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Roditi E, Bocherens H, Konidaris GE, Athanassiou A, Tourloukis V, Karkanas P, Panagopoulou E, Harvati K. Life-history of Palaeoloxodon antiquus reveals Middle Pleistocene glacial refugium in the Megalopolis basin, Greece. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1390. [PMID: 38228659 PMCID: PMC10791645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Balkans are considered a major glacial refugium where flora and fauna survived glacial periods and repopulated the rest of Europe during interglacials. While it is also thought to have harboured Pleistocene human populations, evidence linking human activity, paleoenvironmental indicators and a secure temporal placement to glacial periods is scant. Here, we present the first intra-tooth multi-isotope analysis for the European straight-tusked elephant Palaeoloxodon antiquus, on an adult male individual excavated in association with lithic artefacts at the MIS 12 site Marathousa 1 (Megalopolis basin, Greece). The studied find also exhibits anthropogenic modifications, providing direct evidence of hominin presence. We employed strontium, carbon and oxygen isotope analysis on enamel bioapatite to investigate its foraging and mobility behaviour, using a sequential sampling strategy along the tooth growth axis of the third upper molar, to assess ecological changes during the last decade of life. We found a geographically restricted range, in a C3-dominated open woodland environment, and relatively stable conditions over the examined timeframe. Our results show that, despite the severity of the MIS 12 glacial, the Megalopolis basin sustained a mesic habitat, sufficient plant cover and limited seasonal fluctuations in resource availability, pointing to its role as a glacial refugium for both fauna and hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effrosyni Roditi
- Paleoanthropology, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hervé Bocherens
- Biogeology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - George E Konidaris
- Paleoanthropology, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Vangelis Tourloukis
- Paleoanthropology, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of History and Archaeology, School of Philosophy, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Karkanas
- M.H. Wiener Laboratory for Archaeological Science, American School of Classical Studies, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Panagopoulou
- Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Ephorate of Paleoanthropology-Speleology, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- DFG Centre for Advanced Studies 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools', Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Karakostis FA, Haeufle D, Anastopoulou I, Moraitis K, Hotz G, Tourloukis V, Harvati K. Biomechanics of the human thumb and the evolution of dexterity. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1317-1325.e8. [PMID: 33513351 PMCID: PMC7987722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Systematic tool production and use is one of humanity's defining characteristics, possibly originating as early as >3 million years ago.1-3 Although heightened manual dexterity is considered to be intrinsically intertwined with tool use and manufacture, and critical for human evolution, its role in the emergence of early culture remains unclear. Most previous research on this question exclusively relied on direct morphological comparisons between early hominin and modern human skeletal elements, assuming that the degree of a species' dexterity depends on its similarity with the modern human form. Here, we develop a new approach to investigate the efficiency of thumb opposition, a fundamental component of manual dexterity, in several species of fossil hominins. Our work for the first time takes into account soft tissue as well as bone anatomy, integrating virtual modeling of musculus opponens pollicis and its interaction with three-dimensional bone shape form. Results indicate that a fundamental aspect of efficient thumb opposition appeared approximately 2 million years ago, possibly associated with our own genus Homo, and did not characterize Australopithecus, the earliest proposed stone tool maker. This was true also of the late Australopithecus species, Australopithecus sediba, previously found to exhibit human-like thumb proportions. In contrast, later Homo species, including the small-brained Homo naledi, show high levels of thumb opposition dexterity, highlighting the increasing importance of cultural processes and manual dexterity in later human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Haeufle
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstrasse 15, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ioanna Anastopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias Street 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Moraitis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias Street 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerhard Hotz
- Anthropological Collection, Natural History Museum of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Vangelis Tourloukis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; DFG Centre of Advanced Studies 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools', Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany.
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Karakostis FA, Hotz G, Tourloukis V, Harvati K. Evidence for precision grasping in Neandertal daily activities. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaat2369. [PMID: 30263956 PMCID: PMC6157967 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neandertal manual activities, as previously reconstructed from their robust hand skeletons, are thought to involve systematic power grasping rather than precise hand movements. However, this interpretation is at odds with increasing archeological evidence for sophisticated cultural behavior. We reevaluate the manipulative behaviors of Neandertals and early modern humans using a historical reference sample with extensive genealogical and lifelong occupational documentation, in combination with a new and precise three-dimensional multivariate analysis of hand muscle attachments. Results show that Neandertal muscle marking patterns overlap exclusively with documented lifelong precision workers, reflecting systematic precision grasping consistent with the use of their associated cultural remains. Our findings challenge the established interpretation of Neandertal behavior and establish a solid link between biological and cultural remains in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hotz
- Anthropological Collection, Natural History Museum of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Vangelis Tourloukis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
- DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Center for Advanced Studies “Words, Bones, Genes, Tools,” Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
- DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Center for Advanced Studies “Words, Bones, Genes, Tools,” Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Harvati
- ERC-2011-StG-283503 PaGE; Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen; 72070; Tübingen; Germany
| | - Vangelis Tourloukis
- ERC-2011-StG-283503 PaGE; Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen; 72070; Tübingen; Germany
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