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D'Amico S, Kirillov V, Petrenko O, Reich NC. STAT3 is a genetic modifier of TGF-beta induced EMT in KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer. eLife 2024; 13:RP92559. [PMID: 38573819 PMCID: PMC10994661 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in KRAS are among the most common in cancer. Classical models suggest that loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of mesenchymal traits are associated with cancer aggressiveness and therapy resistance. However, the mechanistic link between these phenotypes and mutant KRAS biology remains to be established. Here, we identify STAT3 as a genetic modifier of TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Gene expression profiling of pancreatic cancer cells identifies more than 200 genes commonly regulated by STAT3 and oncogenic KRAS. Functional classification of the STAT3-responsive program reveals its major role in tumor maintenance and epithelial homeostasis. The signatures of STAT3-activated cell states can be projected onto human KRAS mutant tumors, suggesting that they faithfully reflect characteristics of human disease. These observations have implications for therapeutic intervention and tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D'Amico
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Oleksi Petrenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Nancy C Reich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
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2
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Hogan CH, Owens SM, Reynoso GV, Liao Y, Meyer TJ, Zelazowska MA, Liu B, Li X, Grosskopf AK, Khairallah C, Kirillov V, Reich NC, Sheridan BS, McBride KM, Gewurz BE, Hickman HD, Forrest JC, Krug LT. Multifaceted roles for STAT3 in gammaherpesvirus latency revealed through in vivo B cell knockout models. mBio 2024; 15:e0299823. [PMID: 38170993 PMCID: PMC10870824 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02998-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancers associated with the oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, are notable for their constitutive activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). To better understand the role of STAT3 during gammaherpesvirus latency and the B cell response to infection, we used the model pathogen murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68). Genetic deletion of STAT3 in B cells of CD19cre/+Stat3f/f mice reduced peak MHV68 latency approximately sevenfold. However, infected CD19cre/+Stat3f/f mice exhibited disordered germinal centers and heightened virus-specific CD8 T cell responses compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. To circumvent the systemic immune alterations observed in the B cell-STAT3 knockout mice and more directly evaluate intrinsic roles for STAT3, we generated mixed bone marrow chimeric mice consisting of WT and STAT3 knockout B cells. We discovered a dramatic reduction in latency in STAT3 knockout B cells compared to their WT B cell counterparts in the same lymphoid organ. RNA sequencing of sorted germinal center B cells revealed that MHV68 infection shifts the gene signature toward proliferation and away from type I and type II IFN responses. Loss of STAT3 largely reversed the virus-driven transcriptional shift without impacting the viral gene expression program. STAT3 promoted B cell processes of the germinal center, including IL-21-stimulated downregulation of surface CD23 on B cells infected with MHV68 or EBV. Together, our data provide mechanistic insights into the role of STAT3 as a latency determinant in B cells for oncogenic gammaherpesviruses.IMPORTANCEThere are no directed therapies to the latency program of the human gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus. Activated host factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a hallmark of cancers caused by these viruses. We applied the murine gammaherpesvirus pathogen system to explore STAT3 function upon primary B cell infection in the host. Since STAT3 deletion in all CD19+ B cells of infected mice led to altered B and T cell responses, we generated chimeric mice with both normal and STAT3-deleted B cells. B cells lacking STAT3 failed to support virus latency compared to normal B cells from the same infected animal. Loss of STAT3 impaired B cell proliferation and differentiation and led to a striking upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes. These findings expand our understanding of STAT3-dependent processes that are key to its function as a pro-viral latency determinant for oncogenic gammaherpesviruses in B cells and may provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad H. Hogan
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shana M. Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Glennys V. Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yifei Liao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Monika A. Zelazowska
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaofan Li
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna K. Grosskopf
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Brian S. Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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3
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Li J, D’Amico S, Kirillov V, Petrenko O, Reich NC. Oncogenic dependency plays a dominant role in the immune response to cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308635120. [PMID: 37782788 PMCID: PMC10576078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308635120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest human malignancies. Advanced PDAC is considered incurable. Nearly 90% of pancreatic cancers are caused by oncogenic KRAS mutations. The mechanisms of primary or acquired resistance to KRAS inhibition are currently unknown. Here, we propose that oncogenic dependency, rather than KRAS mutation per se, plays a dominant role in the immune response to cancer, including late-stage PDAC. Classifying tumor samples according to KRAS activity scores allows accurate prediction of tumor immune composition and therapy response. Dual RAS/MAPK pathway blockade combining KRAS and MEK inhibitors is more effective than the selective KRAS inhibitor alone in attenuating MAPK activation and unblocking the influx of T cells into the tumor. Lowering KRAS activity in established tumors promotes immune infiltration, but with a limited antitumor effect, whereas combining KRAS/MEK inhibition with immune checkpoint blockade achieves durable regression in preclinical models. The results are directly applicable to stratifying human PDAC based on KRAS dependency values and immune cell composition to improve therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
| | - Stephen D’Amico
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
| | - Oleksi Petrenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
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Bland WA, Owens S, McEvoy K, Hogan CH, Boccuzzi L, Kirillov V, Khairallah C, Sheridan BS, Forrest JC, Krug LT. Replication-dead gammaherpesvirus vaccine protects against acute replication, reactivation from latency, and lethal challenge in mice. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.26.559621. [PMID: 37808844 PMCID: PMC10557649 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are oncogenic viruses that establish lifelong infections and are significant causes of human morbidity and mortality. While several vaccine strategies to limit GHV infection and disease are in development, there are no FDA-approved vaccines for human GHVs. As a new approach to gammaherpesvirus vaccination, we developed and tested a replication-dead virus (RDV) platform, using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a well-established mouse model for gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis studies and preclinical therapeutic evaluations. We employed codon-shuffling-based complementation to generate revertant-free RDV lacking expression of the essential replication and transactivator protein (RTA) encoded by ORF50 to arrest viral gene expression early after de novo infection. Inoculation with RDV-50.stop exposes the host to intact virion particles and leads to limited lytic gene expression in infected cells. Prime-boost vaccination of mice with RDV-50.stop elicited virus-specific neutralizing antibody and effector T cell responses in the lung and spleen. Vaccination with RDV-50.stop resulted in a near complete abolishment of virus replication in the lung 7 days post-challenge and virus reactivation from spleen 16 days post-challenge with WT MHV68. Ifnar1-/- mice, which lack the type I interferon receptor, exhibit severe disease upon infection with WT MHV68. RDV-50.stop vaccination of Ifnar1-/- mice prevented wasting and mortality upon challenge with WT MHV68. These results demonstrate that prime-boost vaccination with a GHV that is unable to undergo lytic replication offers protection against acute replication, reactivation, and severe disease upon WT virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Bland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shana Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kyle McEvoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Chad H Hogan
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luciarita Boccuzzi
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - J Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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5
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D’Amico S, Kirillov V, Petrenko O, Reich NC. STAT3 is a genetic modifier of TGF-beta induced EMT in KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.01.555946. [PMID: 37732258 PMCID: PMC10508731 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in KRAS are among the most common in cancer. Classical models suggest that loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of mesenchymal traits are associated with cancer aggressiveness and therapy resistance. However, the mechanistic link between these phenotypes and mutant KRAS biology remains to be established. Here we identify STAT3 as a genetic modifier of TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Gene expression profiling of pancreatic cancer cells identifies more than 200 genes commonly regulated by STAT3 and oncogenic KRAS. Functional classification of STAT3 responsive program reveals its major role in tumor maintenance and epithelial homeostasis. The signatures of STAT3-activated cell states can be projected onto human KRAS mutant tumors, suggesting that they faithfully reflect characteristics of human disease. These observations have implications for therapeutic intervention and tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D’Amico
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Oleksi Petrenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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6
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Hogan CH, Owens SM, Reynoso GV, Kirillov V, Meyer TJ, Zelazowska MA, Liu B, Li X, Chikhalya A, Dong Q, Khairallah C, Reich NC, Sheridan B, McBride KM, Hearing P, Hickman HD, Forrest JC, Krug LT. B cell-intrinsic STAT3-mediated support of latency and interferon suppression during murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection revealed through an in vivo competition model. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.22.533727. [PMID: 36993230 PMCID: PMC10055336 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.22.533727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancers associated with the oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, are notable for their constitutive activation of the transcription factor STAT3. To better understand the role of STAT3 during gammaherpesvirus latency and immune control, we utilized murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) infection. Genetic deletion of STAT3 in B cells of CD19cre/+Stat3f/f mice reduced peak latency approximately 7-fold. However, infected CD19cre/+Stat3f/f mice exhibited disordered germinal centers and heightened virus-specific CD8 T cell responses compared to WT littermates. To circumvent the systemic immune alterations observed in the B cell-STAT3 knockout mice and more directly evaluate intrinsic roles for STAT3, we generated mixed bone marrow chimeras consisting of WT and STAT3-knockout B cells. Using a competitive model of infection, we discovered a dramatic reduction in latency in STAT3-knockout B cells compared to their WT B cell counterparts in the same lymphoid organ. RNA sequencing of sorted germinal center B cells revealed that STAT3 promotes proliferation and B cell processes of the germinal center but does not directly regulate viral gene expression. Last, this analysis uncovered a STAT3-dependent role for dampening type I IFN responses in newly infected B cells. Together, our data provide mechanistic insight into the role of STAT3 as a latency determinant in B cells for oncogenic gammaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad H. Hogan
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shana M. Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Glennys V. Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Monika A. Zelazowska
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofan Li
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aniska Chikhalya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Qiwen Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Graduate Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Brian Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Hearing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J. Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Sohn SY, Hearing J, Mugavero J, Kirillov V, Gorbunova E, Helminiak L, Mishra S, Mackow E, Hearing P, Reich NC, Kim HK. Interferon-Lambda Intranasal Protection and Differential Sex Pathology in a Murine Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. mBio 2021; 12:e0275621. [PMID: 34724828 PMCID: PMC8561397 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02756-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of emerging viral pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are a major medical challenge. There is a pressing need for antivirals that can be rapidly deployed to curb infection and dissemination. We determined the efficacy of interferon lambda-1 (IFN-λ) as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and reduce pathology in a mouse model of disease. IFN-λ significantly limited SARS-CoV-2 production in primary human bronchial epithelial cells in culture. Pretreatment of human lung cells with IFN-λ completely blocked infectious virus production, and treatment with IFN-λ at the time of infection inhibited virus production more than 10-fold. To interrogate the protective effects of IFN-λ in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, transgenic mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) were tested. One dose of IFN-λ administered intranasally was found to reduce animal morbidity and mortality. Our study with SARS-CoV-2 also revealed a sex differential in disease outcome. Male mice had higher mortality, reflecting the more severe symptoms and mortality found in male patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The results indicate that IFN-λ potentially can treat early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection and decrease pathology, and this murine model can be used to investigate the sex differential documented in COVID-19. IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives worldwide. In this report, we used a preclinical mouse model to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic value of intranasal IFN-λ for this acute respiratory disease. Specific vaccines have been responsible for curbing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in developed nations. However, vaccines require time to generate and keep pace with antigenic variants. There is a need for broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic agents to combat new emerging viral pathogens. Our mouse model suggests IFN-λ has clinical utility, and it reflects the well-documented finding that male COVID-19 patients manifest more severe symptoms and mortality. Understanding this sex bias is critical for considering therapeutic approaches to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Young Sohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Janet Hearing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - JoAnn Mugavero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Elena Gorbunova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Luke Helminiak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Smruti Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Erich Mackow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Patrick Hearing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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8
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Foreman HCC, Kirillov V, Paniccia G, Catalano D, Andrunik T, Gupta S, Krug LT, Zhang Y. RNA-guided gene editing of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 genome reduces infectious virus production. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252313. [PMID: 34086743 PMCID: PMC8177658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) are cancer-causing viruses that establish lifelong infections in humans. Gene editing using the Cas9-guideRNA (gRNA) CRISPR system has been applied to decrease the latent load of EBV in human Burkitt lymphoma cells. Validating the efficacy of Cas9-gRNA system in eradicating infection in vivo without off-target effects to the host genome will require animal model systems. To this end, we evaluated a series of gRNAs against individual genes and functional genomic elements of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) that are both conserved with KSHV and important for the establishment of latency or reactivation from latency in the host. gRNA sequences against ORF50, ORF72 and ORF73 led to insertion, deletion and substitution mutations in these target regions of the genome in cell culture. Murine NIH3T3 fibroblast cells that stably express Cas9 and gRNAs to ORF50 were most resistant to replication upon de novo infection. Latent murine A20 B cell lines that stably express Cas9 and gRNAs against MHV68 were reduced in their reactivation by approximately 50%, regardless of the viral gene target. Lastly, co-transfection of HEK293T cells with the vector expressing the Cas9-MHV68 gRNA components along with the viral genome provided a rapid read-out of gene editing and biological impact. Combinatorial, multiplex MHV68 gRNA transfections in HEK293T cells led to near complete ablation of infectious particle production. Our findings indicate that Cas9-gRNA editing of the murine gammaherpesvirus genome has a deleterious impact on productive replication in three independent infection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Chang Foreman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Paniccia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Demetra Catalano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Trevor Andrunik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Swati Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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9
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López-Rodríguez DM, Kirillov V, Krug LT, Mesri EA, Andreansky S. A role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) lytic replication and reactivation from latency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008192. [PMID: 31809522 PMCID: PMC6975554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) protein and the hypoxic microenvironment are critical for infection and pathogenesis by the oncogenic gammaherpesviruses (γHV), Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, understanding the role of HIF1α during the virus life cycle and its biological relevance in the context of host has been challenging due to the lack of animal models for human γHV. To study the role of HIF1α, we employed the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a rodent pathogen that readily infects laboratory mice. We show that MHV68 infection induces HIF1α protein and HIF1α-responsive gene expression in permissive cells. siRNA silencing or drug-inhibition of HIF1α reduce virus production due to a global downregulation of viral gene expression. Most notable was the marked decrease in many viral genes bearing hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs) such as the viral G-Protein Coupled Receptor (vGPCR), which is known to activate HIF1α transcriptional activity during KSHV infection. We found that the promoter of MHV68 ORF74 is responsive to HIF1α and MHV-68 RTA. Moreover, Intranasal infection of HIF1αLoxP/LoxP mice with MHV68 expressing Cre- recombinase impaired virus expansion during early acute infection and affected lytic reactivation in the splenocytes explanted from mice. Low oxygen concentrations accelerated lytic reactivation and enhanced virus production in MHV68 infected splenocytes. Thus, we conclude that HIF1α plays a critical role in promoting virus replication and reactivation from latency by impacting viral gene expression. Our results highlight the importance of the mutual interactions of the oxygen-sensing machinery and gammaherpesviruses in viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlah M. López-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- IV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samita Andreansky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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10
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Ryu C, Sun H, Gulati M, Herazo-Maya JD, Chen Y, Osafo-Addo A, Brandsdorfer C, Winkler J, Blaul C, Faunce J, Pan H, Woolard T, Tzouvelekis A, Antin-Ozerkis DE, Puchalski JT, Slade M, Gonzalez AL, Bogenhagen DF, Kirillov V, Feghali-Bostwick C, Gibson K, Lindell K, Herzog RI, Dela Cruz CS, Mehal W, Kaminski N, Herzog EL, Trujillo G. Extracellular Mitochondrial DNA Is Generated by Fibroblasts and Predicts Death in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:1571-1581. [PMID: 28783377 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201612-2480oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) involves the accumulation of α-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts arising from interactions with soluble mediators such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and mechanical influences such as local tissue stiffness. Whereas IPF fibroblasts are enriched for aerobic glycolysis and innate immune receptor activation, innate immune ligands related to mitochondrial injury, such as extracellular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), have not been identified in IPF. OBJECTIVES We aimed to define an association between mtDNA and fibroblast responses in IPF. METHODS We evaluated the response of normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs) to stimulation with mtDNA and determined whether the glycolytic reprogramming that occurs in response to TGF-β1 stimulation and direct contact with stiff substrates, and spontaneously in IPF fibroblasts, is associated with excessive levels of mtDNA. We measured mtDNA concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from subjects with and without IPF, as well as in plasma samples from two longitudinal IPF cohorts and demographically matched control subjects. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Exposure to mtDNA augments α-smooth muscle actin expression in NHLFs. The metabolic changes in NHLFs that are induced by interactions with TGF-β1 or stiff hydrogels are accompanied by the accumulation of extracellular mtDNA. These findings replicate the spontaneous phenotype of IPF fibroblasts. mtDNA concentrations are increased in IPF BAL and plasma, and in the latter compartment, they display robust associations with disease progression and reduced event-free survival. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized and highly novel connection between metabolic reprogramming, mtDNA, fibroblast activation, and clinical outcomes that provides new insight into IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwan Ryu
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
| | - Huanxing Sun
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
| | - Mridu Gulati
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
| | | | - Yonglin Chen
- 2 Yale University School of Bioengineering, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Awo Osafo-Addo
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
| | | | - Julia Winkler
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
| | | | - Jaden Faunce
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
| | - Hongyi Pan
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
| | - Tony Woolard
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Martin Slade
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
| | | | | | - Varvara Kirillov
- 4 Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- 5 Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | - Kevin Gibson
- 6 Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathleen Lindell
- 6 Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Wajahat Mehal
- 8 Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Erica L Herzog
- 1 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
| | - Glenda Trujillo
- 4 Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
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11
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Osipova L, Kirillov V, Khudenko N, Sugachenko T. Modelling of the process of micromycetus survival in fruit and berry syrups. ХНТ 2017. [DOI: 10.15673/fst.v11i2.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop methods for preserving fruit and berry syrup, which exclude the use of high-temperature sterilization and preservatives, the survival of spores of micromycetes (B. nivea molds) in model media with different concentration of food osmotically active substances (sucrose, ethyl alcohol, citric acid) at a certain concentration of lethal effects on microorganisms. It has been established that model media (juice based syrups from blueberries) with a mass content of 4 % and 6 % alcohol, 50 % sucrose, 1 % and 2 % titrated acids, have a lethal effect on spores of B. nivea molds. The regression equation is obtained expressing the dependence of the amount of spores of B. nivea molds on the concentration of sucrose, acid, alcohol and the storage time of syrups. The form of the dependence and direction of the connection between the variables is established – a negative linear regression, which is expressed in the uniform decrease of the function. The estimation of quality of the received regression model is defined. The deviations of the calculated data from the data of the initial set are calculated. The proposed model has sufficient reliability, since the regression function is defined, interpreted and justified, and the estimation of the accuracy of the regression analysis meets the requirements.
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12
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Santana AL, Oldenburg DG, Kirillov V, Malik L, Dong Q, Sinayev R, Marcu KB, White DW, Krug LT. RTA Occupancy of the Origin of Lytic Replication during Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Reactivation from B Cell Latency. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6010009. [PMID: 28212352 PMCID: PMC5371897 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RTA, the viral Replication and Transcription Activator, is essential for rhadinovirus lytic gene expression upon de novo infection and reactivation from latency. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/toll-like receptor (TLR)4 engagement enhances rhadinovirus reactivation. We developed two new systems to examine the interaction of RTA with host NF-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling during murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) infection: a latent B cell line (HE-RIT) inducible for RTA-Flag expression and virus reactivation; and a recombinant virus (MHV68-RTA-Bio) that enabled in vivo biotinylation of RTA in BirA transgenic mice. LPS acted as a second stimulus to drive virus reactivation from latency in the context of induced expression of RTA-Flag. ORF6, the gene encoding the single-stranded DNA binding protein, was one of many viral genes that were directly responsive to RTA induction; expression was further increased upon treatment with LPS. However, NF-κB sites in the promoter of ORF6 did not influence RTA transactivation in response to LPS in HE-RIT cells. We found no evidence for RTA occupancy of the minimal RTA-responsive region of the ORF6 promoter, yet RTA was found to complex with a portion of the right origin of lytic replication (oriLyt-R) that contains predicted RTA recognition elements. RTA occupancy of select regions of the MHV-68 genome was also evaluated in our novel in vivo RTA biotinylation system. Streptavidin isolation of RTA-Bio confirmed complex formation with oriLyt-R in LPS-treated primary splenocytes from BirA mice infected with MHV68 RTA-Bio. We demonstrate the utility of reactivation-inducible B cells coupled with in vivo RTA biotinylation for mechanistic investigations of the interplay of host signaling with RTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Santana
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | | | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Laraib Malik
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Qiwen Dong
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Roman Sinayev
- Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Kenneth B Marcu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens 115 27, Greece.
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Dept., Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | | | - Laurie T Krug
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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13
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Kirillov V, Dubovsky S, Tolstik S. Artefacts of electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry caused by a mechanical effect on samples of tooth enamel. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2002; 102:41-48. [PMID: 12212901 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It has been ascertained that in the process of the mechanical preparation of tooth enamel, two types of paramagnetic centres are formed. The centres of one type, the long-lived ones, occurred in the process of friction of dental borers against the enamel. Their number grew with an increase of the treated surface area and the rotation rate of the borers. The electron paramagnetic resonance signal of such radicals looked like a symmetric singlet with the width deltaHpp=0.094 mT and g=2.0029. The other, short-lived centres, occurred when tooth enamel was crushed into small granules, which caused an increase in the background signal intensity. The mechanism of formation of paramagnetic centres in enamel during the process of teeth treatment and prepartion has been considered. The estimation of an increase in the reconstructed absorbed dose due to the contribution from the mechanically induced signal has been made. Contamination of tooth enamel samples with diamond crumb during diamond borer preparation has been shown to lead to an imaginary increase in radiation-induced signal intensity and, consequently, to an increase in the reconstructed dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kirillov
- Laboratory for EPR-Dosimetry and Cytology, Research Clinical Institute for Radiation Medicine and Endocrinology, Minsk, Belarus.
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14
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Abstract
Model of separate spectral lines composing EPR-spectra of tooth enamel can be described with fine accuracy by integral of convolution of three distribution functions: Lorenzian, Gaussian and anisotropy. Simulation of spectra was done by the method of optimisation of non-linear parameters combined with the Gauss method of exclusion for linear parameters to obtain the minimum of the sum of the squares of the differences between the experimental EPR-spectrum and its model. The final result was the deconvolution of complex EPR-spectrum into its components (the background and radiation-induced signals) with the following reconstruction of the individual absorbed dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dubovsky
- Laboratory for EPR-Dosimetry and Cytology Research Clinical Institute for Radiation Medicine and Endocrinology, Minsk, Belarus
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15
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Steinfeld A, Kirillov V, Kuvshinov G, Mogilnykh Y, Reller A. Production of filamentous carbon and hydrogen by solarthermal catalytic cracking of methane. Chem Eng Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(97)00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Chumak V, Bailiff I, Baran N, Bugai A, Dubovsky S, Fedosov I, Finin V, Haskell E, Hayes R, Ivannikov A, Kenner G, Kirillov V, Khamidova L, Kolesnik S, Liidja G, Likhtarev I, Lippmaa E, Maksimenko V, Meijer A, Minenko V, Pasalskaya L, Past J, Puskar J, Radchuk V, Wieser A. The first international intercomparison of EPR-dosimetry with teeth: first results. Appl Radiat Isot 1996; 47:1281-6. [PMID: 9022185 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8043(96)00231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Intercomparison of EPR-dosimetric techniques using tooth enamel had been performed in order to check whether the results produced by different laboratories are consistent and accurate. Participants were supposed to evaluate doses applied to pulverized enamel samples, using routine techniques from their laboratories. The intercomparison has demonstrated a great variety of methods used for dose reconstruction. Peculiarities of experimental approaches are discussed systematically in terms of procedure for recording the EPR-spectra, determination of the amplitude of the radiation induced signal, determination of the dose, and error propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chumak
- Scientific Centre of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.
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