1
|
Transcriptome Profile Alterations with Carbon Nanotubes, Quantum Dots, and Silver Nanoparticles: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060794. [PMID: 34070957 PMCID: PMC8224664 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revolutionized sequence-based research. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing has become the method of choice in studying the toxicity of chemical agents through observing and measuring changes in transcript levels. Engineered nanomaterial (ENM)-toxicity has become a major field of research and has adopted microarray and newer RNA-Seq methods. Recently, nanotechnology has become a promising tool in the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases in humans. However, due to their high stability, they are likely capable of remaining in the body and environment for long periods of time. Their mechanisms of toxicity and long-lasting effects on our health is still poorly understood. This review explores the effects of three ENMs including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs), and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) by cross examining publications on transcriptomic changes induced by these nanomaterials.
Collapse
|
2
|
An assessment of InP/ZnS as potential anti‐cancer therapy: Quantum dot treatment induces stress on HeLa cells. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
3
|
Neisseria lactamica attenuates TLR-1/2-induced cytokine responses in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells using PPAR-γ. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:554-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
4
|
Neisseria lactamicaSelectively Induces Mitogenic Proliferation of the Naive B Cell Pool via Cell Surface Ig. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3652-60. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
5
|
T cell memory response to pneumococcal protein antigens in an area of high pneumococcal carriage and disease. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:783-93. [PMID: 19642930 DOI: 10.1086/605023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable disease worldwide. Pneumococcal protein antigens are currently under study as components of potential vaccines that offer protection against multiple serotypes. We have therefore characterized T cell pneumococcal immunity acquired through asymptomatic carriage. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 40 healthy Gambian adults were stimulated with supernatants derived from S. pneumoniae strain (D39), 2 isogenic mutant strains lacking either pneumolysin or choline binding protein A, and recombinant pneumolysin. Immune responses were measured by cellular proliferation and by interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot and bioplex cytokine assays. Nasopharyngeal swabs were cultured to determine carriage rates. RESULTS S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage was detected in 60% of individuals. Both effector and resting (or central) CD4(+) T cell memory were frequently present to a range of pneumococcal antigens. However, the level of the effector memory response did not relate to current nasopharyngeal carriage. Pneumolysin was not immunodominant in these T cell responses but induced a distinct proinflammatory profile (high IFN-gamma, IL-12[p40], and L-17 levels and low IL-10 and IL-13 levels). CONCLUSIONS In this population, T cell-mediated immunological memory potentially capable of pathogen clearance and immune surveillance is common but is not associated with the absolute interruption of pneumococcal carriage. How this naturally acquired immune memory influences pneumococcal vaccine efficacy remains to be determined.
Collapse
|
6
|
Absence of mucosal immunity in the human upper respiratory tract to the commensal bacteria Neisseria lactamica but not pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis during the peak age of nasopharyngeal carriage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2231-40. [PMID: 19201877 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The normal flora that colonizes the mucosal epithelia has evolved diverse strategies to evade, modulate, or suppress the immune system and avoid clearance. Neisseria lactamica and Neisseria meningitidis are closely related obligate inhabitants of the human upper respiratory tract. N. lactamica is a commensal but N. meningitidis is an opportunistic pathogen that occasionally causes invasive disease such as meningitis and septicemia. We demonstrate that unlike N. meningitidis, N. lactamica does not prime the development of mucosal T or B cell memory during the peak period of colonization. This cannot be explained by the induction of peripheral tolerance or regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell activity. Instead, N. lactamica mediates a B cell-dependent mitogenic proliferative response that is absent to N. meningitidis. This mitogenic response is associated with the production of T cell-independent polyclonal IgM that we propose functions by shielding colonizing N. lactamica from the adaptive immune system, maintaining immunological ignorance in the host. We conclude that, in contrast to N. meningitidis, N. lactamica maintains a commensal relationship with the host in the absence of an adaptive immune response. This may prolong the period of susceptibility to colonization by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Neisseria species.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mucosal Immunity in Healthy Adults after Parenteral Vaccination with Outer‐Membrane Vesicles fromNeisseria meningitidisSerogroup B. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:731-40. [PMID: 18636953 DOI: 10.1086/590669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
8
|
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is commonly carried asymptomatically in the upper respiratory tract and only occasionally invades the bloodstream and meninges to cause disease. Naturally acquired immunity appears protective but the nature of the cellular immune response within the mucosa is uncertain. We show that following in vitro stimulation with N. meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) antigens, approximately 66% of the dividing mucosal CD4(+)CD45RO(+) memory population express the Th1-associated IL18-R while the remainder express CRTH2, a Th2-associated marker. The pro-inflammatory bias of this anti-MenB response is not evident in blood, demonstrating compartmentalization at the induction site; and occurs in the presence or absence of lipopolysacharide indicating that these responses are already fully committed. Depletion of CD25(+) cells reveals suppression of the effector CD4(+) T cell response restricted to the mucosa and most marked in children (i.e. those at greatest risk of disease). Mucosal T-regulatory cell (Treg) activity is partially overcome by blocking the human glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR) and is not seen following stimulation with antigens from another mucosal pathogen, influenza virus. Pro-inflammatory, antimeningococcal T cell responses may limit invasive disease at the mucosa but Treg induction while reducing immunopathological damage, may also restrict the effectiveness of the protective response, particularly in children.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mucosal immunity and optimizing protection with meningococcal serogroup B vaccines. Trends Microbiol 2006; 14:120-4. [PMID: 16469496 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Candidate Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B vaccines that are based on outer-membrane vesicles induce protective immunity in adults but provide neither crossprotection for infants nor long-lasting immunity. We suggest that this lack of vaccine efficacy is not solely because the best antigens are yet to be identified but also results from inappropriate programming of the immune response. Natural carriage of N. meningitidis and related bacteria leads to the development of protective immunity both at the mucosal surface and in the circulation. We propose that vaccine strategies that mimic this natural immunization process would better-optimize vaccine-induced protective immunity. Thus, mucosal immunization before a systemic booster vaccination could provide the solution and reduce the necessity for multiple injections to achieve immunity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Influence of age and carriage status on salivary IgA to Neisseria meningitidis. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133:883-9. [PMID: 16181509 PMCID: PMC2870320 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805004097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic carriage of Neisseria meningitidis is common (5-35% of individuals) while the incidence of invasive meningococcal disease is fairly low (<1-5 per 100,000 per annum in Europe). Naturally acquired protective immunity may account for this difference. In this study, we investigated the relationship between anti-meningococcal salivary IgA and age and carriage. We showed that salivary IgA to a range of meningococcal antigens increased successively with age with some specificity for commonly circulating serosubtypes. In a group of 258 students 37 (14%) of whom were carriers of N. meningitidis serogroup B, higher levels of specific IgA were associated with carriage. Stratified analysis revealed a positive relationship between smoking and specific anti- N. meningitidis IgA independent of current carriage, weighted odds ratio (OR) 4.1 (95% CI 1.1-18) and OR 3.8 (95% CI 0.96-16) for reference strains B:1:P1.14 and B:4:P1.5,4 respectively. These data implicate IgA as a factor in host defence from meningococcal invasion, although the precise mechanisms remain uncertain.
Collapse
|
11
|
Parenteral Influenza Vaccination Influences Mucosal and Systemic T Cell–Mediated Immunity in Healthy Adults. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:1927-35. [PMID: 15529256 DOI: 10.1086/425517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine whether palatine tonsils (PTs) harbor naturally acquired influenza-specific T cell immunity and whether routine parenteral immunization with influenza vaccine influences mucosal and systemic T cell reactivity. We demonstrate that tonsillar and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferate strongly to influenza antigens, suggesting that naturally acquired immunity exists within both the mucosal and systemic compartments. Influenza vaccination induced significantly stronger T cell responses in both PTs and blood, in addition to increasing titers of anti-influenza antibodies in serum and saliva. More-rapid proliferative responses of PTs after vaccination were associated with a shift from a response involving both CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ T cells to an entirely CD45RO+-dependent response. Interestingly, the ratio of interferon- gamma to interleukin-5 was dramatically higher in cultures of PT T cells responding to influenza than in PBMCs. Our data indicate that parenteral influenza vaccination influences both mucosal and systemic naturally acquired T cell immunity.
Collapse
|
12
|
A comparison of rhTPO and rhIL-11 following ifosfamide (I), carboplatin (C) and etoposide (E) (ICE) in pediatric patients with recurrent solid tumors or lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.8535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
13
|
A comparison of ex vivo expanded DCs derived from cord blood and mobilized adult peripheral blood plastic-adherent mononuclear cells: decreased alloreactivity of cord blood DCs. Cytotherapy 2004; 5:349-61. [PMID: 14578097 DOI: 10.1080/14653240310003017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cord blood (CB) has been used as an alternative source of transplantable allogeneic stem cells for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. However, we have demonstrated delayed recovery of T- and B-cell function, and T-cell subsets post unrelated CB transplantation (UCBT), and deficiencies of CB mononuclear cells (MNC) in producing cytokines, including G-CSF, GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-12, and IL-15. In this study we have investigated the ex vivo generation of DC from CB versus mobilized adult peripheral blood (APB) for later use as adoptive cellular immunotherapy. METHODS CB and APB-adherent MNC were cultured in serum-free media with GM-CSF IL-4, FLT-3 ligand, tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) for 7 days. Morphology, phenotype, immunohistochemistry, clonogenic activity, and alloreactivity in MLR were evaluated. RESULTS CB and APB monocyte-derived ex vivo expanded DC expressed similar DC markers CD83 (31.27+ 11.7% versus 34.0+ 5.2%, CB versus APB), CD1a (23.4+ 4.2% versus 27.6+ 6.3%), and CD80 (21.97+ 12.01% versus 27.7+ 5.95). Immunohistochemistry showed that cells with DC morphology expressed CDla but not CD14. Neither FLT-3 ligand nor TGF-fl enhanced DC expansion. Addition of 10% autologous plasma to CB cultures promoted greater cell survival and a 150% increase in CDla + /CD80+ cell recovery. CB DC were 62% as effective stimulators of adult allogeneic T-cels as APB DC (p < .05) in allogeneic MLR. DISCUSSION While phenotypically similar, CB and APB DC have differential potency in allogeneic MLR, which may account for the difference in GvHD and infection incidence and severity between UCBT and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and may require a different approach for adoptive cellular immunotherapy. The mechanism(s) associated with these differences require further elucidation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Evidence for Naturally Acquired T Cell-Mediated Mucosal Immunity toNeisseria meningitidis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:4263-70. [PMID: 14530350 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.8.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Naturally acquired protective immunity against Neisseria meningitidis is thought to partially explain the disparity between the high levels of carriage in the human nasopharynx and the rare incidence of disease. To investigate this immunity to Neisseria meningitidis at the mucosal level, in vitro cellular responses to outer membrane vesicle preparations derived from this pathogen were examined using mononuclear cells from the palatine tonsils of adults and children. Characterization of these responses was achieved by depletion of CD45RA(+), CD45RO(+), and CD19(+) populations and outer membrane vesicles derived from isogenic mutants expressing different serosubtypes of the major outer membrane protein, porin A (PorA), no PorA and membrane preparations from a mutant with no LPS (LpxA(-)). The magnitude of cellular proliferative responses against the outer membrane vesicles were strongly associated with age and were largely T cell mediated, involving both CD45RO(+) and CD45RA(+) T cell phenotypes. Responses were not dependent on LPS but consisted of both PorA cross-specific and non-PorA-dependent responses. Cellular immunity against Neisseria meningitidis was found to be frequently associated with systemic IgG Abs but was not associated with serum bactericidal Abs. For the first time our results demonstrate an age-associated acquisition of mucosal T effector/memory cell responses to Neisseria meningitidis. This mucosal cellular immunity can be present in the absence of serum bactericidal Abs, a classical marker of protective immunity.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide in children with poor-risk relapsed Wilms' tumor: a Children's Cancer Group report. Ann Oncol 2002; 13:460-9. [PMID: 11996479 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdf028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of children with relapsed Wilms' tumor is poor, especially with poor-risk factors such as unfavorable histology, early recurrence, previous three-drug therapy, relapse not confined to lungs and abdominal relapse following abdominal radiotherapy. We report the overall response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival of 11 children with relapsed and poor-risk Wilms' tumor following ifosfamide/carboplatin/etoposide (ICE) chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS ICE therapy consisted of ifosfamide 1800 mg/m2/day (on day 0-4), carboplatin 400 mg/m2/day (on day 0-1) and etoposide 100 mg/m2/day (on day 0-4). The median age at diagnosis was 39 months (range from 13 months to 16 years) and the median time to relapse after initial diagnosis was 9 months (range 4-72 months). All but one patient had at least one poor prognostic feature, with eight patients showing three or four. RESULTS After ICE chemotherapy the number of patients showing a complete response (CR) was three (27%) and a partial response (PR) was six (55%). The overall response rate (CR+PR) was 82%. Five of the six patients with a PR subsequently achieved a CR with further therapy. The 3-year event-free survival and overall survival were 63.6 +/- 14.5%. CONCLUSIONS The response rate in children with relapsed and poor-risk Wilms' tumor is >80% with ICE re-induction chemotherapy followed by post-ICE therapy. The optimal approach for post-ICE consolidation therapy has yet to be determined.
Collapse
|
16
|
Feasibility study of IL-11 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after myelosuppressive chemotherapy to mobilize peripheral blood stem cells from heavily pretreated patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 23:300-5. [PMID: 11464987 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200106000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pediatric patients with solid tumors treated with prolonged dose-intensive chemoradiotherapy are poor mobilizers of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC). We have conducted a pilot study to mobilize PBSC in eight pediatric patients with relapsed solid tumors using ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE) followed-up by IL-11 plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received ifosfamide 1.8 g/m2 per day for 5 days, carboplatin 400 mg/m2 per day for 2 days, and etoposide 100 mg/m2 per day for 5 days. After completion of ICE chemotherapy, patients received daily subcutaneous injections of G-CSF (5 microg/kg per day) and IL-11 (50-100 microg/kg per day) until peripheral stem cell apheresis. RESULTS The median age was 11 years. Diagnosis included three relapsed Hodgkin disease, three relapsed central nervous system tumors, one relapsed Wilms tumor, and one relapsed rhabdomyosarcoma. The median number of apheresis procedures required to obtain 5 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg was one. The mean +/- standard error of mean (SEM) total CD34+ cells collected was 14.0+/-2.7 x 10(6)/kg. The mean +/- SEM total CD34+/CD41+ cells collected was 4.6+/-1.9 x 10(6)/kg. Seven of the eight patients have subsequently undergone myeloablative chemotherapy with autologous PBSC transplantation and have reconstituted hematopoiesis with a median time to neutrophil recovery of 10 days and platelet recovery of 15.5 days. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the regimen of ICE/IL-11 plus G-CSF is successful in mobilizing large numbers of CD34+ PBSC cells with a limited number (one) of apheresis collections in patients that have previously been heavily pretreated with chemotherapy/radiotherapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
A phase I clinical, pharmacological, and biological trial of interleukin 6 plus granulocyte-colony stimulating factor after ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide in children with recurrent/refractory solid tumors: enhanced hematological responses but a high incidence of grade III/IV constitutional toxicities. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7:58-67. [PMID: 11205919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
A Phase I trial was conducted to determine the safety, biological activity, and hematopoietic recovery by the combination of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) after myelosuppressive chemotherapy in children. Patients <22 years of age at diagnosis with either recurrent or refractory solid tumors received ifosfamide 1,800 mg/m2/day x 5 days, carboplatin 400 mg/m2/ day x 2 days, and etoposide 100 mg/m2/day x 5 days, followed by daily s.c. G-CSF (5 microg/kg/day) and IL-6 (2.5, 3.75, or 5.0 microg/kg/day). Pharmacokinetic, proinflammatory mediator levels, hematopoietic colony assays, and cytokine receptor expression studies were performed during course one. Nineteen patients were evaluable for toxicity and received IL-6 at doses of 2.5 (n = 8), 3.75 (n = 5), or 5.0 (n = 6) microg/kg/day. Dose-limiting constitutional toxicity occurred in two of six patients at 5.0 microg/kg/day, two of five patients at 3.75 microg/kg/day, and two of eight patients at 2.5 microg/kg/day. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) exceeded the lowest dose tested. Because of lack of drug availability, an MTD was not established. The maximum concentration of IL-6 (2.5 microg/kg/day) was 0.799 +/- 1.055 ng/ml (mean +/- SD). During the first course, the median time to absolute neutrophil count > or = 1,000/mm3 and platelets > or = 100,000 mm3 was estimated at 19 and 23 days, respectively. Peripheral blood progenitor cells expressing receptors to IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF increased significantly over baseline (P < 0.05). After the first dose of IL-6, IFN-gamma levels were abnormal in 13 patients, and IL-1beta levels were abnormal in 10 patients. IL-6 has a high incidence of constitutional toxicity and a lower MTD in children compared with adults. In vivo use of IL-6 in children after chemotherapy remains limited. However, IL-6 may be more optimally investigated in children under ex vivo conditions.
Collapse
|
18
|
Autologous bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a novel combined approach consisting of ex vivo marrow purging, modulation of multi-drug resistance, induction of autograft vs leukemia effect, and post-transplant immuno- and chemotherapy (PTIC). Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 27:145-53. [PMID: 11281383 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to reduce the high relapse rate associated with ABMT, five children with high-risk first CR and 19 in second or subsequent CR lacking matched family allogeneic donors underwent ABMT with chemopurged bone marrow utilizing verapamil (VPL), vincristine, and VP-16. Patients were conditioned with TBI, VPL bolus and infusion with VP-16 and cyclophosphamide. The first cohort of patients (n = 4) received only cyclosporin A (CsA). The second cohort (n = 7) received CsA and alpha interferon (total = 11 with post-transplant immunotherapy alone.) The third cohort (n = 13) received CsA and six alternating cycles of alphaIFN and chemotherapy and six additional cycles of chemotherapy (vincristine, VP-16, Ara-C, prednisone) followed by G-CSF (post-transplant immune chemotherapy (PTIC)). The 2-year DFS is 42+/-10% (90% confidence interval (CI) is 26.5-58.5%) and 2-year overall survival is 54+/-10% (90% CI is 37.5-70.5%). Furthermore, patients receiving PTIC (n = 13) vs immunotherapy alone (CsA+/-aIFN) (n = 11) had a substantially better 2 year DFS and OS: 69+/-13% vs 13+/-12% and 85+/-10% vs 25+/-15% (P = 0.008 and P = 0.06, respectively). These results suggest that the use of ABMT with chemopurging, combined with PTIC is well tolerated and may be an alternative new approach in the treatment of a subset of children with high-risk first CR or > or = second CR ALL who lack closely matched family-related allogeneic donors.
Collapse
|
19
|
p53 induction in normal human skin in vitro following exposure to solar simulated UV and UV-B irradiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1999; 49:177-86. [PMID: 10392467 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(99)00053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of normal human breast skin ex vivo to physiological levels of UV-B and solar simulated UV results in a UV dose- and time-dependent increase in epidermal p53, as determined by PAGE analysis. Peak p53 levels are detected 12 to 24 h post irradiation with UV-B (470-1410 mJ cm-2) and solar simulated UV (5-12 minimal erythema dose (MED) equivalents). Irradiation with an FS20 UV-B lamp, contaminated with UV-A and UV-C (74-1111 mJ cm-2), also induces peak levels after 12 h incubation at 37 degrees C but these levels persist to 36 h post UV irradiation. In all cases p53 levels start to return to normal by 48 h culture. A significant positive correlation is demonstrated between UV-B dose (47-1645 mJ cm-2) and p53 level (p < 0.01, R > 0.977) in explants cultured for 24 h at 37 degrees C post irradiation. The FS20 induces a 'UV-B' dose-dependent increase in p53 to a maximum from 370 to 1111 mJ cm-2. Similarly, solar simulated UV induces a plateau of peak p53 induction between 5 and 15 MED equivalents. Immunohistochemical analysis using microwave retrieval on 5 microns sections shows the same pattern of p53 staining with UV-B and solar UV insult, but proves unreliable as a method of quantification. These results suggest that the skin explant model may be a useful tool in the evaluation of UV-induced epidermal cell damage, providing a valuable alternative to in vivo studies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Several studies have suggested a lack of correlation between sunscreen sun protection factor and protection of the skin immune system, potentially allowing greater damage to the skin by removing the natural protective erythemal response to sun exposure. Despite this, routine testing of immune protection afforded by sunscreens is not performed by industry. Current laboratory methods for investigating the efficacy of sunscreen protection of epidermal immune function use the induction of contact hypersensitivity or epidermal cell alloantigen presentation. Animal models, cell culture systems, and in vivo human studies are commonly employed, but all these systems have significant drawbacks for use in routine testing. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro system for testing the immunologic protection afforded by sunscreens in human skin. Five test sunscreens plus a vehicle control were tested in a "blind" fashion for their in vitro level of immune protection. Creams were applied in a standard manner to human whole skin explants and were irradiated over a range of physiologic doses using an Oriel solar simulator. A mixed epidermal lymphocyte reaction was used to quantify epidermal alloantigen-presenting capacity, in the presence or absence of test cream, for five explants. Results consistently demonstrated that all the test sunscreens protected beyond their designated sun protection factors, whereas the vehicle conferred no protection. The explant-mixed epidermal lymphocyte reaction system gave consistent, reproducible results and may prove useful for the allocation of an immune protection factor to all sunscreens.
Collapse
|
21
|
Successful in vivo immunolocalization of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with use of a monoclonal antibody, NA1/34. J Pediatr 1994; 125:717-22. [PMID: 7525914 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(94)70063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The antibody NA1/34 is a murine monoclonal antibody directed against the CD1a surface antigen expressed on normal Langerhans cells, cortical thymocytes, and on lesional cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Our hypothesis was that NA1/34 would localize sites of disease activity in patients with multisystem LCH. To test this hypothesis, indium 111-labeled NA1/34 was administered to five patients with multisystem LCH and serial gamma scans were obtained for up to 120 hours. Serial serum samples were obtained from one patient for analysis of anti-mouse Ig antibody and NA1/34 levels. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence staining for CD1a and NA1/34 were performed on a tissue biopsy specimen from one patient after administration of the antibody. The 1- and 4-hour scans showed distribution of antibody in the blood pool, but in later scans localization of the antibody was noted in areas of known disease activity in all five patients. Bony lesions, previously seen on skeletal radiographs, were especially well identified. Serum kinetics studies showed clearance of the antibody from the blood pool within 12 hours of administration. Direct binding of NA1/34 to lesional cells was demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. The only adverse effect was urticaria in one patient. We conclude that NA1/34 localizes disease activity in vivo in bones of patients with LCH with minimal toxic effects. An evaluation of its role in determining disease extent ("staging") and in treatment is now needed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Successful in vivo immunolocalization of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with use of a monoclonal antibody, NA1/34. The journal The Journal of Pediatrics 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(06)80168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|