran
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maido Remm
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M. Rob G. Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Honghong Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, Rootsi S, Ilumäe AM, Mägi R, Mitt M, Pagani L, Puurand T, Faltyskova Z, Clemente F, Cardona A, Metspalu E, Sahakyan H, Yunusbayev B, Hudjashov G, DeGiorgio M, Loogväli EL, Eichstaedt C, Eelmets M, Chaubey G, Tambets K, Litvinov S, Mormina M, Xue Y, Ayub Q, Zoraqi G, Korneliussen TS, Akhatova F, Lachance J, Tishkoff S, Momynaliev K, Ricaut FX, Kusuma P, Razafindrazaka H, Pierron D, Cox MP, Sultana GNN, Willerslev R, Muller C, Westaway M, Lambert D, Skaro V, Kovačevic L, Turdikulova S, Dalimova D, Khusainova R, Trofimova N, Akhmetova V, Khidiyatova I, Lichman DV, Isakova J, Pocheshkhova E, Sabitov Z, Barashkov NA, Nymadawa P, Mihailov E, Seng JWT, Evseeva I, Migliano AB, Abdullah S, Andriadze G, Primorac D, Atramentova L, Utevska O, Yepiskoposyan L, Marjanovic D, Kushniarevich A, Behar DM, Gilissen C, Vissers L, Veltman JA, Balanovska E, Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Metspalu A, Fedorova S, Eriksson A, Manica A, Mendez FL, Karafet TM, Veeramah KR, Bradman N, Hammer MF, Osipova LP, Balanovsky O, Khusnutdinova EK, Johnsen K, Remm M, Thomas MG, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Willerslev E, Nielsen R, Metspalu M, Villems R, Kivisild T. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Res 2015; 25:459-66. [PMID: 25770088 PMCID: PMC4381518 DOI: 10.1101/gr.186684.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly thought that human genetic diversity in non-African populations was shaped primarily by an out-of-Africa dispersal 50–100 thousand yr ago (kya). Here, we present a study of 456 geographically diverse high-coverage Y chromosome sequences, including 299 newly reported samples. Applying ancient DNA calibration, we date the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192–307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47–52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Karmin
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia;
| | - Lauri Saag
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Mário Vicente
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa A Wilson Sayres
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; School of Life Sciences and The Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5001, USA
| | - Mari Järve
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Ulvi Gerst Talas
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Anne-Mai Ilumäe
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Mario Mitt
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Luca Pagani
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Tarmo Puurand
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Zuzana Faltyskova
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Clemente
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia Cardona
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Hovhannes Sahakyan
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia
| | - Bayazit Yunusbayev
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Georgi Hudjashov
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael DeGiorgio
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - Christina Eichstaedt
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mikk Eelmets
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | | | | | - Sergei Litvinov
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Maru Mormina
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, University of Winchester, Winchester, SO22 4NR, United Kingdom
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Qasim Ayub
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Grigor Zoraqi
- Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Genetic Research, University Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tirana, ALB1005, Albania
| | - Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; Center for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1350, Denmark
| | - Farida Akhatova
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Joseph Lachance
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6145, USA; School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6145, USA; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6313, USA
| | | | - François-Xavier Ricaut
- Evolutionary Medicine Group, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, 31073, France
| | - Pradiptajati Kusuma
- Evolutionary Medicine Group, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, 31073, France; Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Harilanto Razafindrazaka
- Evolutionary Medicine Group, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, 31073, France
| | - Denis Pierron
- Evolutionary Medicine Group, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, 31073, France
| | - Murray P Cox
- Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), DNA Sequencing Research Laboratory, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rane Willerslev
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Craig Muller
- Center for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1350, Denmark
| | - Michael Westaway
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia
| | - David Lambert
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia
| | - Vedrana Skaro
- Genos, DNA Laboratory, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia; University of Osijek, Medical School, Osijek, 31000, Croatia
| | | | - Shahlo Turdikulova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Science, Tashkent, 100143, Uzbekistan
| | - Dilbar Dalimova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Science, Tashkent, 100143, Uzbekistan
| | - Rita Khusainova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia; Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia
| | - Natalya Trofimova
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Vita Akhmetova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Irina Khidiyatova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia; Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia
| | - Daria V Lichman
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Jainagul Isakova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Bishkek, 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | - Zhaxylyk Sabitov
- L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, 010008, Kazakhstan; Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Nikolay A Barashkov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Scientific Centre of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000, Russia
| | | | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Irina Evseeva
- Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russia; Anthony Nolan, London, NW3 2NU, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - George Andriadze
- Scientific-Research Center of the Caucasian Ethnic Groups, St. Andrews Georgian University, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
| | - Dragan Primorac
- University of Osijek, Medical School, Osijek, 31000, Croatia; St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zabok, 49210, Croatia; Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; University of Split, Medical School, Split, 21000, Croatia
| | | | - Olga Utevska
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Levon Yepiskoposyan
- Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia
| | - Damir Marjanovic
- Genos, DNA Laboratory, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia; Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, International Burch University, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alena Kushniarevich
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, 220072, Belarus
| | | | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 106525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Lisenka Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 106525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 106525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Balanovska
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Miroslava Derenko
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Boris Malyarchuk
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Sardana Fedorova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Scientific Centre of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, 677000, Russia
| | - Anders Eriksson
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Integrative Systems Biology Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando L Mendez
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5120, USA
| | - Tatiana M Karafet
- ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Krishna R Veeramah
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245, USA
| | - Neil Bradman
- The Henry Stewart Group, London, WC1A 2HN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Hammer
- ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | | | - Oleg Balanovsky
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 115478, Russia; Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elza K Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia; Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450074, Russia
| | - Knut Johnsen
- University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsøe, N-9038, Norway
| | - Maido Remm
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Tyler-Smith
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Underhill
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5120, USA
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Center for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1350, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Richard Villems
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia; Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, United Kingdom;
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