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Bauer C, Moser LB, Kern D, Jeyakumar V, Nehrer S. The Combination of Glucocorticoids and Hyaluronic Acid Enhances Efficacy in IL-1β/IL-17-Treated Bovine Osteochondral Grafts Compared with Individual Application. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14338. [PMID: 37762639 PMCID: PMC10531904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with knee osteoarthritis often receive glucocorticoid (GC) or hyaluronic acid (HA) injections to alleviate symptoms. This study evaluated the impact of Triamcinolone Hexacetonide (a GC), HA, and a combination of both on bovine osteochondral grafts exposed to IL-1β and IL-17 in an ex vivo culture. Metabolic activity increased with GC treatment. GCs and GCs/HA counteracted cytokine effects, with gene expressions similar to untreated controls, while HA alone did not. However, HA improved the coefficient of friction after two weeks. The highest friction values were observed in GC-containing and cytokine-treated groups. Cytokine treatment reduced tissue proteoglycan content, which HA could mitigate, especially in the GC/HA combination. This combo also effectively controlled proteoglycan release, supported by reduced sGAG release. Cytokine treatment led to surface cell death, while GCs, HA, or their combination showed protective effects against inflammation. The GC/HA combination had the best overall results, suggesting its potential as a superior treatment option for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bauer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University for Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Lukas B. Moser
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Daniela Kern
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University for Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Vivek Jeyakumar
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University for Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Stefan Nehrer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University for Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
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Bauer C, Moser LB, Jeyakumar V, Niculescu-Morzsa E, Kern D, Nehrer S. Increased Chondroprotective Effect of Combining Hyaluronic Acid with a Glucocorticoid Compared to Separate Administration on Cytokine-Treated Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes in a 2D Culture. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071733. [PMID: 35885038 PMCID: PMC9313299 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-articular injections of glucocorticoids (GC) or hyaluronic acid (HA) are commonly used interventions for patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis (OA). Both substances are combined to achieve a chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect. Clinical studies have shown benefits, but data on the cellular level are still lacking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the GC triamcinolone hexacetonide, HA, and a mix of both substances on cytokine-treated chondrocytes in vitro. Chondrocytes isolated from human articular cartilage were seeded on 6- and 24-well plates. Mimicking OA’s inflammatory state, cells were treated with IL-1β and IL-17 for six days, whereby, after three days, test substances (10%) were added to the culture medium. Chondrocytes were analyzed on days three and six concerning their actin polymerization, expression of anabolic and catabolic genes, metabolic activity, cytokine release, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Adding HA or GC/HA to the inflammatory culture medium increased the metabolic activity of chondrocytes, while groups containing GC reduced catabolic gene expression and the release of TNF-α. In addition, enhanced F-actin content was shown supplementing HA or GC/HA to the culture medium. Supplementing GC with HA leads to an anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effect by diminishing the side effects of GC supplementation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bauer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, University for Continuing Education, 3500 Krems, Austria; (L.B.M.); (V.J.); (E.N.-M.); (D.K.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-2622-893-2609
| | - Lukas B. Moser
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, University for Continuing Education, 3500 Krems, Austria; (L.B.M.); (V.J.); (E.N.-M.); (D.K.); (S.N.)
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Krems, Mitterweg 10, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Vivek Jeyakumar
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, University for Continuing Education, 3500 Krems, Austria; (L.B.M.); (V.J.); (E.N.-M.); (D.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Eugenia Niculescu-Morzsa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, University for Continuing Education, 3500 Krems, Austria; (L.B.M.); (V.J.); (E.N.-M.); (D.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Daniela Kern
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, University for Continuing Education, 3500 Krems, Austria; (L.B.M.); (V.J.); (E.N.-M.); (D.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Stefan Nehrer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, University for Continuing Education, 3500 Krems, Austria; (L.B.M.); (V.J.); (E.N.-M.); (D.K.); (S.N.)
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Krems, Mitterweg 10, 3500 Krems, Austria
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Wang B, Jeyakumar V, Tawk L, Shihata W, Kiriazis H, Donner D, Kemp-Harper B, Kaye D. Therapeutic Potential of a Novel Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Fibrotic Agent, VCP979, for Obesity-Induced Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Heart Lung Circ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Bauer C, Göçerler H, Niculescu-Morzsa E, Jeyakumar V, Stotter C, Klestil T, Franek F, Nehrer S. Biotribological Tests of Osteochondral Grafts after Treatment with Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. Cartilage 2021; 13:496S-508S. [PMID: 33596661 PMCID: PMC8808939 DOI: 10.1177/1947603521994900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During osteoarthritis progression, cartilage degrades in a manner that influences its biomechanical and biotribological properties, while chondrocytes reduce the synthesis of extracellular matrix components and become apoptotic. This study investigates the effects of inflammation on cartilage under biomechanical stress using biotribological tests. METHODS Bovine osteochondral grafts from five animals were punched out from the medial condyle and treated with or without pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], IL-6) for 2 weeks. After incubation, biotribological tests were performed for 2 hours (alternating 10 minutes test and pause respectively at 39°C, 180 N, 1 Hz, and 2 mm stroke). Before and after testing, the cartilage surface was imaged with a 3-dimensional microscope. During testing, the coefficient of friction (COF) was measured, while gene expression analysis and investigation of metabolic activity of chondrocytes were carried out after testing. Histological sections of the tissue and wear debris from the test fluid were also analyzed. RESULTS After biotribological tests, surface cracks were found in both treated and untreated osteochondral grafts. In treated grafts, the COF increased, and the proteoglycan content in the cartilage tissue decreased, leading to structural changes. Chondrocytes from treated grafts showed increased expression of genes encoding for degradative enzymes, while cartilage-specific gene expression and metabolic activity exhibited no significant differences between treated and untreated groups. No measurable difference in the wear debris in the test fluid was found. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of osteochondral grafts with cytokines results in a significantly increased COF, while also leading to significant changes in cartilage proteoglycan content and cartilage matrix compression during biotribological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bauer
- Department for Health Sciences, Medicine
and Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria,Christoph Bauer, Center for Regenerative
Medicine, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, Danube
University Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria.
| | | | - Eugenia Niculescu-Morzsa
- Department for Health Sciences, Medicine
and Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria
| | - Vivek Jeyakumar
- Department for Health Sciences, Medicine
and Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria
| | - Christoph Stotter
- Department for Health Sciences, Medicine
and Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria,LK Baden-Mödling-Hainburg, Department of
Orthopedics and Traumatology, Baden, Austria
| | - Thomas Klestil
- LK Baden-Mödling-Hainburg, Department of
Orthopedics and Traumatology, Baden, Austria,Center for Medical Specializations,
Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, Danube University Krems,
Krems, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Nehrer
- Department for Health Sciences, Medicine
and Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria
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Bauer C, Stotter C, Jeyakumar V, Niculescu-Morzsa E, Simlinger B, Rodríguez Ripoll M, Klestil T, Franek F, Nehrer S. Concentration-Dependent Effects of Cobalt and Chromium Ions on Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Cartilage 2021; 13:908S-919S. [PMID: 31779468 PMCID: PMC8721608 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519889389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cobalt and chromium (CoCr) ions from metal implants are released into the joint due to biotribocorrosion, inducing apoptosis and altering gene expression in various cell types. Here, we asked whether CoCr ions concentration-dependently changed viability, transcriptional activity, and inflammatory response in human articular chondrocytes. DESIGN Human articular chondrocytes were exposed to Co (1.02-16.33 ppm) and Cr (0.42-6.66 ppm) ions and cell viability and early/late apoptosis (annexin V and 7-AAD) were assessed in 2-dimensional cell cultures using the XTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Changes in chondrocyte morphology were assessed using transmitted light microscopy. The effects of CoCr ions on transcriptional activity of chondrocytes were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The inflammatory responses were determined by measuring the levels of released pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]). RESULTS CoCr ions concentration-dependently reduced metabolic activity and induced early and late apoptosis after 24 hours in culture. After 72 hours, the majority of chondrocytes (>90%) were apoptotic at the highest concentrations of CoCr ions (16.33/6/66 ppm). SOX9 expression was concentration-dependently enhanced, whereas expression of COL2A1 linearly decreased after 24 hours. IL-8 release was enhanced proportionally to CoCr ions levels, whereas IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were not affected by the treatments. CONCLUSIONS CoCr ions showed concentration- and time-dependent effects on articular chondrocytes. Fractions of apoptotic articular chondrocytes were proportional to CoCr ion concentrations. In addition, metabolic activity and expression of chondrocyte-specific genes were decreased by CoCr ions. Furthermore, exposure to CoCr ions caused a release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bauer
- Faculty of Health and Medicine,
Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, Center for Regenerative
Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Christoph Stotter
- Faculty of Health and Medicine,
Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, Center for Regenerative
Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria,Department of Orthopedics and
Traumatology, LK Baden-Mödling-Hainburg, Baden, Austria
| | - Vivek Jeyakumar
- Faculty of Health and Medicine,
Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, Center for Regenerative
Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Eugenia Niculescu-Morzsa
- Faculty of Health and Medicine,
Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, Center for Regenerative
Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | | | - Thomas Klestil
- Department of Orthopedics and
Traumatology, LK Baden-Mödling-Hainburg, Baden, Austria,Faculty of Health and Medicine,
Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, Center for Health Sciences
and Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Nehrer
- Faculty of Health and Medicine,
Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and Research, Center for Regenerative
Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria,Stefan Nehrer, Center for Regenerative
Medicine, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems 3500,
Austria.
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Jeyakumar V, Amraish N, Niculescu-Morsza E, Bauer C, Pahr D, Nehrer S. Decellularized Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Incorporated Silk Fibroin Hybrid Scaffolds for Endochondral Ossification Mediated Bone Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084055. [PMID: 33919985 PMCID: PMC8071030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies promote bone regeneration for large bone defects by stimulating the osteogenesis route via intramembranous ossification in engineered grafts, which upon implantation are frequently constrained by insufficient integration and functional anastomosis of vasculature from the host tissue. In this study, we developed a hybrid biomaterial incorporating decellularized cartilage extracellular matrix (CD-ECM) as a template and silk fibroin (SF) as a carrier to assess the bone regeneration capacity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC’s) via the endochondral ossification (ECO) route. hBMSC’s were primed two weeks for chondrogenesis, followed by six weeks for hypertrophy onto hybrid CD-ECM/SF or SF alone scaffolds and evaluated for the mineralized matrix formation in vitro. Calcium deposition biochemically determined increased significantly from 4-8 weeks in both SF and CD-ECM/SF constructs, and retention of sGAG’s were observed only in CD-ECM/SF constructs. SEM/EDX revealed calcium and phosphate crystal localization by hBMSC’s under all conditions. Compressive modulus reached a maximum of 40 KPa after eight weeks of hypertrophic induction. μCT scanning at eight weeks indicated a cloud of denser minerals in groups after hypertrophic induction in CD-ECM/SF constructs than SF constructs. Gene expression by RT-qPCR revealed that hBMSC’s expressed hypertrophic markers VEGF, COL10, RUNX2, but the absence of early hypertrophic marker ChM1 and later hypertrophic marker TSBS1 and the presence of osteogenic markers ALPL, IBSP, OSX under all conditions. Our data indicate a new method to prime hBMSC’S into the late hypertrophic stage in vitro in mechanically stable constructs for ECO-mediated bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Jeyakumar
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (E.N.-M.); (C.B.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nedaa Amraish
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria; (N.A.); (D.P.)
- Institute for Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugenia Niculescu-Morsza
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (E.N.-M.); (C.B.); (S.N.)
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (E.N.-M.); (C.B.); (S.N.)
| | - Dieter Pahr
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria; (N.A.); (D.P.)
- Institute for Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Nehrer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (E.N.-M.); (C.B.); (S.N.)
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Bauer C, Göçerler H, Niculescu‐Morzsa E, Jeyakumar V, Stotter C, Tóth I, Klestil T, Franek F, Nehrer S. Effect of osteochondral graft orientation in a biotribological test system. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:583-592. [PMID: 30690777 PMCID: PMC6594111 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) utilizing autografts is a widely used technique for the treatment of small-to-medium cartilage defects occurring in knee and ankle joints. The application of viable cartilage and bone ensures proper integration, early weight bearing, as well as restoration of biomechanical and biotribological properties. However, alignment of the autografts onto the defect site remains a pivotal aspect of reinstating the properties of the joint toward successful autograft integration. This is the first study to perform tests with different orientations of osteochondral grafts in a cartilage-on-cartilage test system. The objective was to estimate if there are differences between aligned and 90°-rotated grafts concerning molecular biological and biomechanical parameters. Tissue viability, assessed by XTT assay indicated lower metabolic activity in tested osteochondral grafts (aligned, p = 0.0148 and 90°-rotated, p = 0.0760) in favor of a higher anabolic gene expression (aligned, p = 0.0030 and 90°-rotated, 0.0027). Tissue structure was evaluated by Safranin O histology and microscopic images of the surface. Aligned and 90°-rotated grafts revealed no apparent differences between proteoglycan content or cracks and fissures on the cartilage surface. Test medium analyzed after tribological tests for their sulfated glycosaminoglycan content revealed no differences (p = 0.3282). During the tests, both the friction coefficient and the relative displacement between the two cartilage surfaces were measured, with no significant difference in both parameters (COF, p = 0.2232 and relative displacement, p = 0.3185). From the methods we deployed, this study can infer that there are no differences between aligned and 90°-rotated osteochondral grafts after tribological tests in the used ex vivo tissue model. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bauer
- Danube University Krems, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and ResearchCenter for Regenerative Medicine and OrthopedicsDr.‐Karl‐Dorrek‐Strasse 303500KremsAustria
| | | | - Eugenia Niculescu‐Morzsa
- Danube University Krems, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and ResearchCenter for Regenerative Medicine and OrthopedicsDr.‐Karl‐Dorrek‐Strasse 303500KremsAustria
| | - Vivek Jeyakumar
- Danube University Krems, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and ResearchCenter for Regenerative Medicine and OrthopedicsDr.‐Karl‐Dorrek‐Strasse 303500KremsAustria
| | - Christoph Stotter
- Danube University Krems, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and ResearchCenter for Regenerative Medicine and OrthopedicsDr.‐Karl‐Dorrek‐Strasse 303500KremsAustria,LK Baden‐Mödling‐HainburgDepartment of Orthopedics and TraumatologyBadenAustria
| | | | - Thomas Klestil
- LK Baden‐Mödling‐HainburgDepartment of Orthopedics and TraumatologyBadenAustria,Danube University Krems, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and ResearchCenter for Health Sciences and MedicineKremsAustria
| | | | - Stefan Nehrer
- Danube University Krems, Department for Health Sciences, Medicine and ResearchCenter for Regenerative Medicine and OrthopedicsDr.‐Karl‐Dorrek‐Strasse 303500KremsAustria
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Neubauer M, Jeyakumar V, Muellner T, Nehrer S. Bone-marrow-aspirate-concentrate for chondral defects: surgical techniques, clinical applications and basic science. Ann Joint 2018. [DOI: 10.21037/aoj.2018.11.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jeyakumar V, Niculescu-Morzsa E, Bauer C, Lacza Z, Nehrer S. Platelet-Rich Plasma Supports Proliferation and Redifferentiation of Chondrocytes during In Vitro Expansion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:75. [PMID: 29270404 PMCID: PMC5723650 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage regeneration is insufficient to restore sports injuries or defects that can occur from trauma. Treatment options for cartilage repair include autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) by isolation, expansion, and reimplantation of healthy donor chondrocytes. Chondrocyte expansion onto 2D substrates leads to dedifferentiation and loss of the cellular phenotype. We aimed to overcome the state of dedifferentiation by biochemical stimuli with platelet derivatives such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyperacute serum (HAS) to achieve sufficient cell numbers in combination with variable oxygen tension. Human articular chondrocytes from osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage chondrocytes were switched from 10% FCS supplementation to either 10% PRP or 10% HAS after initial passaging for further experiments under normoxic (20% O2) or hypoxic (1% O2) conditions. An XTT assay measured the effect of PRP or HAS on the cell proliferation at 3, 6, and 9 days. The chondrogenic redifferentiation potential of dedifferentiated chondrocytes was determined with reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR for markers of expression for type II collagen (COL2A1), type I collagen (COL1A1), and matrix metalloproteinases MMP3, matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) at 24 and 72 h. Measured protein levels of 100% PRP or HAS by multiplex quantification revealed basic fibroblast growth factor, G-CSF, and PDGF were significantly higher in PRP than in HAS (p < 0.05) but LEPTIN levels did not differ. The quantified protein levels did not differ when isolated from same donors at a different time. Chondrocyte proliferation indicated that supplementation of 10% HAS enhanced the proliferation rate compared to 10% PRP or 10% FCS at 6 and 9 days significantly (p < 0.05). mRNA levels for expression of COL1A1 were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05) when cultured with 10% PRP than 10% HAS or 10% FCS under normoxic/hypoxic conditions. COL2A1 was significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) in PRP than 10% HAS or 10% FCS. MMP3 expression was downregulated after 72 h under all conditions. MMP13 was upregulated with 10% PRP at both 24 and 72 h but significantly downregulated under hypoxia (1% O2) for all circumstances. While HAS has its effect on chondrocyte proliferation, PRP enhances both proliferation and redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes. PRP can replace standard usage of FCS for chondrogenic priming and expansion as implications for clinical use such as ACI procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Jeyakumar
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Eugenia Niculescu-Morzsa
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Nehrer
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
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10
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Bauer C, Jeyakumar V, Niculescu-Morzsa E, Kern D, Nehrer S. Hyaluronan thiomer gel/matrix mediated healing of articular cartilage defects in New Zealand White rabbits-a pilot study. J Exp Orthop 2017; 4:14. [PMID: 28470629 PMCID: PMC5415448 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-017-0089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Articular cartilage defects are limited to their regenerative potential in human adults. Our current study evaluates tissue regeneration in a surgically induced empty defect site with hyaluronan thiomer as a provisional scaffold in a gel/matrix combination without cells on rabbit models to restore tissue formation. Methods An osteochondral defect of 4 mm in diameter and 5 mm in depth was induced by mechanical drilling in the femoral center of the trochlea in 18 New Zealand White rabbits. Previously evaluated from an in vitro study hyaluronan thiomer matrix, and a hyaluronan thiomer gel was used to treat the defect. As a control, the defect was left untreated. During the whole study, rabbits were clinically examined and after 4 (n = 3) or 12 (n = 3) weeks, the rabbits were sacrificed. Joints were evaluated macroscopically (Brittberg score) and by histology (O’Driscoll score). Synovial cells from the synovial fluid smear were histopathologically evaluated. Results The healing of the defects varied intra-group wise at the first observation period. After 12 weeks the results concerning the cartilage repair score were inhomogeneous within each group, while the macroscopic analysis was more homogenous. In the synovial fluid smear, the mean score of infiltrated synovial and non-synovial cells was slightly increased after 4 weeks and slightly decreased after 12 weeks in both the treatment groups in comparison to the untreated control. Conclusions Taken together with results from the in vivo study indicated that implantation of hyaluronan thiomer as a combination of gel and matrix might enhance articular cartilage regeneration in an empty defect. Despite their benefits, the intrinsic healing capacity of New Zealand rabbits is a limitation for comparative test subject in pre-clinical models of cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bauer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria.
| | - Vivek Jeyakumar
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria
| | - Eugenia Niculescu-Morzsa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria
| | - Daniela Kern
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria
| | - Stefan Nehrer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria
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Jeyakumar V, Halbwirth F, Niculescu-Morzsa E, Bauer C, Zwickl H, Kern D, Nehrer S. Chondrogenic Gene Expression Differences between Chondrocytes from Osteoarthritic and Non-OA Trauma Joints in a 3D Collagen Type I Hydrogel. Cartilage 2017; 8:191-198. [PMID: 28345415 PMCID: PMC5358832 DOI: 10.1177/1947603516657641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of the current study was to compare the donor age variation of chondrocytes from non-OA (osteoarthritic) trauma joints in patients of young to middle age (20.5 ± 3.7, 31.8 ± 1.9, 41.9 ± 4.1 years) embedded in matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) grafts (CaReS). The chondrocyte-specific gene expression of CaReS grafts were then compared to chondrocytes from OA joints (in patients aged 63.8 ± 10 years) embedded in a collagen type I hydrogel. Design OA chondrocytes and articular chondrocyte-laden grafts were cultured over 14 days in chondrogenic growth medium. We performed reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of chondrocyte-specific and hypertrophic markers. Results Gene expression analysis with RT-qPCR revealed no significant difference in chondrocyte-specific genes ( COL2A1, ACAN, SOX9, SOX5, SOX6) among 3 different age group of patients with CaReS grafts. In a comparative analysis of OA chondrocytes to articular chondrocytes, chondrogenic markers ( COL2A1, SOX6) exhibited higher expression in OA chondrocytes ( P < 0.05). Hypertrophic or OA cartilage pathogenesis marker ( MMP3, MMP13) expression was higher and COL1A1 had significantly lower expression ( P < 0.05) in OA chondrocytes than articular chondrocytes when cultivated in collagen type I hydrogels. Conclusion In summary, we identify that donor age variation does not influence the chondrogenic gene expression of the CaReS system. We also identified that freshly isolated OA chondrocytes embedded in collagen type I hydrogels can exhibit chondrogenic gene expression as observed in articular chondrocytes on the CaReS grafts. Transforming OA chondrocytes to articular chondrocytes can be regarded as an alternative option in the MACT technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Jeyakumar
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria,Vivek Jeyakumar, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500 Krems, Austria.
| | - Florian Halbwirth
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Bauer
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Hannes Zwickl
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Daniela Kern
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Stefan Nehrer
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
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Bauer C, Niculescu-Morzsa E, Jeyakumar V, Kern D, Späth SS, Nehrer S. Chondroprotective effect of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid on osteoarthritic chondrocytes in a co-cultivation inflammation model with M1 macrophages. J Inflamm (Lond) 2016; 13:31. [PMID: 27625590 PMCID: PMC5020517 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-016-0139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is described by an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes in the affected joint. This dysregulation of metabolism affects not only chondrocytes within cartilage tissue but also the cells of the synovial membrane across the border of the joint. An important factor in OA is the low viscosity of the synovial fluid. High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HA) can be used to increase the viscosity and also reduce inflammatory processes. The purpose was to establish an in vitro inflammation model and to evaluate the effects of high-molecular-weight HA in a co-cultivation inflammation model of osteoarthritic chondrocytes and M1 macrophages. METHODS For the establishment of the inflammation model THP-1 cells were, at first, differentiated to M0 macrophages and then activated to the M1 subtype after 5 days of resting period. Surface markers, cytokine release, and gene expression, were analyzed to examine the successful differentiation. In the inflammation model, the defined M1 macrophages were co-cultivated with osteoarthritic chondrocytes for 2 days, with and without the addition of 10 % HA and further analyzed for chondrogenic gene expression markers and the release of cytokines in the supernatant. RESULTS The differentiation and activation process was successful as M1 macrophages expressed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and specific genes. Similarly, the surface marker CD14 was significantly decreased compared to M0 macrophages. For the co-culture system, the analysis of gene expression showed that HA increased the expression of cartilage-specific genes while catabolic-encoding genes exhibited lower expression levels than the control group. This positive effect of HA was also demonstrated by the measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as their level decreased. CONCLUSION Our study implies that high-molecular-weight HA has a chondroprotective effect in the present co-cultivation inflammation model, as it decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases anabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bauer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria
| | - Eugenia Niculescu-Morzsa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria
| | - Vivek Jeyakumar
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria
| | - Daniela Kern
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria
| | - Stephan S. Späth
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria
| | - Stefan Nehrer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube-University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, Krems, Austria
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Zwickl H, Niculescu-Morzsa E, Halbwirth F, Bauer C, Jeyakumar V, Reutterer A, Berger M, Nehrer S. Correlation Analysis of SOX9, -5, and -6 as well as COL2A1 and Aggrecan Gene Expression of Collagen I Implant-Derived and Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Cartilage 2016; 7:185-92. [PMID: 27047641 PMCID: PMC4797238 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515615388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation is frequently applied to replace damaged cartilage in order to support tissue regeneration or repair and to prevent progressive cartilage degradation and osteoarthritis. Its application, however, is limited to primary defects and contraindicated in the case of osteoarthritis that is partially ascribed to dedifferentiation and phenotype alterations of chondrocytes obtainable from patients' biopsies. The differentiation state of chondrocytes is reflected at the level of structural gene (COL2A1, ACAN, COL1A1) and transcription factor (SOX9, 5, 6) expression. METHODS/DESIGN We determined the mRNA abundances of COL2A1, ACAN, and COL1A1as well as SOX9, -5, and -6 of freshly isolated and passaged collagen I implant-derived and osteoarthritic chondrocytes via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, we analyzed the correlation of structural and transcription factor gene expression. Thus, we were able to evaluate the impact of the mRNA levels of transcription factors on the expression of cartilage-specific structural genes. RESULTS Significant differences were obtained (1) for freshly isolated osteoarthritic versus collagen I implant-derived chondrocytes, (2) due to passaging of the respective cell sources, (3) for osteoarthritic versus nonosteoarthritic chondrocytes, and (4) for COL2A1 versus ACAN expression with respect to the coherence with SOX9, -5, and -6 transcript levels. CONCLUSION Our results might contribute to a better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of structural gene expression of chondrocytes with implications for their use in matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Zwickl
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopaedics, Department for Clinical Medicine and Biotechnology, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Eugenia Niculescu-Morzsa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopaedics, Department for Clinical Medicine and Biotechnology, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Florian Halbwirth
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopaedics, Department for Clinical Medicine and Biotechnology, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopaedics, Department for Clinical Medicine and Biotechnology, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria,Christoph Bauer, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopaedics, Department for Clinical Medicine and Biotechnology, Danube University Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, Krems 3500, Austria.
| | - Vivek Jeyakumar
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopaedics, Department for Clinical Medicine and Biotechnology, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Angelique Reutterer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopaedics, Department for Clinical Medicine and Biotechnology, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Manuela Berger
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopaedics, Department for Clinical Medicine and Biotechnology, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Stefan Nehrer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Orthopaedics, Department for Clinical Medicine and Biotechnology, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
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